Tüm alıştırma soruları

Complete the passage with the form of the verb 'build' that correctly completes the sentence to conform to the conventions of Standard English. Which form of the verb 'build' correctly completes the sentence?

Text 1
Cognitive scientists have long studied speakers of Guugu Yimithirr, an Indigenous Australian language that uses absolute cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) instead of relative terms (left, right) to describe spatial relationships. Researcher Elena Rostova argues that this linguistic constraint fundamentally reshapes cognitive processing. Because Guugu Yimithirr speakers must maintain constant geographic awareness to speak grammatically, Rostova posits they possess an internal "mental compass" that operates independently of immediate environmental cues, allowing them to navigate unfamiliar terrains with superior accuracy compared to speakers of relative-spatial languages.

Text 2
In a study of spatial navigation among Guugu Yimithirr speakers, geographer Marcus Thorne and colleagues found that while these individuals display remarkable orientation skills in familiar settings, their accuracy drops significantly when placed in windowless, featureless virtual reality environments. Thorne argues that Rostova's concept of an intrinsic, language-driven "mental compass" oversimplifies the cognitive mechanism at play. Rather than relying solely on internalized linguistic structures, speakers utilize subtle environmental indicators—such as the angle of sunlight, wind direction, and distant landmarks—to continuously calibrate their orientation.

Based on the passages, how would Thorne and colleagues (Text 2) most likely characterize Rostova's claim (Text 1) regarding the "mental compass" of Guugu Yimithirr speakers?

During a submarine volcanic eruption, magma erupts from fissures on the ocean floor and cools rapidly upon contact with seawater, building up layers of basaltic rock. Over thousands of years, repeated eruptions accumulate enough material to breach the ocean surface. _______, wind and waves carry seeds to the newly formed island, initiating the colonization of terrestrial plant life.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Although many initial reviewers dismissed the artist's early works as chaotic and disorganized, modern art historians have argued that the apparent lack of structure was actually a deliberate and _______ choice. By rejecting traditional compositional rules, the artist sought to capture the unpredictable nature of modern life, thereby establishing a new aesthetic paradigm.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

For decades, accounts of the Industrial Revolution in Europe focused almost exclusively on the supply side, highlighting technological breakthroughs in coal, steam, and textile manufacturing. However, economic historian Jan de Vries shifted this paradigm by introducing the concept of the 'industrious revolution.' De Vries argued that prior to the rise of factories, European households began dedicating more time to market-oriented labor in order to purchase newly available consumer goods like sugar, tea, and printed cottons. This shift in household behavior and consumer demand created the very markets that factory production would later exploit. By demonstrating that demand-led changes preceded supply-side mechanization, de Vries's work challenged the traditional view that technology alone was the prime mover of modern economic growth.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

In a study of linguistic sound symbolism, researcher Dr. Mei-Ling Chen and her colleagues investigated "phonaesthemes"—specific sound sequences associated with particular meanings, such as the "fl-" in English words like "fly," "flee," and "flow" associated with movement. While traditional linguistics posits that the relationship between a word's sound and its meaning is arbitrary, Chen hypothesized that certain phonaesthemes are cross-linguistically persistent because they evoke universal sensory associations. Specifically, she proposed that words representing "sharp or sudden visual light" are disproportionately likely to contain high-frequency, front-vowel sounds across unrelated language families. Which choice, if true, would most directly support Chen's hypothesis?

Many art historians once assumed that the vibrant blue paint in Renaissance paintings was imported exclusively from distant mines in Afghanistan. ________, recent chemical analyses of several Italian frescoes have shown that artists frequently used locally sourced, copper-based pigments to achieve similar hues. Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

In ecology, the concept of 'trophic cascades' describes how the removal of top predators can trigger reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, often leading to dramatic ecosystem degradation. While early research focused on dramatic, top-down declines in terrestrial habitats, subsequent studies have questioned the universality of these cascades, noting that complex food webs with omnivorous species often buffer against such dramatic shifts. ______ conservation policies worldwide continue to prioritize the reintroduction of apex predators based on the assumption that they will uniformly restore ecological balance, frequently overlooking the mediating role of web complexity.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Text 1
Glottochronology, pioneered by Morris Swadesh, estimates when related languages diverged by measuring changes in their core vocabulary. The method assumes a constant rate of lexical retention—a 'lexical half-life' analogous to radioactive decay. Swadesh posited that basic vocabulary is highly resistant to cultural contact and changes at a uniform rate across all languages, allowing researchers to calculate precise dates for prehistoric linguistic splits.

Text 2
Linguist Sarah Thomason challenges the validity of glottochronology, arguing that the assumption of a uniform rate of lexical decay is untenable. Because languages do not exist in a vacuum, intense social contact, bilingualism, and prestige dynamics can drastically accelerate lexical replacement. Conversely, geographic or social isolation can preserve vocabulary far longer than predicted. Thus, rate variations make core vocabulary an unreliable chronological clock.

Based on the passages, the author of Text 2 would agree with the claim in Text 1 that core vocabulary is largely unaffected by contact with other cultures.

Complete the passage with the transition word or phrase that most logically connects the ideas.

In historical linguistics, the comparative method reconstructs ancestral proto-languages by comparing cognates in daughter languages. Historically, scholars assumed that phonological sound laws operate without exception across an entire lexicon, meaning that any phonological change must affect all eligible words at the same time. However, recent analyses of the Sinitic language family show that certain high-frequency vocabulary items resisted sound changes for centuries, remaining phonetically conservative even in isolated dialects where dialect borrowing was impossible. Since these conservative items show no morphological alterations that could explain their resistance, linguists hypothesize that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

In the late nineteenth century, the introduction of commercial refrigeration systems transformed the global food trade. Perishable goods like meat and dairy could suddenly be transported across vast oceans without spoiling. ________, countries with large agricultural sectors, such as Argentina and Uruguay, experienced a massive economic boom as they became major exporters of fresh beef to European markets.

Which transition word or phrase most logically completes the passage?

Text 1
Paleoclimatologist William Ruddiman proposes the 'early Anthropocene' hypothesis, arguing that human-induced global warming began thousands of years ago, not during the Industrial Revolution. He asserts that early agricultural practices, specifically land clearing for farming and wet-rice cultivation in Eurasia, released sufficient carbon dioxide and methane to disrupt natural orbital-scale cooling trends and stabilize global temperatures.

Text 2
Anthropologist Dr. Kathleen Morrison's research focuses on the scale of early agriculture. She contends that while early farmers altered local environments, Ruddiman's model overestimates global agricultural intensity. Morrison's spatial database projects show that vast regions remained forested or sparsely cultivated until much later, suggesting that early human populations lacked the demographic density and technological capacity to alter global greenhouse gas concentrations significantly.

Based on the passages, Dr. Kathleen Morrison (Text 2) would agree with the premise that early agricultural societies modified their local environments, but would reject the claim that these modifications had a significant global climatic impact.

For decades, historians relied on stylistic analysis and archival records to estimate the construction dates of medieval European wooden buildings. However, this approach often yielded inaccurate timelines due to missing documents or later architectural alterations. To resolve these uncertainties, researchers introduced dendrochronology, the scientific study of tree-ring patterns. By comparing core samples from structural timbers against established regional tree-ring master sequences, scientists can now determine the exact year a tree was felled for timber. While this method has revolutionized medieval architectural history, its application is limited by the availability of well-preserved wood and the regional specificity of master chronologies.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were long considered by biologists to be mere byproducts of metabolic stress or simple, direct defenses against herbivores. However, recent research indicates that these airborne chemicals play a sophisticated role in plant-to-plant signaling. When a plant is damaged by herbivores, it releases VOCs that neighboring plants detect. In response, these neighbors prepare their own defenses, such as producing toxins or attracting predatory insects, before they are attacked. This suggests that plants function within a cooperative signaling network rather than as isolated individuals.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Text 1
Proponents of market-based conservation argue that assigning explicit monetary values to ecosystem services—such as wetland water filtration or forest carbon storage—is the most pragmatically effective strategy to prevent environmental degradation. By integrating these ecological services directly into global financial markets, conservationists can create powerful incentives for private landowners to preserve critical habitats rather than clearing them for immediate commercial profit. This economic valuation successfully translates abstract ecological benefits into a standardized, tangible currency that developers and policymakers cannot easily ignore in cost-benefit analyses.

Text 2
Conversely, critics of market-based initiatives contend that commodifying ecosystems overlooks the complex, non-linear biological relationships that sustain long-term biodiversity. Ecological economist Dr. Ananya Sen argues that reducing a forest to its carbon sequestration potential ignores its cultural significance, evolutionary history, and localized climate regulation functions. Furthermore, Sen warns that when conservation efforts are dictated by volatile financial market dynamics, ecosystems are only protected as long as they remain profitable, leaving them highly vulnerable to sudden shifts in global investor demand.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Ananya Sen (Text 2) most likely characterize the view of the proponents of market-based conservation presented in Text 1?

In behavioral economics, loss aversion refers to the tendency of individuals to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. This psychological bias makes the pain of losing a sum of money feel twice as intense as the joy of acquiring it. ________, investors frequently hold onto declining stocks for too long in the hope of breaking even, rather than selling them to prevent further losses.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

The following sentences describe the historical development of the vaccine for smallpox. In what order should these sentences be arranged to form a logically coherent chronological narrative?

In 1948, physicists Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman first predicted the existence of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation as a relic of the Big Bang. For years, their theoretical calculations remained unverified due to the limitations of observational technology. _______ in 1964, radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected this faint hum of radiation while testing a sensitive horn antenna, providing the first empirical proof of the prediction.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

The following sentences describe the historical decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Arrange the sentences in the correct chronological and logical sequence.