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Zorluk: ZorParallel Principle Application

Principle: An academic institution is justified in revoking a previously awarded degree only if the graduate committed academic fraud that fundamentally altered their qualifications. However, if the fraud was orchestrated by a faculty member without the student's willing participation, the degree should not be revoked.
Application: University X discovered that Alana's thesis was entirely written by her advisor, without her knowledge, to secure a grant. Although this fraud fundamentally altered Alana's qualifications, she did not willingly participate. Thus, University X should not revoke Alana's degree.

Which one of the following arguments most closely conforms to the principle applied in the argument above?

  1. Principle: A municipality may seize private property via eminent domain only if the land will be used for a public utility. However, if the land contains a registered historical landmark, it must not be seized.
    Application: The city intends to seize the Miller property to build a public water treatment plant. Because the property contains a registered historical landmark, the city must not seize it.    Cevap
  2. B
    Principle: A supervisor can approve a remote work request only if the employee has completed the probationary period. But if the employee's role requires daily access to the physical server room, the request should not be approved.
    Application: Employee Chen's remote work request was not approved. Since she has completed the probationary period, her role must require daily access to the physical server room.
  3. C
    Principle: A patient is eligible to participate in the clinical trial only if they have a family history of the disease. However, if they are currently taking immunosuppressants, they must not participate.
    Application: Patient Lee has a family history of the disease and is not currently taking immunosuppressants. Therefore, Lee is eligible to participate in the clinical trial.
  4. D
    Principle: A judge is permitted to preside over a case involving a former client only if at least ten years have passed since the representation. But if all parties to the current case formally object, the judge must be removed.
    Application: Judge Davis represented the defendant twelve years ago. Some of the parties have formally objected to Davis presiding. Therefore, Judge Davis must be removed.
  5. E
    Principle: A scientific journal is justified in retracting a published article only if the authors fabricated their data. However, if the data fabrication was done entirely by a research assistant without the lead author's knowledge, the lead author should not be penalized.
    Application: Dr. Vance's article contained data fabricated entirely by his research assistant without his knowledge. Therefore, the journal is not justified in retracting the article.

Cevap

The correct argument applies a necessary condition for an action, introduces a sufficient condition that overrides it to forbid the action, and concludes that the action must not be taken because both conditions are met.
The correct answer exactly matches the logical blueprint of the stimulus. It presents a general rule with a necessary condition ('may seize... only if... public utility'), followed by a sufficient condition that overrides it ('if... historical landmark, it must not be seized'). The application then describes a scenario where the necessary condition is met, but the override condition is also met, correctly concluding that the action must not be taken. This mirrors the stimulus perfectly without introducing any logical flaws.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the logical blueprint of the stimulus.
Principle 1 establishes a necessary condition (Justified in revoking ONLY IF fraud). Principle 2 establishes an override condition (IF orchestrated without knowledge, then NOT revoked). The application meets both conditions and concludes NOT revoked.
To evaluate parallel arguments, you must first precisely define the logical structure and flow of the target argument.
2
Evaluate the correct option against the blueprint.
It establishes a necessary condition (Seize ONLY IF public utility) and a sufficient override (IF historical, MUST NOT seize). The application meets both conditions and concludes MUST NOT seize.
A correct parallel reasoning answer must match the exact logical sequence and conditional relationships.
3
Eliminate distractors based on structural flaws.
The incorrect options fail due to committing an illegal reversal, confusing necessary for sufficient conditions, applying a quantifier mismatch, or shifting the scope of the conclusion.
Distractors in parallel reasoning often contain recognizable logical fallacies that were not present in the original valid stimulus.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Principle Application
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Konular

Parallel Principle Application

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