Match each flawed argument to the correct description of its logical reasoning error.
- The proposed ban on loud music in the park is supported by Councilman Miller. However, Miller is known for being grumpy and disliking young people. Therefore, the proposed ban is a terrible idea.Rejects a proposal or argument based on the personal characteristics of its advocate rather than the merits of the proposal itself.
- A recent study shows that people who drink green tea regularly tend to live longer than those who do not. Clearly, drinking green tea directly extends a person's lifespan.Concludes that one event causes another simply because the two events are observed to occur together.
- To bake a perfect loaf of bread, one must use high-quality flour. Susan used the most expensive, high-quality flour available, so her bread is guaranteed to be perfect.Assumes that a condition required for a certain outcome is enough, by itself, to ensure that outcome.
- Every individual musician in the city's symphony orchestra is world-renowned and a brilliant soloist. Therefore, the orchestra as a whole must sound brilliant when playing together.Presumes, without providing justification, that what is true of the parts of a group must also be true of the entire group.
Cevap
The correct pairings map the Councilman Miller argument to the personal characteristics flaw, the green tea argument to the correlation/causation flaw, the bread argument to the required/guaranteed condition flaw, and the orchestra argument to the parts/whole flaw.
Each argument commits a foundational logical fallacy frequently tested on the exam. The first argument attacks the speaker (Ad Hominem). The second confuses an observed trend with a definitive cause. The third treats an essential ingredient as a guarantee of success (Illegal Reversal). The fourth assumes a group shares the exact traits of its individual members (Composition).
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Anahtar Kavram
Flaw in the Reasoning