Tüm alıştırma soruları

Below are five statements that together form a coherent argument regarding the evaluation of abstract art. Arrange these statements in their exact logical sequence, mapping the reasoning chain from the foundational empirical premise, through intermediate inferences and normative principles, to the ultimate main conclusion.

Urban planners advocating for the expansion of municipal green spaces frequently cite the psychological benefits these areas provide to residents. However, municipalities must anchor their justifications for green space funding on the objectively measurable benefits of urban temperature reduction and stormwater management rather than on psychological metrics. Relying on psychological metrics to justify infrastructure ensures that funding will be highly volatile. Psychological well-being is heavily influenced by macroeconomic factors entirely divorced from city planning. When economic recessions occur, reported psychological benefits plummet, making green space budgets politically vulnerable precisely when infrastructure stimulus is most needed.

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

Read the following argument about a recently discovered species. Match each excerpt from the argument to its correct structural role in the reasoning.

Argument: Some biologists assert that the newly discovered glow-frog uses its bioluminescence primarily to attract mates. This hypothesis is incorrect. The glow-frog's light is only visible to predators equipped with specialized retinas, which the glow-frogs themselves lack. Therefore, the frogs cannot see each other's glow. Consequently, the bioluminescence must serve primarily as a defense mechanism to startle predators rather than to attract mates.

Evolutionary Biologist: Classical evolutionary theory predicts that traits severely reducing an individual organism’s reproductive success should be rapidly eliminated by natural selection. Yet, the worker castes of many insect species are entirely sterile. This fact is frequently cited by critics as a fatal flaw in the theory. However, this objection dissolves once we shift our focus from the individual organism to the genetic level. Because a sterile worker shares a vast majority of its genes with its colony's reproducing queen, the worker's labor actively ensures the propagation of its own genetic code.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning employed by the evolutionary biologist?

Scientist A: The recent decline in the local bee population is primarily caused by the use of neonicotinoid pesticides by nearby farms. When these pesticides were banned in a neighboring county, their bee populations recovered completely.

Scientist B: The neighboring county also experienced an unusually wet spring that year, which favored the growth of wildflowers. The decline in our local bee population is actually due to habitat loss from suburban development, not pesticide use.

The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Scientist A and Scientist B disagree over whether:

Municipal governments must prioritize investments in public transit networks over widening existing roadways. Some urban developers insist that expanding highways is the most effective method for alleviating traffic congestion. This perspective, however, ignores the well-documented phenomenon of induced demand. When new highway lanes are constructed, the initial reduction in travel times invariably attracts additional drivers, which quickly restores the original level of congestion. Expanding highways is therefore a counterproductive strategy for managing urban traffic.

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

Match each academic argument with the implicit unstated assumption on which its conclusion necessarily depends.

Medical Researcher: Traditionally, the sudden drop in blood pressure following the administration of the medication Vasotensin was attributed to its rapid absorption into the bloodstream. However, a recent clinical trial delivered Vasotensin in a capsule that purposefully delayed its absorption by several hours. Patients in this trial exhibited the exact same sudden drop in blood pressure immediately upon swallowing the capsule. This demonstrates that the initial physiological response is triggered by receptors in the digestive tract, not by the medication's presence in the bloodstream.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning used in the medical researcher's argument?

According to the university's revised grant allocation rules, a research proposal is designated as a 'Priority-1' initiative only if it demonstrates formal interdisciplinary collaboration. Formal interdisciplinary collaboration is achieved if, and only if, the project team includes researchers from at least three distinct faculties. Furthermore, any project team that includes researchers from at least three distinct faculties requires a dedicated administrative manager, unless the proposal's principal investigator holds a tenured professorship. Finally, no proposal can be designated as a 'Priority-1' initiative if it relies on external corporate funding.

Which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the university's revised grant allocation rules?

An editorial review board for an analytical philosophy journal is classifying four short arguments according to their underlying patterns of reasoning and formal defects. Match each argument on the left with the logical description or flaw on the right that it exemplifies.

Conventional international patent regimes were developed primarily to protect discrete, novel industrial inventions characterized by identifiable individual inventors and distinct moments of technical innovation. Under this standard framework, an applicant seeking patent protection must demonstrate that a given process or compound is non-obvious, industrially applicable, and previously undisclosed in formal prior art. Consequently, traditional ecological and botanical knowledge—accumulated collectively across generations within indigenous communities—has historically been disqualified from patent eligibility. Because traditional knowledge is shared communally and transmitted orally rather than documented in specialized technical literature, patent examiners have routinely treated indigenous botanical remedies as unowned public-domain material rather than proprietary intellectual property.

In recent decades, legal scholars and anthropologists have criticized this dynamic, arguing that the traditional framework creates a profound structural asymmetry in global commerce. Commercial pharmaceutical researchers frequently utilize documented indigenous uses of flora to identify pharmacologically active compounds, isolating the active molecules and securing lucrative utility patents without compensating or acknowledging the source communities. Critics contend that this practice, often termed "biopiracy," exploits the conceptual mismatch between Western individualistic property doctrines and collective customary knowledge systems, thereby transferring economic value away from the very populations whose long-term stewardship preserved the biological resources.

In response to these inequities, several international legal theorists have advocated for the implementation of sui generis collective intellectual property registries. Under such a system, indigenous communities would register documented customary uses of native plants in centralized, internationally recognized databases. The author notes that while establishing these registries entails substantial administrative challenges—including resolving conflicting ownership claims between neighboring communities and preventing unauthorized digital harvesting—they nevertheless represent a viable mechanism for conditioning commercial patent grants on mandatory disclosure of origin and equitable benefit-sharing agreements.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

In historical linguistics, the evolutionary trajectory of syntactic and morphological structures is frequently governed by cyclical processes of renewal and erosion, a phenomenon epitomized by what linguists term Jespersen’s Cycle. First systematically formulated by Otto Jespersen in the early twentieth century, this process delineates the tripartite lifecycle of grammatical markers—most notably negation—across diverse, unrelated language families.

The cycle typically initiates in an ancestral linguistic stage where a single preverbal particle serves as the sole marker of negation. Over successive generations of natural discourse, high frequency of use leads to phonetic attrition; the particle becomes unstressed, phonologically reduced, and semantically diluted. As its perceptual and rhetorical salience wanes, speakers intuitively perceive the degraded particle as insufficient to convey sharp negative force. To restore emphatic clarity, speakers begin appending an optional, nominal modifier or reinforcing substantive to the verbal predicate—often an item denoting a minimal quantity, such as a drop, a crumb, or a single stride.

In the second stage of the cycle, pragmatic convention solidifies this emphatic pairing into a standard syntactic requirement. The reinforcing item loses its independent lexical meaning through semantic bleaching; it no longer designates a tangible object or physical measure but instead functions strictly as a grammatical auxiliary. At this juncture, negation is obligatorily bipartite: the sentence requires both the phonetically diminished original particle and the newly grammaticalized postverbal element to be grammatically well-formed.

The final stage of the cycle arrives when the original preverbal marker undergoes total phonological decay and is permanently abandoned in colloquial speech. Consequently, the former reinforcing accessory—having evolved from an optional emphatic flourish into an obligatory partner—comes to stand alone as the primary, unmarked vehicle of negation. The cycle then reaches structural equilibrium, until centuries of subsequent phonetic erosion weaken this new marker in turn, precipitating the recruitment of a fresh auxiliary.

Which of the following scenarios is most analogous to the evolutionary progression of the negative marker described in the passage?

Match each brief argument with the supplementary finding that most effectively strengthens its reasoning by ruling out a competing alternative explanation.

When a city installs automated red-light cameras at an intersection, the number of right-angle collisions typically decreases significantly, as fewer drivers attempt to run the red light. However, at intersections where these cameras are installed, the total number of collisions often remains unchanged or even increases. This is because the decrease in right-angle collisions is usually offset by a substantial increase in rear-end collisions, which happen when drivers brake abruptly to avoid being ticketed. Traffic safety data indicates that rear-end collisions are, on average, much less likely to result in severe injuries than right-angle collisions are.

Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?

Architectural historians have long situated Adolf Loos’s seminal 1908 essay 'Ornament and Crime' as the foundational manifesto of high modernism, arguing that its aggressive repudiation of applied decoration paved the way for the austere functionalism of the International Style. According to this standard narrative, Loos demanded an architecture stripped of all historical referents and surface embellishments, prioritizing spatial economy and structural honesty. However, a closer examination of Loos’s actual built commissions, such as the Villa Müller, complicates this reductive functionalist reading. While the exteriors of his buildings were famously unadorned—stark cubic volumes that scandalized the Viennese bourgeoisie—the interiors frequently featured lavish, conspicuously patterned materials like Cipollino marble and polished mahogany. The intricate natural veining of these materials was not merely a byproduct of their material integrity but was painstakingly book-matched by Loos to produce highly specific, almost hallucinatory visual symmetries. This meticulous deployment of 'natural' ornament suggests that Loos was not categorically rejecting decorative affect, as the standard historical account maintains. Rather, he was attempting to sublimate the bourgeois desire for ornament by transferring the decorative burden from the labor of the artisan—which he viewed as socially regressive—to the inherent aesthetic properties of unmediated natural materials.

The author's reference to how the natural veining of materials was "painstakingly book-matched" serves primarily to do which one of the following?

Match each municipal governance principle with the specific administrative scenario that represents a logically valid application of that principle.

Identify the specific false dichotomy in each scenario by pairing the flawed argument with the alternative possibility it fails to consider.

To reduce errors during the preparation of sterile injectable medications, a regional hospital network required pharmacy technicians to wear high-visibility vests designating 'no-interruption zones' during compounding tasks. Over the twelve months following the policy's introduction, compounding errors fell by 35 percent across all network facilities. Because observational logs confirmed that unscheduled interruptions during compounding also dropped by 70 percent over that same period, administrators concluded that the reduction in interruptions was the primary cause of the decrease in medication errors.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the administrators' argument?

Soil Scientist: For cereal crops to maintain cellular hydration during prolonged dry spells, it is essential that their root networks establish a mutualistic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Recent agricultural trials demonstrated that adding silicate-enriched biochar to depleted soil reliably stimulates rapid mycorrhizal colonization across all tested wheat cultivars. Therefore, amending dryland farming plots with silicate-enriched biochar is all that is needed to ensure that wheat crops withstand extended periods of drought.

The soil scientist's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it

A pharmaceutical logistics company recently replaced its fleet of diesel-powered refrigerated delivery trucks with electric refrigerated trucks. The new electric trucks maintain target refrigeration temperatures with greater consistency and experience far fewer in-transit temperature spikes than the diesel trucks did. Nevertheless, during the six months following the replacement, the company recorded a higher percentage of spoiled, unusable vaccines upon arrival at regional clinics than it had recorded in the preceding six months.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?