An institutional review board (IRB) at an academic medical center is categorizing submitted research protocols. Match each of the following methodological outlines with the specific epidemiologic study design it represents.
- Patients currently diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a similar group without the disease are identified; their past occupational histories are then compared via structured interviews.Case-control study
- Population-level aggregate data from 40 different countries are analyzed to correlate average annual sunlight exposure with national multiple sclerosis prevalence rates.Ecological study
- A large group of healthy adolescents is categorized based on their baseline daily physical activity levels and followed for 15 years to track the new onset of hypertension.Prospective cohort study
- Researchers use existing electronic health databases to identify women who received a specific antiemetic during pregnancy between 2010 and 2015, and then examine their subsequent delivery records for the occurrence of congenital anomalies.Retrospective cohort study
Cevap
The protocol identifying patients by pulmonary fibrosis status is a Case-control study; the protocol analyzing aggregate data from 40 countries is an Ecological study; the protocol following healthy adolescents is a Prospective cohort study; and the protocol using historical databases to track past antiemetic exposure to delivery outcomes is a Retrospective cohort study.
Each epidemiologic study design has a defining characteristic regarding how participants are sampled and the directionality of time. Case-control studies sample by outcome and look backward. Ecological studies use population-level aggregate data. Prospective cohort studies sample by exposure and follow participants forward in real time. Retrospective cohort studies sample by past exposure using historical records and trace forward to the outcome.
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Epidemiologic Study Designs