Tüm alıştırma soruları

Plants in a forest are connected by underground networks of mycorrhizal fungi, which allow them to share nutrients and water. When a tree is attacked by pests, it transmits warning chemical signals through these fungal pathways to neighboring trees. ________, the receiving trees quickly synthesize defensive chemicals to protect themselves before the pests arrive.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

For decades, the prevailing consensus among Mayanists was that the civilization's hieroglyphs were purely logographic or ideographic, representing concepts rather than sounds. In the 1950s, Soviet linguist Yuri Knorozov challenged this view by demonstrating that many glyphs actually possessed phonetic values, representing consonant-vowel syllables. Although his work was initially dismissed by prominent Western scholars like J. Eric S. Thompson, who favored a non-phonetic interpretation, Knorozov’s methodology eventually revolutionized the field. By combining phonetic syllables with logograms, scholars were finally able to decipher the vast majority of surviving Mayan inscriptions, revealing a rich historical record of dynastic succession and political alliances.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

In historical linguistics, the origin of the Etruscan language has long divided scholars into two main camps. One school of thought, popularized by ancient historians like Herodotus, posits that the Etruscans migrated from Lydia in Asia Minor, bringing their non-Indo-European tongue to Italy. Conversely, a competing theory suggests that Etruscan was an autochthonous language, meaning it developed locally in Etruria from prehistoric populations. While both positions have historically relied on sparse epigraphic evidence, recent mitochondrial DNA studies of ancient remains have begun to provide empirical support for the migration theory, though proponents of the local-origin model remain skeptical of these biological correlations.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

In 1912, geophysicist Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, suggesting that Earth's continents were once joined in a single supercontinent. For decades, Wegener's hypothesis was widely dismissed by the scientific community due to the lack of a known physical mechanism that could move landmasses. ______ in the 1950s and 1960s, the discovery of seafloor spreading provided the geological evidence required to validate his ideas, paving the way for the acceptance of plate tectonics.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following sentences describe the historical development of penicillin. Arrange them in the correct chronological sequence by ordering the items from first to last.

In dendrochronology, scientists use tree-ring datasets to calibrate radiocarbon dating measurements, establishing a precise timeline for historical artifacts. Because carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere have fluctuated historically rather than remaining constant, raw radiocarbon ages cannot be converted directly into calendar years. _______ archeologists must apply calibration curves to adjust these raw dates, aligning them with the real-time calendar record.

Which transition word or phrase most logically completes the blank in the passage?

Text 1
Archaeologist Iégor Reznikoff argues that the placement of Upper Paleolithic cave art was deliberately determined by the acoustic properties of the cave chambers. Reznikoff posits that prehistoric artists navigated pitch-black cave networks by using vocal hums to locate areas with high acoustic resonance. Once a resonant chamber was identified, they marked it with paintings, suggesting that sound played a central role in ritualistic art creation.

Text 2
Researcher Amanda Ruiz and colleagues investigated Reznikoff’s hypothesis by measuring the acoustic properties of several French caves containing Upper Paleolithic artwork. While Ruiz’s team confirmed that many chambers featuring cave paintings indeed exhibited high acoustic resonance, they also discovered numerous highly resonant chambers that lacked any art. Ruiz concludes that resonance alone cannot account for the placement of cave paintings, as other factors must have influenced prehistoric site selection.

Based on the passages, how would Ruiz and colleagues (Text 2) most likely characterize Reznikoff’s hypothesis (Text 1)?

In a study of early twentieth-century American labor movements, historian Dr. Kenji Tanaka examined the journals of textile factory workers in New England. Tanaka hypothesized that workers who regularly participated in informal workplace reading groups, or 'study circles,' were more likely to lead local unionization efforts than those who only attended formal union lectures. Tanaka argued that these informal groups fostered closer interpersonal trust and shared political vocabulary, which are critical for organizing collective action. Which choice, if true, would most directly support Tanaka's hypothesis?

Which word or phrase most logically completes the passage?

Biologist Dr. Fiona Gallagher and colleagues investigated the flight initiation distance (FID)—the distance at which an animal begins to flee an approaching human—of eastern gray squirrels (*Sciurus carolinensis*) in urban parks and rural forests. The team hypothesized that while rural squirrels treat any approaching human as a generalized threat, urban squirrels have habituated to humans and distinguish between different levels of threat based on human behavior. Specifically, the researchers proposed that urban squirrels flee at greater distances only when an approaching human makes direct eye contact with them. Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' hypothesis?

Text 1
Many astrophysicists argue that active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback—the release of energy from supermassive black holes—is the primary mechanism responsible for "quenching" star formation in massive galaxies. According to this model, jets and radiation from the central black hole heat or eject the surrounding interstellar gas, depleting the cold reservoir required to form new stars. Observational evidence showing a strong correlation between black hole mass and quenched stellar populations supports this feedback-driven quenching scenario as a universal stage in galaxy evolution.

Text 2
Astrophysicist Elena Vance and colleagues suggest that while AGN feedback certainly plays a role, it is not the sole or even primary driver of star quenching in all massive galaxies. Through high-resolution cosmological simulations, Vance's team demonstrated that "gravitational quenching"—where gas entering a massive galaxy's dark matter halo is shock-heated to high temperatures purely by gravitational forces—can prevent star formation without any energetic input from a central black hole. They argue that attributing all quenching to AGN activity overlooks this fundamental, gravity-driven thermal barrier.

Based on the texts, how would Vance and colleagues (Text 2) most likely characterize the "observational evidence" referenced at the end of Text 1?

Text 1
Archaeogeneticist Dr. Amit Patel argues that the spread of agriculture into Europe during the Early Neolithic was driven primarily by a massive migration of Anatolian farmers who physically displaced local hunter-gatherers. Patel points to ancient DNA showing a sudden, widespread influx of Near Eastern ancestry in early European farming sites, suggesting that indigenous foraging populations contributed minimally to the initial agricultural economy.

Text 2
Anthropologist Dr. Clara Murchison argues that the migration-driven model oversimplifies the Neolithic transition. She highlights archaeological evidence from Baltic coastal sites, where indigenous hunter-gatherers maintained active trade networks with farming groups for centuries, gradually adopting crop cultivation and pottery while retaining their distinct genetic profiles. Murchison contends that agricultural expansion was a localized, variable process of cultural diffusion rather than a singular demographic wave.

Based on the passages, how would Murchison (Text 2) most likely respond to Patel's characterization of the agricultural transition in Europe (Text 1)?

Which word or phrase best indicates the logical relationship between the sentences and completes the blank?

During the early modern period, European cartographers frequently populated uncharted oceanic spaces with phantom islands, such as Frisland or Buss. While historians once dismissed these cartographic fabrications as mere artistic whim or horror vacui—the fear of empty spaces—recent analyses suggest a more calculated motive. By asserting the existence of these territories, mapmakers provided patron nations with prospective maritime claims, reinforcing national prestige and motivating exploratory voyages. Thus, speculative cartography was not merely an aesthetic choice to fill geographic voids; rather, it functioned as a geopolitical tool designed to project territorial influence and stimulate imperial ambition in unexplored regions.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

In 1967, geophysicist Jason Morgan proposed that Earth's tectonic plates move along rigid boundaries, a hypothesis that promised to revolutionize geology but required empirical verification. ______ researchers analyzed magnetic anomalies along ocean ridges to test Morgan's model, finally publishing a definitive set of global plate motion data in 1972.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

Many early agricultural societies relied heavily on seasonal rainfall to sustain their crops, making their food supplies highly vulnerable to sudden shifts in climate and prolonged droughts. The ancient inhabitants of the Indus Valley, ________, developed sophisticated canal systems and reservoirs to divert and store river water. This infrastructure allowed their cities to flourish even during extended dry periods, demonstrating a remarkable capacity for environmental adaptation.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In the 1940s, classicist Alice Kober cataloged grammatical patterns in the undeciphered Cretan script Linear B, discovering that the language was inflected before her untimely death in 1950. ________, architect Michael Ventris built upon Kober’s grid system and successfully deciphered the script in 1952, revealing it to be an archaic form of Greek.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

The following sentences describe the geological process of sinkhole formation. Arrange the sentences in the correct chronological and logical sequence to form a coherent paragraph.

For over a century, planetary scientists have debated the origin of chondrules—millimeter-sized silicate spheres found in primitive meteorites. Early theorists proposed that these grains condensed directly from the hot gas of the solar nebula. However, recent high-resolution isotopic analyses of chondrule margins have challenged this view, revealing thermal histories inconsistent with slow nebular condensation. Instead, these studies suggest that chondrules formed during high-energy shock wave events in the early outer solar system. To reconcile these findings with solar nebula models, researchers have recently developed computational simulations that model localized flash-melting of dust aggregates, offering a plausible mechanism for shock-wave generation that aligns with the new isotopic data.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?