Physiological Integrity

1960 soru

Soru 1081Soru →

An older adult client with right-sided hemiparesis and a history of severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is bedbound and receiving continuous enteral tube feedings. During the shift assessment, the nurse notes a non-blanchable, localized area of deep red skin over the client's sacrum and right greater trochanter. To simultaneously address the client's nutritional needs, airway safety, and impaired skin integrity, which comprehensive positioning and care strategy should the nurse implement?

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Cevap: Place the client in a 30-degree left lateral incline, maintain the head of the bed at exactly 30 degrees, and support the right extremities with pillows.

Cevap

Place the client in a 30-degree left lateral incline, maintain the head of the bed at exactly 30 degrees, and support the right extremities with pillows.
The client requires head elevation to prevent aspiration from the continuous enteral feeding and GERD, but high elevation increases shearing forces on the sacrum. Elevating the head of the bed to exactly 30 degrees provides the optimal balance between airway protection and minimizing shear. The 30-degree left lateral incline effectively offloads pressure from both the sacrum and the right greater trochanter without placing excessive pressure on the left trochanter (which occurs in a full 90-degree lateral position). Supporting the hemiparetic right extremities with pillows prevents subluxation and dependent edema.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's airway and nutritional requirements.
The client has GERD and is receiving continuous enteral feedings.
The head of the bed must be elevated to prevent aspiration, but high elevation causes dangerous shearing forces on the sacrum.
2
Evaluate the client's skin integrity and pressure injury locations.
The client has non-blanchable erythema on the sacrum and right greater trochanter.
These specific areas must be completely offloaded to prevent further tissue necrosis, ruling out supine and right-sided positioning.
3
Identify the safest position to balance airway protection, hemiparesis care, and pressure offloading.
A 30-degree left lateral incline with the head of the bed at 30 degrees is selected.
This offloads the sacrum and right trochanter, avoids extreme pressure on the left trochanter, supports the hemiparetic side, and provides the minimum safe head elevation for tube feeding.

Anahtar Kavram

Complex Client Positioning and Pressure Injury Prevention
Soru 1082Soru →

A nurse is planning basic care and comfort measures for an older adult client who is restricted to bed rest. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? Select all that apply.

Geçerli olan tümünü seçin

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Cevap: Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees or less when the client is resting.; Place a pillow under the client's lower legs to suspend the heels off the mattress.; Use a friction-reducing device, such as a draw sheet, when moving the client up in bed.

Cevap

The correct interventions are elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees or less, placing a pillow under the lower legs to suspend the heels, and using a friction-reducing device when moving the client.
Appropriate basic care for an immobile client involves interventions that proactively minimize pressure, friction, and shear. Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees or less reduces shearing forces on the sacrum. Suspending the heels with a pillow relieves all pressure on the heels. Using a draw sheet or slider board prevents friction injuries when repositioning the client.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the client's primary risk factor based on the scenario.
The client is on bed rest and is at high risk for complications of immobility, specifically pressure injuries and skin breakdown.
Recognizing the risks of immobility guides the selection of appropriate basic care and comfort interventions.
2
Evaluate each intervention for its effectiveness in promoting skin integrity and safety.
Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees or less, floating the heels, and using friction-reducing devices are all evidence-based practices.
These actions directly minimize pressure, friction, and shearing forces on vulnerable skin.
3
Evaluate the incorrect interventions for scope of practice and safety contraindications.
Delegating initial assessments to a UAP, maintaining a continuous supine position, and using restraints for itching are inappropriate and unsafe actions.
The RN must perform assessments; clients must be repositioned frequently to restore circulation; and restraints are a last resort for severe safety risks.

Anahtar Kavram

Immobility Management and Pressure Injury Prevention
Soru 1083Soru →

A client who is experiencing continuous seizure activity requires an urgent intravenous (IV) dose of phenytoin. The client has a single peripheral IV access site that is currently infusing 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Which action should the nurse take to safely administer the prescribed medication?

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Cevap: Stop the primary fluid, flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride, administer the medication, and flush again with 0.9% sodium chloride.

Cevap

Stop the primary fluid, flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride, administer the medication, and flush again with 0.9% sodium chloride.
Phenytoin is physically incompatible with all dextrose-containing solutions and will rapidly precipitate if they mix. Because the client has only one IV site and requires urgent medication to stop the seizures, the nurse must temporarily pause the D5W infusion, thoroughly flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) to clear any residual dextrose, administer the phenytoin safely, and then flush again with normal saline before restarting the primary fluid.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the compatibility of the prescribed medication (phenytoin) with the currently infusing IV fluid (D5W).
Phenytoin is highly incompatible with all dextrose-containing solutions.
Mixing phenytoin with dextrose causes rapid precipitation, forming solid crystals that destroy the medication and can cause a fatal embolism.
2
Determine the safest method to administer the medication through the single available IV line.
The nurse must clear the IV line of all dextrose before and after the phenytoin is given.
Flushing the line with a compatible fluid, specifically 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline), ensures that the two incompatible fluids never mix in the tubing.

Anahtar Kavram

Phenytoin IV compatibility and safe parenteral administration
Tahmini Süre:45s
Soru 1084Soru →

An adult client is receiving continuous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) through a dedicated single-lumen peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). The client now requires a scheduled dose of intravenous pantoprazole. Which action represents the safest practice for administering this medication?

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Cevap: Insert a new peripheral intravenous catheter to administer the pantoprazole.

Cevap

The nurse should insert a new peripheral intravenous catheter to administer the pantoprazole.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a complex, hypertonic solution that must be administered through a strictly dedicated central venous line. Because the client has a single-lumen PICC currently in use for TPN, the nurse must establish a separate peripheral IV site to safely administer the prescribed pantoprazole. This prevents drug-nutrient incompatibilities and reduces the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the type of continuous infusion the client is receiving.
The client is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) via a single-lumen PICC.
Understanding current IV therapies dictates venous access requirements.
2
Recall the safety protocols for TPN administration.
TPN requires a strict, dedicated central line. No other medications or fluids should be administered through the same lumen.
Mixing medications with TPN increases the risk of precipitation, drug inactivation, and severe bloodstream infections.
3
Determine the appropriate route for the newly prescribed medication.
Since the single-lumen PICC is completely dedicated to TPN, alternative intravenous access must be obtained.
A peripheral IV catheter provides a safe, separate route for the intermittent medication.

Anahtar Kavram

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) requires a dedicated central venous lumen to prevent physical or chemical incompatibilities and minimize infection risk.
Soru 1085Soru →

A nurse is preparing to transfer a non-weight-bearing client from the bed to a wheelchair using a mechanical floor lift equipped with a U-shaped (universal) sling. The client is currently lying supine in the center of the bed. In what chronological order should the nurse perform the following actions to safely complete the transfer?

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Cevap

The correct sequence requires the nurse to first position the sling beneath the client using a side-to-side rolling technique, secure and cross the leg straps under the thighs, attach the fitted sling to the mechanical lift, and finally hoist the client into the wheelchair.
Safely transferring a dependent client using a mechanical floor lift requires systematic preparation. First, the nurse must position the sling beneath the client using a side-to-side log-rolling technique. Tucking the folded sling behind the client's back while in a lateral recumbent position, then rolling them to the contralateral side to pull it flat ensures the client is centered on the device. Next, threading the leg straps under the thighs and crossing them over the midline is a critical safety step; crossing the straps cradles the pelvis and prevents the client from slipping out of the bottom of the sling. Once the sling is completely and safely fitted around the client, the nurse positions the mechanical lift chassis under the bed and attaches the loops to the spreader bar. Finally, the client is hoisted just high enough to clear the bed and gently guided into the wheelchair.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Roll the client laterally and tuck the folded sling behind their back.
Positions one half of the sling under the client's body.
This technique utilizes the client's body weight to hold the sling in place and minimizes manual lifting strain on the nurse.
2
Roll the client to the opposite side and pull the sling flat.
Centers the client squarely on the fully opened sling.
Ensures the fabric is smooth and correctly positioned to safely distribute the client's weight during the transfer.
3
Thread and cross the leg straps under the client's thighs.
Secures the lower body within the sling apparatus.
Crossing the straps over the midline is a mandatory safety measure that prevents the client's legs from splaying and stops them from sliding out of the bottom of the sling.
4
Bring the lift over the bed and attach the sling loops to the spreader bar.
Connects the safely secured client to the lifting mechanism.
The lift chassis should only be positioned over the client once the sling is fully prepared, preventing entanglement or premature lifting.
5
Elevate the lift and guide the client into the wheelchair.
Completes the mechanical transfer safely.
Moves the dependent client to the new surface while maintaining safety, skin integrity, and proper body mechanics for the staff.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe application and operation of a mechanical floor lift for dependent client transfers
Soru 1086Soru →

A nurse is providing discharge education to a client who sustained a right tibial fracture and has a strict non-weight-bearing order for the right lower extremity. The client must learn how to ascend a flight of stairs using axillary crutches. Arrange the following actions in the exact order the client should perform them.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is to establish a tripod position, transfer weight to the crutches, step up with the unaffected leg, shift weight to the unaffected leg, and finally bring the crutches and affected leg up.
When teaching a client to ascend stairs with crutches, the nurse should emphasize the clinical principle of 'up with the good.' The client must first establish a stable tripod position and transfer weight to the crutches. This securely anchors the body, allowing the client to lift the unaffected, strong leg up to the next step. Once the unaffected leg is securely planted on the step above, the client shifts their body weight onto that strong leg. The strong leg then provides the necessary power and stability to lift the affected leg and the crutches simultaneously to the same step.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Assume the tripod position.
Establishes a stable base of support.
Safety and balance must be secured before initiating any vertical movement on a staircase.
2
Transfer weight fully to the crutches.
Offloads the unaffected leg.
The unaffected leg must bear zero weight momentarily so it can be lifted up to the next stair tread.
3
Advance the unaffected left leg onto the stair.
The strong leg is positioned on the higher elevation.
The strong leg must step up first to provide the muscular power needed to lift the rest of the body.
4
Shift weight onto the unaffected left leg.
The body is completely supported by the strong leg on the stair tread.
This weight shift frees the crutches and the injured leg so they can be lifted without compromising balance.
5
Bring the crutches and affected right leg up.
The client completes one full stair ascent.
The affected limb and assistive devices safely follow the body's upward movement while protected from bearing weight.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe use of assistive devices and body mechanics for stair climbing (axillary crutches)
Soru 1087Soru →

A registered nurse is caring for a client who is receiving an intravenous infusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Fifteen minutes into the transfusion, the client reports sudden lower back pain, chills, and shortness of breath. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority order.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Stop the blood transfusion, disconnect the blood tubing and connect new tubing with normal saline, assess vital signs, notify the healthcare provider and blood bank, and finally send the blood bag and tubing to the blood bank.
When a client experiences an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, the nurse's first action is always to stop the transfusion. Next, the nurse must maintain a patent IV line with normal saline using completely new tubing to avoid pushing residual blood into the client. Only after the client is secured from further harm and the line is patent should the nurse assess the client's vital signs. This assessment data is then communicated to the healthcare provider and blood bank. Finally, as part of the post-reaction protocol, the remaining blood, tubing, and labels are sent to the blood bank for analysis.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Recognize the signs of a transfusion reaction and immediately stop the infusion.
Further administration of the incompatible blood product is halted.
Lower back pain, chills, and shortness of breath indicate a potentially fatal acute hemolytic reaction. Stopping the source is the top priority.
2
Maintain IV access using a new tubing setup primed with normal saline.
A patent IV line is established for emergency drug administration.
Using the existing blood tubing to flush the line would push the remaining hemolyzed blood into the client's circulation, worsening the reaction.
3
Assess the client to gather baseline data.
The nurse obtains current vital signs, oxygen saturation, and lung sounds.
The healthcare provider will need this critical assessment data to prescribe appropriate emergency interventions.
4
Notify the healthcare provider and the blood bank.
The medical team is activated and the blood bank initiates their reaction protocol.
The provider must order specific treatments, and the blood bank must be alerted to a potential crossmatch error.
5
Return the blood product and equipment to the blood bank.
The blood bank receives the materials necessary for investigation.
Analyzing the remaining blood and tubing helps identify the specific cause of the reaction and prevents further errors.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions requires immediately stopping the transfusion and maintaining line patency with new tubing before assessing and reporting.
Soru 1088Soru →

The nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed large-volume cleansing enema to an adult client to relieve severe constipation. To promote comfort and facilitate the downward flow of the solution into the sigmoid colon, in which position should the nurse place the client?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Left lateral with the right knee flexed

Cevap

The left lateral position with the right knee flexed (Sims' position).
The left lateral position with the right knee flexed (often referred to as Sims' position) allows the enema solution to flow by gravity into the natural anatomical curve of the sigmoid and descending colon, which are located on the left side of the lower abdomen. This promotes fluid retention, reduces cramping, and maximizes the effectiveness of the procedure.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the anatomical route of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
The rectum connects to the sigmoid colon, which transitions into the descending colon on the left side of the abdomen.
Understanding anatomy is necessary to determine how gravity will affect the flow of instilled fluids.
2
Determine which client position utilizes gravity to assist the flow of fluid into these specific bowel structures.
Positioning the client on their left side allows gravity to pull the fluid downward into the descending colon.
Gravity promotes the safe and comfortable retention of the enema solution without causing excessive cramping or leakage.
3
Select the correct procedural position.
The left lateral position with the right knee flexed (Sims' position) is identified as the standard of care.
This position provides optimal anatomical alignment and exposure for safe insertion while maximizing client comfort.

Anahtar Kavram

Client Positioning for Enema Administration
Soru 1089Soru →

A nurse is providing night-shift care for an older adult client who is experiencing severe orthopnea and reports difficulty breathing while lying down. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to best promote the client's comfort?

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Cevap: Assist the client to sit upright and lean forward over an overbed table.

Cevap

Assist the client to sit upright and lean forward over an overbed table.
Assisting the client to sit upright and lean forward over an overbed table, known as the orthopneic position, promotes maximum lung expansion. It uses gravity to pull the abdominal organs away from the diaphragm, which significantly reduces the work of breathing and increases comfort for a client experiencing orthopnea.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the primary physiological issue causing the client's discomfort.
The client is experiencing orthopnea, which is difficulty breathing when lying flat.
Accurately identifying the symptom is required to select the correct comfort and positioning intervention.
2
Select the nursing intervention that directly addresses the respiratory discomfort.
The orthopneic position is selected as the primary intervention.
Sitting upright and leaning forward uses gravity to pull abdominal organs down, allowing the diaphragm to expand fully and reducing the work of breathing.

Anahtar Kavram

Non-pharmacological comfort measures and positioning for clients experiencing orthopnea.
Soru 1090Soru →

A client is admitted to the intensive care unit with acute digoxin toxicity. Initial laboratory results reveal a serum digoxin level of 5.2 ng/mL5.2\text{ ng/mL} and a serum potassium level of 6.4 mEq/L6.4\text{ mEq/L}. The healthcare provider prescribes a continuous intravenous infusion of digoxin immune Fab. Which of the following assessment findings during the hours following administration requires the nurse's immediate intervention?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The appearance of prominent U waves and flattened T waves on the continuous electrocardiogram.

Cevap

The appearance of prominent U waves and flattened T waves on the continuous electrocardiogram.
The correct answer identifies the electrocardiogram signs of severe hypokalemia (prominent U waves and flattened T waves). In acute digoxin overdose, the Na+/K+ ATPase pump is paralyzed, resulting in extracellular potassium accumulation (hyperkalemia). When digoxin immune Fab is administered, the pump is rapidly reactivated, causing a massive and swift shift of potassium from the blood back into the cells. This can quickly precipitate severe, life-threatening hypokalemia. The nurse must immediately intervene by notifying the provider to initiate a potassium replacement protocol to prevent lethal ventricular dysrhythmias.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the pathophysiology of severe acute digoxin toxicity.
Acute digoxin overdose heavily poisons the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, preventing potassium from entering cells and leading to systemic hyperkalemia (initial level 6.4 mEq/L6.4\text{ mEq/L}).
Understanding the patient's baseline physiological state is necessary to predict the metabolic effects of the reversal agent.
2
Determine the physiological effect of digoxin immune Fab administration.
The antidote effectively binds to digoxin, neutralizing it and immediately reactivating the previously paralyzed Na+/K+ ATPase cellular pumps.
Reactivation of the cellular pumps alters the concentration gradients of major electrolytes in the bloodstream.
3
Identify the critical consequence of pump reactivation and recognize its clinical signs.
Reactivation causes a massive and rapid shift of extracellular potassium back into the intracellular space. This sudden shift frequently precipitates severe hypokalemia, which manifests on an electrocardiogram as prominent U waves and flattened T waves.
Severe hypokalemia can cause lethal ventricular dysrhythmias and requires immediate potassium replacement, making it the highest clinical priority.

Anahtar Kavram

Digoxin immune Fab rapidly reactivates the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, causing a massive intracellular shift of potassium. The nurse must prioritize monitoring for life-threatening hypokalemia (evidenced by U waves on an ECG) during and after administration.
Soru 1091Soru →

A registered nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed dose of intravenous (IV) phenytoin to an adult client who recently experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. The client has a single peripheral IV line with a continuous infusion of 5%5\% dextrose in water (D5W) infusing at 75 mL/hr75\text{ mL/hr}. Which of the following is the safest and most appropriate action by the nurse?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Pause the continuous infusion and flush the IV line with 0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride before and after administering the phenytoin.

Cevap

Pause the continuous infusion and flush the IV line with 0.9% sodium chloride before and after administering the phenytoin.
Phenytoin is highly incompatible with dextrose-containing solutions and will form a precipitate if mixed. Because the client has only one IV line, the nurse must pause the D5W infusion and thoroughly flush the line with 0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride (normal saline) both before and after administration. This maintains line patency, prevents crystal formation, and ensures safe delivery of the medication.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the prescribed medication and the client's current IV fluids.
The medication to be administered is phenytoin, and the primary IV fluid is D5W.
Identifying potential drug-solution incompatibilities is a critical safety check before any IV medication administration.
2
Recall the compatibility guidelines and safe administration limits for intravenous phenytoin.
Phenytoin is incompatible with dextrose solutions and must be administered at a rate no faster than 50 mg/min.
Administering incompatible medications can cause crystallization in the tubing, and pushing the drug too fast causes cardiovascular collapse.
3
Determine the correct procedural steps for administration through a single IV line.
The nurse must pause the D5W, flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline), administer the phenytoin slowly, and flush again with normal saline before restarting the D5W.
Flushing clears the line of incompatible fluids and ensures the medication is safely and entirely delivered into the bloodstream without precipitating.

Anahtar Kavram

Phenytoin Intravenous Administration and Compatibility
Soru 1092Soru →

A client is recovering on the surgical unit 48 hours after a right below-the-knee amputation. During the morning assessment, the client reports a pain level of 6 on a 0-to-10 scale in the absent right foot. The residual limb exhibits mild, non-pitting edema. Which of the following positioning interventions is most appropriate for the nurse to implement?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Assist the client into a prone position for 20 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 hours.

Cevap

The most appropriate positioning intervention is to assist the client into a prone position for 20 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 hours.
The correct action is to assist the client into a prone position several times a day. This position is vital for clients with lower extremity amputations because it extends the hip joint, preventing the flexor muscles from shortening. Preventing hip flexion contractures is a primary nursing goal, as contractures can make it impossible for the client to bear weight or use a prosthetic device in the future.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the client's post-operative time frame and procedure.
The client is 48 hours post-operative following a below-the-knee amputation.
The time since surgery dictates the appropriate positioning interventions, as protocols change after the first 24 hours.
2
Determine the primary risk factor related to positioning for this specific client.
The primary risk is the development of hip and knee flexion contractures.
Flexion contractures can prevent the successful fitting and use of a prosthetic limb, permanently impairing mobility.
3
Evaluate the safety of elevating the edematous limb at this stage of recovery.
Elevation on a pillow is unsafe at 48 hours, as the risk of hip flexion contracture outweighs the benefit of edema reduction.
While elevation is used in the first 24 hours to minimize swelling, continuing this practice causes the flexor muscles to shorten.
4
Select the positioning intervention that actively prevents the identified risk.
Prone positioning is selected.
The prone position forces the hip into extension, stretching the flexor muscles and effectively preventing contracture formation.

Anahtar Kavram

Prevention of flexion contractures following lower extremity amputation
Soru 1093Soru →

A nurse is preparing to administer an intravenous (IV) antibiotic piggyback to a client receiving a compatible continuous primary infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride. Place the following steps for setting up the secondary infusion in the correct chronological order.

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Cevap

The correct chronological sequence is to close the secondary roller clamp, spike and prime the secondary line, cleanse the primary access port, connect the lines, and hang the primary bag lower than the secondary bag.
Following the proper chronological sequence for an IV piggyback setup ensures patient safety by preventing fluid loss, avoiding air embolisms, maintaining strict asepsis, and utilizing gravity correctly for the secondary infusion.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Close the roller clamp on the secondary IV tubing.
The tubing is sealed.
Prevents medication from freely running out of the tubing when the bag is spiked.
2
Spike the secondary medication bag and prime the tubing.
The line is filled with fluid and devoid of air.
Removes atmospheric air from the line to prevent an air embolism.
3
Scrub the uppermost access port of the primary tubing with an antiseptic swab.
The access port is disinfected.
Maintains strict aseptic technique to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections.
4
Connect the primed secondary IV tubing to the cleansed primary line port.
The secondary line is integrated into the primary infusion system.
Establishes a continuous, secure pathway for the medication to reach the patient.
5
Hang the primary IV fluid bag lower than the secondary medication bag.
The secondary bag has greater hydrostatic pressure.
Utilizes gravity so the pump draws fluid from the highest bag (the medication) until it is empty.

Anahtar Kavram

Intravenous Piggyback (IVPB) Setup Sequence
Soru 1094Soru →

A client weighing 78 kg78\text{ kg} is admitted to the progressive care unit with a hypertensive crisis. The healthcare provider prescribes a continuous intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside at a rate of 3 mcg/kg/min3\text{ mcg/kg/min}. The medication is supplied as sodium nitroprusside 50 mg50\text{ mg} mixed in 250 mL250\text{ mL} of 5%5\% dextrose in water (D5W). At what rate should the nurse set the infusion pump in mL/hr\text{mL/hr}? Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 70.2

Cevap

70.2
To determine the correct infusion pump rate, the nurse must first calculate the total hourly dose based on the client's weight (78 kg×3 mcg/kg/min×60 min/hr=14,040 mcg/hr78\text{ kg} \times 3\text{ mcg/kg/min} \times 60\text{ min/hr} = 14,040\text{ mcg/hr}). Next, this dose must be converted to match the supplied medication unit (14,040 mcg=14.04 mg14,040\text{ mcg} = 14.04\text{ mg}). Finally, dividing the hourly dose by the concentration of the IV solution (14.04 mg/hr÷0.2 mg/mL14.04\text{ mg/hr} \div 0.2\text{ mg/mL}) yields exactly 70.2 mL/hr70.2\text{ mL/hr}.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Calculate the required dose in micrograms per minute.
234 mcg/min234\text{ mcg/min}
The prescription is weight-based, so the client's total body weight must be multiplied by the ordered rate of 3 mcg/kg/min3\text{ mcg/kg/min}.
2
Convert the minute dose to an hourly dose.
14,040 mcg/hr14,040\text{ mcg/hr}
Intravenous infusion pumps are programmed in milliliters per hour, so the total medication dose must be determined on an hourly basis.
3
Convert the hourly dose from micrograms to milligrams.
14.04 mg/hr14.04\text{ mg/hr}
The supplied medication is measured in milligrams, so units must match the supply before calculating the final volume.
4
Calculate the concentration of the supplied intravenous medication.
0.2 mg/mL0.2\text{ mg/mL}
Dividing the total drug mass (50 mg50\text{ mg}) by the total fluid volume (250 mL250\text{ mL}) yields the amount of active drug in each milliliter of solution.
5
Calculate the final pump infusion rate in mL/hr.
70.2 mL/hr70.2\text{ mL/hr}
Dividing the required hourly dose (14.04 mg/hr14.04\text{ mg/hr}) by the drug concentration (0.2 mg/mL0.2\text{ mg/mL}) determines the exact fluid volume needed per hour.

Anahtar Kavram

Weight-based continuous intravenous medication calculations
Soru 1095Soru →

A nurse is preparing to provide oral hygiene to an unconscious client. Arrange the following steps of the procedure in the chronological order the nurse should perform them to ensure client safety.

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Cevap

The correct chronological sequence prioritizes assessment first, followed by safe positioning to prevent aspiration, preparation of the immediate environment, the cleaning procedure, and finally suctioning to clear the airway.
The nursing process dictates that assessment comes first to identify risks, such as the absence of a gag reflex. Because aspiration is the greatest risk during oral care for an unconscious client, placing the client in a side-lying position is the immediate safety priority before introducing any fluids. Once the airway is protected by gravity, the nurse prepares the area with a towel and basin, performs the cleaning, and finally suctions the mouth to ensure all fluids and loosened secretions are safely removed.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Assess the client's respiratory status and presence of a gag reflex.
Determines the client's risk for aspiration.
The nursing process always begins with assessment to ensure individualized and safe care before implementing any interventions.
2
Place the client in a side-lying position with the face turned slightly downward.
Allows gravity to facilitate the drainage of oral secretions out of the mouth.
Unconscious clients cannot swallow effectively. This position is the primary intervention to prevent choking and aspiration of fluids.
3
Place a protective towel and an emesis basin under the client's chin.
Protects the client's skin, gown, and bed linens.
Setting up the environment after safe positioning ensures that any immediate drainage is caught and hygiene is maintained.
4
Clean the teeth, gums, and inner cheeks using a moistened soft foam swab.
Removes plaque, crusts, and debris from the oral cavity.
Promotes oral hygiene, prevents infection, and maintains the integrity of the oral mucosa.
5
Suction the oral cavity to remove any remaining fluids and loosened secretions.
Clears the airway and oral cavity of excess moisture.
Ensures that the client does not aspirate any residual fluids introduced during the cleaning process.

Anahtar Kavram

Oral Care for the Unconscious Client
Soru 1096Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving continuous enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube. The client suddenly begins coughing vigorously, becomes tachypneic, and their oxygen saturation drops to 88% on room air. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct order of priority to mitigate the risk of further respiratory compromise.

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Cevap

The correct priority sequence is to stop the feeding, position the client, suction the airway, administer oxygen, assess vital signs, and finally notify the healthcare provider.
When a client aspirates enteral feeding, the nurse must rapidly apply the principles of Airway, Breathing, and Circulation (ABC) to reduce the risk of severe complications such as hypoxic respiratory failure and aspiration pneumonia. The first action must always be to eliminate the cause by stopping the feeding pump. Next, the airway must be protected via positioning and cleared via suctioning. Once the airway is patent, breathing is supported with supplemental oxygen. Only after the client is stabilized should the nurse complete a comprehensive assessment and communicate the findings to the healthcare provider.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Stop the enteral feeding pump.
Halts the infusion of formula.
Prevents additional fluid from entering the compromised airway, directly reducing the risk of worsening aspiration.
2
Reposition the client.
Protects the airway using gravity.
High-Fowler's or side-lying positioning prevents pooling of secretions and facilitates the clearing of aspirated material.
3
Suction the airway.
Removes formula and pulmonary secretions.
Clears the mechanical obstruction from the oropharynx to restore breathing and gas exchange.
4
Administer oxygen.
Increases circulating oxygen levels.
Addresses the acute desaturation (88%) now that the airway has been secured and cleared.
5
Assess the client.
Evaluates the extent of physiological damage.
Auscultating breath sounds and taking vital signs provides crucial data on the client's current status.
6
Notify the provider.
Communicates the critical change in condition.
Allows the provider to prescribe follow-up interventions, such as a chest x-ray to assess for aspiration pneumonia.

Anahtar Kavram

Prioritization of care for enteral feeding complications using the Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) framework.
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 1097Soru →

During morning rounds, the nurse assesses an older adult client who underwent a right total hip arthroplasty (posterior approach) the previous day. The client demonstrates acute confusion and requires total assistance with hygiene and mobility. Which interventions are appropriate for the nurse to implement? Select all that apply.

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Cevap: Maintain an abduction wedge between the client's lower extremities when turning the client in bed.; Utilize a fracture bedpan for elimination while instructing the client to use an overhead trapeze to lift their pelvis.; Reorient the client frequently and activate a bed alarm to promote safety during confused episodes.

Cevap

The appropriate interventions are maintaining an abduction wedge between the lower extremities, utilizing a fracture bedpan with an overhead trapeze, and reorienting the client frequently while using a bed alarm.
Proper care integrates posterior hip precautions (abduction wedges, fracture bedpans) with appropriate safety measures for delirium (reorientation, alarms) while adhering to strict delegation guidelines.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's surgical history to determine positioning constraints.
The client had a posterior approach total hip arthroplasty, which requires avoiding hip flexion greater than 90 degrees and preventing internal rotation and adduction.
Identifying the specific surgical approach dictates safe basic care and mobility limitations.
2
Evaluate the proposed positioning and hygiene interventions against the surgical precautions.
Using an abduction wedge prevents adduction. Using a fracture bedpan with a trapeze prevents excessive hip flexion. Conversely, sitting at a 90-degree angle for meals violates the hip flexion restriction.
Interventions must promote comfort while adhering strictly to post-operative safety guidelines.
3
Assess the delegation, cognitive, and safety aspects of the remaining options.
Skin evaluation cannot be delegated to a UAP. Sudden confusion indicates a pathological issue (delirium), not normal aging. Bed alarms are a safe, least-restrictive alternative to physical restraints.
Registered nurses must retain assessment responsibilities, investigate acute cognitive changes, and prioritize restraint-free safety measures.

Anahtar Kavram

Basic care and comfort for post-operative total hip arthroplasty, encompassing joint precautions, safe delegation, and management of acute delirium.
Soru 1098Soru →

A registered nurse is preparing to initiate a continuous intravenous (IV) regular human insulin infusion for a client admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct sequence.

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: Review baseline laboratory values, prepare the insulin mixture, prime the tubing and discard the waste volume to saturate binding sites, connect to the proximal injection port, start the electronic infusion pump, and evaluate the blood glucose level in 1 hour.
The proper sequence for initiating an intravenous insulin infusion heavily prioritizes client safety and advanced pharmacological principles. Assessment (verifying blood glucose and potassium) must occur first to ensure the intervention will not cause harm, such as severe hypokalemia. Next, preparation and specialized priming are required. Priming the tubing with a waste volume is a critical pharmacological step because insulin adsorbs to PVC plastic; saturating the tubing ensures the client receives the actual ordered dose. Finally, connecting the line to a proximal port minimizes dead space, allowing the pump-controlled infusion to act quickly, followed by strict hourly reassessment to guide titration.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Review the client's most recent serum potassium and blood glucose levels.
The nurse confirms the need for insulin therapy and verifies that the serum potassium is at a safe level to proceed.
Assessment must precede implementation. Insulin causes intracellular shifts of potassium; administering it to a hypokalemic client can induce lethal cardiac dysrhythmias.
2
Prepare the prescribed concentration of regular human insulin in 0.9% sodium chloride.
The intravenous insulin solution is properly mixed and ready for administration.
Once safety parameters are confirmed, the nurse prepares the specific medication. Regular insulin is the standard formulation approved for continuous intravenous use.
3
Prime the IV administration set, allowing 20 to 50 mL of the insulin solution to flow through and be discarded.
The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) binding sites within the inner lumen of the tubing are saturated with insulin.
Insulin strongly adsorbs to standard plastic IV tubing. Discarding this initial volume ensures the fluid that ultimately reaches the client contains the correct, prescribed concentration of insulin rather than a diluted dose.
4
Connect the IV tubing to the injection port closest to the client's venous access site.
The IV tubing is securely attached to the most proximal port on the client's access line.
High-alert continuously titrated medications must be connected as close to the client as possible to minimize dead space and ensure rapid physiological response to rate changes.
5
Begin the continuous infusion via an electronic infusion pump at the prescribed weight-based rate.
The client begins receiving the insulin at a strictly controlled and precise rate.
An electronic infusion pump is mandatory for continuous insulin administration to prevent accidental rapid boluses and ensure accurate metabolic management.
6
Evaluate the client's capillary blood glucose level 1 hour after initiation.
The nurse assesses the client's physiological response to the initial hour of insulin therapy.
Frequent monitoring (typically hourly) is critical to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the infusion and to promptly titrate the rate to prevent dangerous hypoglycemia.

Anahtar Kavram

Initiating a continuous IV insulin infusion requires a baseline assessment of serum potassium, specialized priming of the IV tubing with 20 to 50 mL of the solution to saturate plastic PVC binding sites, and connection to a proximal port to ensure accurate and safe drug delivery.
Soru 1099Soru →

A nurse in the intensive care unit is managing a critically ill client diagnosed with septic shock. The client is currently supported by a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of norepinephrine via a single peripheral catheter. Recent arterial blood gas results reveal a pH of 7.15 and an HCO3−HCO_3^- of 14 mEq/L (14 mmol/L). The healthcare provider prescribes an immediate IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the nurse?

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Cevap: Initiate a separate peripheral intravenous access site to deliver the alkaline solution without interrupting the vasopressor support.

Cevap

Initiate a separate peripheral intravenous access site to deliver the alkaline solution without interrupting the vasopressor support.
Norepinephrine is a critical, life-sustaining vasopressor with a very short half-life. It must be infused continuously; pausing it can lead to immediate and severe hemodynamic collapse. Furthermore, norepinephrine is chemically incompatible with alkaline solutions such as sodium bicarbonate, which rapidly deactivate catecholamines. Therefore, the safest and most appropriate action is to establish a new, separate intravenous line to administer the sodium bicarbonate without interrupting the vasopressor.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's clinical status and ongoing therapies.
The client is experiencing septic shock and severe metabolic acidosis, relying on a continuous norepinephrine infusion to maintain perfusion.
Recognizing the critical nature of the vasopressor establishes that the infusion cannot be safely interrupted.
2
Evaluate the physical and chemical compatibility of the prescribed medications.
Sodium bicarbonate is a strongly alkaline solution that is chemically incompatible with catecholamines like norepinephrine.
Administering incompatible medications through the same line risks drug degradation, precipitation, or loss of therapeutic effect.
3
Determine the safest administration strategy based on priorities.
A new, dedicated IV line must be inserted.
This intervention allows for the simultaneous administration of the urgently needed buffer (sodium bicarbonate) and uninterrupted hemodynamic support (norepinephrine).

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Administration of Incompatible High-Alert Intravenous Medications
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 1100Soru →

A critically ill client weighing 154 lbs154\text{ lbs} is prescribed a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of milrinone at 0.55 mcg/kg/min0.55\text{ mcg/kg/min} for the management of severe heart failure. The pharmacy supplies a premixed IV bag containing 20 mg20\text{ mg} of milrinone in 100 mL100\text{ mL} of 5%5\% dextrose in water (D5WD_5W). The client's current heart rate is 118 beats/min118\text{ beats/min} and blood pressure is 96/58 mmHg96/58\text{ mmHg}. What should the nurse set the infusion pump rate to in mL/hr\text{mL/hr}? Record your answer to the nearest tenth.

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Cevap: 11.6

Cevap

11.6
To determine the correct IV pump rate, a multi-step calculation is required. First, convert the weight to kilograms: 154 lbs÷2.2=70 kg154\text{ lbs} \div 2.2 = 70\text{ kg}. Next, find the minute dose: 70 kg×0.55 mcg/kg/min=38.5 mcg/min70\text{ kg} \times 0.55\text{ mcg/kg/min} = 38.5\text{ mcg/min}. Convert this to an hourly dose: 38.5 mcg/min×60 min/hr=2310 mcg/hr38.5\text{ mcg/min} \times 60\text{ min/hr} = 2310\text{ mcg/hr}. Then, determine the concentration of the IV bag: 20 mg20\text{ mg} is equal to 20,000 mcg20,000\text{ mcg}. Calculate the concentration: 20,000 mcg÷100 mL=200 mcg/mL20,000\text{ mcg} \div 100\text{ mL} = 200\text{ mcg/mL}. Finally, divide the required hourly dose by the concentration to find the volume: 2310 mcg/hr÷200 mcg/mL=11.55 mL/hr2310\text{ mcg/hr} \div 200\text{ mcg/mL} = 11.55\text{ mL/hr}. Rounding to the nearest tenth gives 11.6 mL/hr11.6\text{ mL/hr}.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Convert the client's weight from pounds to kilograms.
154 lbs÷2.2 lbs/kg=70 kg154\text{ lbs} \div 2.2\text{ lbs/kg} = 70\text{ kg}
The medication is prescribed in mcg/kg/min\text{mcg/kg/min}, requiring the weight to be in kilograms.
2
Calculate the required dose in mcg/min\text{mcg/min}.
70 kg×0.55 mcg/kg/min=38.5 mcg/min70\text{ kg} \times 0.55\text{ mcg/kg/min} = 38.5\text{ mcg/min}
This determines the exact amount of medication the client should receive each minute based on their body weight.
3
Convert the per-minute dose to an hourly dose.
38.5 mcg/min×60 min/hr=2310 mcg/hr38.5\text{ mcg/min} \times 60\text{ min/hr} = 2310\text{ mcg/hr}
Infusion pumps are programmed in hours (mL/hr\text{mL/hr}), so the hourly medication requirement must be calculated.
4
Determine the concentration of the supplied medication in mcg/mL\text{mcg/mL}.
20 mg=20,000 mcg20\text{ mg} = 20,000\text{ mcg}. Then, 20,000 mcg÷100 mL=200 mcg/mL20,000\text{ mcg} \div 100\text{ mL} = 200\text{ mcg/mL}.
The prescribed dose is in micrograms, but the supplied medication is in milligrams. Converting to a common unit allows for accurate volume calculation.
5
Calculate the infusion pump rate in mL/hr\text{mL/hr} and round to the nearest tenth.
2310 mcg/hr÷200 mcg/mL=11.55 mL/hr2310\text{ mcg/hr} \div 200\text{ mcg/mL} = 11.55\text{ mL/hr}. Rounded to the nearest tenth: 11.6 mL/hr11.6\text{ mL/hr}.
Dividing the required hourly dose by the concentration yields the exact fluid volume required per hour.

Anahtar Kavram

Weight-based continuous intravenous infusion dosage calculation
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Physiological Integrity Alıştırma Soruları — NCLEX-RN — Sayfa 55 | Examkin