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Soru

Zorluk: OrtaParallel Flaw

If a software application incorporates end-to-end encryption, it cannot be effortlessly intercepted by third-party eavesdroppers. The new messaging platform 'ChatSecure' cannot be effortlessly intercepted by third-party eavesdroppers. Therefore, 'ChatSecure' must incorporate end-to-end encryption.

Which one of the following arguments contains a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the one exhibited in the argument above?

  1. A
    Some computer networks protected by hardware firewalls are immune to external attacks. Therefore, if a network is immune to external attacks, it must be protected by a hardware firewall.
  2. B
    If a city implements a comprehensive public transit system, traffic congestion in its downtown area will decrease. The city of Springfield did not implement a comprehensive public transit system. Consequently, traffic congestion in Springfield's downtown area will not decrease.
  3. If a novel wins the prestigious Booker Prize, it will experience a massive surge in sales. The debut novel 'Echoes' recently experienced a massive surge in sales. Hence, 'Echoes' must have won the Booker Prize.Cevap
  4. D
    If a messaging protocol employs perfect forward secrecy, past communications cannot be decrypted even if the current key is compromised. The previous version of this protocol allowed past communications to be decrypted when a key was compromised. Thus, it did not employ perfect forward secrecy.
  5. E
    Companies that prioritize employee mental health tend to have significantly lower turnover rates. Therefore, prioritizing employee mental health directly causes employees to stay with their companies longer.

Cevap

The argument concluding that a novel must have won the Booker Prize because it experienced a surge in sales.
The correct answer accurately mirrors the illegal reversal (affirming the consequent) found in the stimulus. The stimulus establishes a conditional statement 'If A (encryption), then B (no interception)', notes that B occurred, and incorrectly concludes A must have occurred. Similarly, the correct choice establishes 'If A (Booker Prize), then B (sales surge)', notes that B occurred (Echoes had a sales surge), and identically missteps by concluding A occurred (Echoes won the Booker).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the logical structure of the stimulus argument.
Premise 1: If end-to-end encryption (A), then cannot be intercepted (B). Premise 2: ChatSecure cannot be intercepted (B). Conclusion: Therefore, ChatSecure uses end-to-end encryption (A).
Breaking down the argument into abstract conditional components makes it easier to identify the structural flaw.
2
Identify the specific logical flaw committed in the stimulus.
The argument commits a conditional logic error known as an illegal reversal, or affirming the consequent. It incorrectly assumes that because the necessary condition (B) is met, the sufficient condition (A) must have occurred.
Knowing the exact name and mechanism of the flaw is required to find its parallel.
3
Evaluate the answer choices to find the exact structural match.
The argument regarding the Booker Prize follows the exact same pattern: If Booker Prize (A), then sales surge (B). Sales surged (B). Therefore, Booker Prize (A).
Parallel flaw questions require matching the underlying abstract structure exactly, regardless of whether the subject matter is entirely different.

Anahtar Kavram

Illegal Reversal (Affirming the Consequent) in Conditional Logic
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
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Konular

Parallel Flaw

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