Match each logical argument on the left with the piece of evidence on the right that most strongly bolsters its conclusion.
- A software firm observed a 20% increase in productivity immediately after providing all developers with curved monitors. Management concludes the curved monitors caused the productivity boost.The firm did not change project deadlines, introduce new coding tools, or alter compensation structures during the time the new hardware was introduced.
- Urban foxes exhibit significantly higher stress hormone levels than rural foxes. Biologists hypothesize that constant exposure to city traffic noise causes this chronic stress.Foxes living in abandoned, quiet industrial zones within the city have stress hormone levels nearly identical to those of rural foxes.
- A clinical study found that individuals who consume breakfast daily have lower average cholesterol levels than those who skip breakfast. Researchers conclude that eating breakfast actively lowers cholesterol.Participants in the study who ate breakfast daily were found to have similar exercise routines and overall daily fat intake compared to those who skipped breakfast.
- Traffic officials noted that intersections equipped with red-light cameras experience more rear-end collisions than intersections without them. They conclude the cameras cause these accidents by prompting abrupt braking.Prior to the installation of the cameras, the intersections chosen for the program had significantly fewer rear-end collisions than the intersections left unequipped.
Cevap
The arguments logically pair with the evidence that targets their specific causal gaps: the monitor argument pairs with the evidence ruling out other workplace changes; the urban fox argument pairs with the evidence isolating noise from other city factors; the breakfast argument pairs with the evidence controlling for overall lifestyle habits; and the traffic camera argument pairs with the evidence establishing a safer baseline before installation.
Each correct match provides a piece of evidence that directly targets the logical vulnerability of the corresponding argument. They systematically strengthen the causal claims by either eliminating an alternative explanation, establishing a clear chronology to avoid selection bias, or demonstrating that the effect is strictly tied to the presence of the suspected cause.
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Strengthening Causal Arguments by Ruling Out Alternatives and Controlling Variables
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