Chaining Conditional Statements

City planners have established new zoning rules for metropolitan districts. Under these rules, a district is zoned for mixed-use development only if both its transit hub is expanded and high-density housing is subsidized. The rules also stipulate that a district's commercial tax rate will increase if small business grants are not offered. Furthermore, high-density housing is subsidized only if the commercial tax rate does not increase, and unless the historic preservation board approves the plan, the transit hub will not be expanded.

Which one of the following conclusions can be logically drawn from the zoning rules described above?

The ancient settlement discovered in the valley will be fully excavated only if the university secures the international heritage grant. The university, however, will not secure this grant unless the settlement's historical significance is definitively confirmed by a panel of independent experts. If the settlement's historical significance is definitively confirmed by such a panel, the local government will restrict commercial development in the surrounding region. Finally, the local government will restrict commercial development in the surrounding region only if public opinion strongly favors preservation.

Which of the following logically follows from the statements above?

A city planning commission is establishing the zoning regulations for a new urban district. Match each set of proposed conditional zoning rules with the logically valid deduction that must follow from those rules.

According to the newly established International Agricultural Export Protocol, if a shipment of crops contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it must be certified by the International Biosafety Board. The Board issues such certifications only if the crops' originating farm has passed a rigorous ecological impact assessment. A farm cannot pass this assessment unless its country of origin is a participating member of the Global Trade Pact. Furthermore, participating in the Global Trade Pact guarantees that a country adheres to strict tariff standardization.

Which one of the following logically follows from the statements above?

A national health ministry is establishing new regulatory standards for clinical trials. The regulations are governed by the following conditional rules:

- Any trial that tests a novel medical device must undergo a rigorous safety audit.
- A rigorous safety audit is conducted only if the trial employs an independent oversight committee.
- If a trial employs an independent oversight committee, then it must allocate five percent of its budget to patient advocacy.
- A trial cannot employ an independent oversight committee if it is exclusively sponsored by a for-profit pharmaceutical company.
- Unless a trial allocates five percent of its budget to patient advocacy, it cannot qualify for the federal innovation grant.
- All trials that are exclusively sponsored by a for-profit pharmaceutical company must undergo a commercial viability review.

Match each proposed clinical trial profile below with the deductive inference that must logically follow from the regulations.

The Board of Antiquities has issued the following directives for affiliated institutions: Any institution that acquires a Class I historical artifact must possess a reinforced subterranean vault. An institution is eligible for the federal preservation grant only if it acquires a Class I historical artifact. Furthermore, unless an institution maintains a specialized restoration laboratory, it cannot possess a reinforced subterranean vault. Finally, an institution can host the biennial symposium only if it is eligible for the federal preservation grant.

Based on the directives above, which of the following must be true?