Parallel Principle Application

5 soru

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Principle: A software company is justified in releasing an application with known security vulnerabilities only if delaying the release would cause the company to lose its primary source of funding, and the vulnerabilities do not compromise sensitive user financial data.

Which of the following judgments most closely conform to the principle stated above? Select all that apply.

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

NovaTech's known software vulnerabilities do not compromise user financial data, and delaying the release would cause the company to lose its primary source of funding. Therefore, NovaTech is justified in releasing the application with the known vulnerabilities.

Apex Systems released its software with known security vulnerabilities. However, delaying the release would not have jeopardized the company's primary source of funding. Therefore, Apex Systems was not justified in releasing the application.

OmniCorp was not justified in releasing its new database software with known security vulnerabilities. Therefore, it must be the case that delaying the release would not have caused OmniCorp to lose its primary source of funding, or the vulnerabilities compromised sensitive user financial data.

If ZenithTech is justified in releasing its new payment processing application with known security vulnerabilities, then it must be true that the vulnerabilities do not put sensitive user financial data at risk.

GlobalApp's newly released software contains security vulnerabilities that compromise sensitive user financial data. Because delaying the release would have cost the company its primary funding, GlobalApp's actions were partially justified.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Apex Systems released its software with known security vulnerabilities. However, delaying the release would not have jeopardized the company's primary source of funding. Therefore, Apex Systems was not justified in releasing the application.; If ZenithTech is justified in releasing its new payment processing application with known security vulnerabilities, then it must be true that the vulnerabilities do not put sensitive user financial data at risk.

Cevap

The correct judgments are the one regarding Apex Systems and the one regarding ZenithTech.

The correct options properly follow the logical flow of the original principle. The principle establishes that being justified guarantees two things: delaying would cost funding, and financial data is safe. Therefore, if a company is justified, we absolutely know financial data is safe (direct application). Conversely, if delaying would NOT cost funding, one of the mandatory requirements is missing, meaning the company cannot possibly be justified (contrapositive).

Adım Adım Çözüm

Diagram the formal logic of the stated principle.

Justified in Releasing -> (Delay Causes Funding Loss) AND (Vulnerabilities Do NOT Compromise Financial Data).

The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions. Both conditions joined by 'and' must be met for the sufficient condition (being justified) to be possible.

Determine the valid logical inferences (contrapositives) that can be drawn from the principle.

Valid Inference 1: IF NOT (Delay Causes Funding Loss) OR NOT (Vulnerabilities Do NOT Compromise Financial Data) -> NOT Justified in Releasing. Valid Inference 2: IF Justified -> (Vulnerabilities Do NOT Compromise Financial Data).

If a sufficient condition occurs, all necessary conditions must have occurred. If any necessary condition fails, the sufficient condition cannot occur.

Evaluate each option against the established logical framework.

The Apex Systems scenario correctly applies the contrapositive (funding loss did not happen -> not justified). The ZenithTech scenario correctly applies the direct necessary condition (is justified -> financial data is safe).

Matching the logical structure of the stimulus is required for a parallel principle application.

Anahtar Kavram

Conditional Logic and Principle Application

Soru 2Soru →

Political Scientist: A government is justified in restricting a product's sale only if the product poses a severe health risk and the public is completely unaware of this risk. The newly developed synthetic sweetener Dulcet poses a severe risk of long-term metabolic damage. However, the manufacturer has heavily publicized this risk in all of its promotional materials. Therefore, the government is not justified in restricting the sale of Dulcet.

The application of the principle in the political scientist's argument is most similar to the application of the principle in which one of the following?

A university is justified in expelling a student for academic misconduct only if the misconduct was intentional and resulted in a significant unfair advantage. Smith's plagiarism on the final project was intentional, but because the project was ultimately ungraded, it yielded no unfair advantage. Thus, the university is not justified in expelling Smith.

A city council is justified in approving a zoning variance only if the variance will increase local tax revenue and will not exacerbate traffic congestion. The proposed variance for the new shopping plaza will increase tax revenue without exacerbating traffic congestion. Thus, the city council is justified in approving the variance.

A building must be immediately evacuated if the central fire alarm is sounding and there is visible smoke in the corridors. The central fire alarm in the west wing is currently sounding, but security has confirmed there is no visible smoke. Thus, the west wing does not need to be immediately evacuated.

An employment contract is voidable by a court only if it was signed under extreme duress or its core terms are fundamentally unconscionable. The contract in question was not signed under extreme duress, although its core terms are fundamentally unconscionable. Therefore, the court is not justified in voiding the contract.

A film is considered a cinematic masterpiece only if it was highly influential upon its release and is still widely studied today. Most films that were highly influential upon their release are still widely studied today. Thus, most highly influential films are considered cinematic masterpieces.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: A university is justified in expelling a student for academic misconduct only if the misconduct was intentional and resulted in a significant unfair advantage. Smith's plagiarism on the final project was intentional, but because the project was ultimately ungraded, it yielded no unfair advantage. Thus, the university is not justified in expelling Smith.

Cevap

The option regarding the university expelling a student for academic misconduct.

The stimulus follows a valid application of a contrapositive involving a compound necessary condition. It states: Action -> (Condition 1 AND Condition 2). It then asserts that Condition 1 is met, but Condition 2 is NOT met, concluding that the Action is unjustified. The correct answer perfectly mirrors this logical structure: It establishes Expulsion -> (Intentional AND Advantage). It states the act was intentional (Condition 1) but yielded no advantage (Condition 2), correctly concluding that expulsion is unjustified.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Map the formal logic of the principle stated in the stimulus.

Rule: Restriction Justified -> (Severe Risk AND Unaware).

The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions, and 'and' connects them into a compound necessary requirement.

Map the application of the facts to the principle in the stimulus.

Premises: Severe Risk is True, Unaware is False. Conclusion: Restriction Justified is False.

This establishes the argument as a valid application of the contrapositive: if even one part of a necessary 'AND' condition is unmet, the sufficient condition cannot occur.

Evaluate the options to find an identical valid compound contrapositive.

The correct answer sets up Rule: Expulsion Justified -> (Intentional AND Advantage). It states Intentional is True, Advantage is False, and concludes Expulsion Justified is False.

The logical structure perfectly maps onto the stimulus without committing any logical fallacies.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Principle Application using Compound Contrapositives

Tahmini Süre:2m 0s

Soru 3Soru →

Principle: An academic institution is justified in revoking a previously awarded degree only if the graduate committed academic fraud that fundamentally altered their qualifications. However, if the fraud was orchestrated by a faculty member without the student's willing participation, the degree should not be revoked.
Application: University X discovered that Alana's thesis was entirely written by her advisor, without her knowledge, to secure a grant. Although this fraud fundamentally altered Alana's qualifications, she did not willingly participate. Thus, University X should not revoke Alana's degree.

Which one of the following arguments most closely conforms to the principle applied in the argument above?

Principle: A municipality may seize private property via eminent domain only if the land will be used for a public utility. However, if the land contains a registered historical landmark, it must not be seized.
Application: The city intends to seize the Miller property to build a public water treatment plant. Because the property contains a registered historical landmark, the city must not seize it.

Principle: A supervisor can approve a remote work request only if the employee has completed the probationary period. But if the employee's role requires daily access to the physical server room, the request should not be approved.
Application: Employee Chen's remote work request was not approved. Since she has completed the probationary period, her role must require daily access to the physical server room.

Principle: A patient is eligible to participate in the clinical trial only if they have a family history of the disease. However, if they are currently taking immunosuppressants, they must not participate.
Application: Patient Lee has a family history of the disease and is not currently taking immunosuppressants. Therefore, Lee is eligible to participate in the clinical trial.

Principle: A judge is permitted to preside over a case involving a former client only if at least ten years have passed since the representation. But if all parties to the current case formally object, the judge must be removed.
Application: Judge Davis represented the defendant twelve years ago. Some of the parties have formally objected to Davis presiding. Therefore, Judge Davis must be removed.

Principle: A scientific journal is justified in retracting a published article only if the authors fabricated their data. However, if the data fabrication was done entirely by a research assistant without the lead author's knowledge, the lead author should not be penalized.
Application: Dr. Vance's article contained data fabricated entirely by his research assistant without his knowledge. Therefore, the journal is not justified in retracting the article.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Principle: A municipality may seize private property via eminent domain only if the land will be used for a public utility. However, if the land contains a registered historical landmark, it must not be seized.
Application: The city intends to seize the Miller property to build a public water treatment plant. Because the property contains a registered historical landmark, the city must not seize it.

Cevap

The correct argument applies a necessary condition for an action, introduces a sufficient condition that overrides it to forbid the action, and concludes that the action must not be taken because both conditions are met.

The correct answer exactly matches the logical blueprint of the stimulus. It presents a general rule with a necessary condition ('may seize... only if... public utility'), followed by a sufficient condition that overrides it ('if... historical landmark, it must not be seized'). The application then describes a scenario where the necessary condition is met, but the override condition is also met, correctly concluding that the action must not be taken. This mirrors the stimulus perfectly without introducing any logical flaws.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the logical blueprint of the stimulus.

Principle 1 establishes a necessary condition (Justified in revoking ONLY IF fraud). Principle 2 establishes an override condition (IF orchestrated without knowledge, then NOT revoked). The application meets both conditions and concludes NOT revoked.

To evaluate parallel arguments, you must first precisely define the logical structure and flow of the target argument.

Evaluate the correct option against the blueprint.

It establishes a necessary condition (Seize ONLY IF public utility) and a sufficient override (IF historical, MUST NOT seize). The application meets both conditions and concludes MUST NOT seize.

A correct parallel reasoning answer must match the exact logical sequence and conditional relationships.

Eliminate distractors based on structural flaws.

The incorrect options fail due to committing an illegal reversal, confusing necessary for sufficient conditions, applying a quantifier mismatch, or shifting the scope of the conclusion.

Distractors in parallel reasoning often contain recognizable logical fallacies that were not present in the original valid stimulus.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Principle Application

Soru 4Soru →

Principle: A city planner should approve a new commercial development project only if the project includes dedicated green spaces and does not significantly increase local traffic congestion.

Which of the following judgments properly conform to the principle stated above? (Select all that apply.)

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

The proposed Horizon Plaza project will not increase local traffic congestion, but it fails to include dedicated green spaces. Therefore, the city planner should not approve the project.

The Riverfront Mall project includes extensive dedicated green spaces, but it will significantly increase local traffic congestion. Thus, the city planner should not approve the project.

The Oakwood Complex includes dedicated green spaces and will not significantly increase local traffic congestion. Therefore, the city planner should approve the project.

The city planner decided not to approve the Pinecrest Center project. Therefore, the project must have either failed to include dedicated green spaces or been likely to significantly increase local traffic congestion.

The city planner should approve the Maple Square project, despite it lacking dedicated green spaces, because it will bring substantial economic benefits to the local community.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The proposed Horizon Plaza project will not increase local traffic congestion, but it fails to include dedicated green spaces. Therefore, the city planner should not approve the project.; The Riverfront Mall project includes extensive dedicated green spaces, but it will significantly increase local traffic congestion. Thus, the city planner should not approve the project.

Cevap

The correct answers are the judgments concerning the Horizon Plaza project and the Riverfront Mall project.

Both correct judgments validly apply the contrapositive of the principle. The principle establishes that having green spaces and not significantly increasing traffic are both strictly necessary for approval. Therefore, if either condition fails, approval must be denied, which is precisely what the two correct judgments logically conclude.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the conditional relationship established in the principle.

Approve Project -> Includes dedicated green spaces AND Does not significantly increase traffic.

The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions.

Formulate the valid contrapositive of the principle.

If a project does NOT include dedicated green spaces OR DOES significantly increase traffic -> The planner should NOT approve the project.

The contrapositive is the only valid deduction that can be made from a conditional statement. It is formed by negating and reversing the terms, changing 'AND' to 'OR'.

Evaluate each judgment against the original conditional and its contrapositive.

The judgments about Horizon Plaza and Riverfront Mall properly deduce that a failure to meet at least one necessary condition means the project should not be approved. The others commit logical fallacies.

To properly conform to the principle, a judgment must logically follow strictly from the stated rule.

Anahtar Kavram

Conditional Logic: Necessary vs. Sufficient Conditions and Contrapositives

Soru 5Soru →

Under the terms of the regional theater's contract, an actor is permitted to miss a dress rehearsal only if they provide a doctor's note or receive explicit permission from the director. Liam neither provided a doctor's note nor received explicit permission from the director. Thus, Liam is not permitted to miss a dress rehearsal.

Which one of the following arguments relies on an application of a principle most similar to the principle applied in the argument above?

A publisher will accept an unsolicited manuscript only if it is accompanied by a literary agent's recommendation or has won a recognized writing competition. This manuscript lacks an agent's recommendation and has not won any recognized competition. Therefore, the publisher will not accept it.

A commercial pilot is allowed to fly the new aircraft only if they have completed the simulator training or logged 500 hours on a similar model. Captain Miller has completed the simulator training. Therefore, Captain Miller is allowed to fly the new aircraft.

A museum will acquire a private collection only if the artifacts are fully authenticated or possess unique historical significance. The museum will not acquire the Harrison collection. Therefore, the Harrison collection must not be fully authenticated and must lack unique historical significance.

If an applicant speaks three languages fluently or holds a degree in international relations, they will be granted an interview at the embassy. Ms. Vance was not granted an interview at the embassy. Thus, she must not speak three languages fluently, nor can she hold a degree in international relations.

Most independent films are selected for the festival only if they feature a well-known director or have a strong social message. This independent film features neither a well-known director nor a strong social message. Therefore, it will not be selected for the festival.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: A publisher will accept an unsolicited manuscript only if it is accompanied by a literary agent's recommendation or has won a recognized writing competition. This manuscript lacks an agent's recommendation and has not won any recognized competition. Therefore, the publisher will not accept it.

Cevap

The argument about the publisher accepting an unsolicited manuscript perfectly parallels the logical structure of the original argument, applying the valid contrapositive of a necessary condition.

This option perfectly replicates the logical structure of the stimulus. The stimulus establishes a necessary condition containing an 'or' statement ('A occurs only if X or Y'). It then states that neither X nor Y occurred, correctly concluding that A is not permitted. This option follows the exact same valid contrapositive pattern: acceptance happens 'only if' an agent recommends it or it won a competition; neither condition was met; therefore, acceptance will not happen.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the logical structure of the stimulus argument.

The principle states: Action A (permitted to miss) requires Condition B (doctor's note) OR Condition C (director's permission). The application states: NOT B and NOT C occurred. The conclusion is: NOT A. This is a valid application of a conditional contrapositive.

Deconstructing the original argument is required to find an exact structural parallel in the answer choices.

Examine the correct option to verify its logical structure.

The publisher argument states: Action A (accept manuscript) requires Condition B (agent) OR Condition C (competition). The application states: NOT B and NOT C. The conclusion is: NOT A. This matches the stimulus exactly.

A parallel reasoning question requires the correct answer to have the identical premise-to-conclusion logical flow.

Evaluate the incorrect options to identify their structural deviations.

One option illegally reverses the logic (assuming a necessary condition guarantees an outcome). Another illegally negates it. A third uses a sufficient condition instead of a necessary one. The last uses a 'most' quantifier instead of an absolute rule.

Identifying the specific logical flaws or structural mismatches confirms why the distractors are incorrect.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Application of Conditional Contrapositives

Tahmini Süre:2m 0s

Parallel Principle Application

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