Soru

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows:

The deployment of decentralized solar micro-grids across remote agro-pastoral zones has been heralded as a cornerstone for rural energy sovereignty and climate resilience. However, emerging field evaluations reveal a structural misalignment between technical installation and institutional governance. Traditional public subsidy frameworks primarily incentivize initial capital expenditure—the procurement of photovoltaic arrays and storage batteries—while largely neglecting long-term operational maintenance and grid-balancing infrastructure. In livestock-dominated hyper-arid terrain, seasonal migration patterns result in drastic fluctuations in localized energy demand. During peak pastoral transhumance, demand drops precipitously, leading to battery overcharging, inverter degradation, and unutilized capacity surplus. Conversely, when pastoral communities return, peak demand frequently exceeds storage limits, triggering frequent system blackouts. Consequently, community-based user committees, lacking revenue-generation mechanisms or tariff-setting autonomy, struggle to fund inverter replacements or technical repairs. Furthermore, state energy utilities treat these decentralized installations as isolated off-grid units rather than potential grid-connected assets, preventing rural energy co-operatives from selling surplus power back to the regional distribution network. Reforming rural electrification policy therefore demands a transition from static capital-grant models toward dynamic operational frameworks that integrate adaptive tariff structures, seasonal demand-side management, and bidirectional grid-interconnection guarantees.

Based on the arguments presented in the passage, which of the following policy measures represents the most valid practical application for an administrative energy department seeking to ensure the long-term viability of rural micro-grids?