Match each argument with the fundamental unstated assumption on which its conclusion logically depends.
- A museum attributed an unsigned seventeenth-century landscape painting to Artist X because the rare cobalt pigment used in the canvas sky was manufactured exclusively in Artist X's private studio. Therefore, Artist X must have painted this canvas.No other painters obtained and used the rare cobalt pigment from Artist X's studio to create the landscape painting.
- To reduce peak-hour congestion on the main bridge, the city plans to double the bridge toll. Because this increase makes driving significantly more expensive than taking the commuter train, the policy will successfully decrease bridge traffic.Financial cost is a factor that influences the transportation choices of at least some drivers who currently use the main bridge during peak hours.
- A workplace study found that office workers who took a 15-minute afternoon walk reported lower daily stress levels than workers who stayed at their desks. Therefore, taking an afternoon walk causes a reduction in daily workplace stress.The workers who chose to take afternoon walks were not already less susceptible to workplace stress than those who remained at their desks.
Cevap
The painting attribution argument matches the assumption that no other painter obtained the exclusive pigment; the bridge toll argument matches the assumption that cost influences commuter transit choices; and the workplace study argument matches the assumption that walking workers were not already less prone to stress.
Each pair correctly matches an argument to an unstated premise required for the reasoning to hold. For the painting attribution, ruling out third-party access to the exclusive pigment is required to conclude the artist personally painted it. For the toll policy, commuter sensitivity to financial cost is necessary for a price hike to change travel habits. For the workplace walking study, ruling out baseline selection bias is required to establish a causal relationship between walking and lower stress.
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Necessary Assumption and the Negation Test
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