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Zorluk: OrtaGastroenterology and Hepatology

A 7676-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her family due to severe, sudden-onset abdominal pain that started 33 hours ago. She describes the pain as generalized, constant, and 10/1010/10 in intensity. She has had one episode of nonbilious emesis. Her medical history is significant for permanent atrial fibrillation, diet-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism. She admits to running out of her apixaban medication three weeks ago and has not taken it since. She takes levothyroxine daily.

Vital signs:
- Temperature: 37.4∘C37.4^\circ\text{C} (99.3∘F99.3^\circ\text{F})
- Blood pressure: 105/65 mm Hg105/65\text{ mm Hg}
- Heart rate: 118/min118/\text{min} and irregularly irregular
- Respiratory rate: 26/min26/\text{min}

Physical examination reveals a soft, non-distended abdomen. There is mild, diffuse tenderness to deep palpation, but no guarding, rigidity, or rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds are diminished.

Laboratory results:
- Leukocytes: 18,500/mm318,500/\text{mm}^3
- Serum sodium: 138 mEq/L138\text{ mEq/L}
- Serum potassium: 4.2 mEq/L4.2\text{ mEq/L}
- Serum bicarbonate: 14 mEq/L14\text{ mEq/L}
- Blood urea nitrogen: 28 mg/dL28\text{ mg/dL}
- Serum creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL1.2\text{ mg/dL}
- Lactic acid: 5.8 mmol/L5.8\text{ mmol/L} (normal: 0.5−2.2 mmol/L0.5-2.2\text{ mmol/L})
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): 0.1 μU/mL0.1\text{ }\mu\text{U/mL} (normal: 0.4−4.0 μU/mL0.4-4.0\text{ }\mu\text{U/mL})
- Free T4: 1.3 ng/dL1.3\text{ ng/dL} (normal: 0.9−1.7 ng/dL0.9-1.7\text{ ng/dL})

Arterial blood gas (room air):
- pH: 7.287.28
- pCO2: 32 mm Hg32\text{ mm Hg}
- pO2: 88 mm Hg88\text{ mm Hg}

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

  1. A
    Initiate bowel rest, intravenous fluid resuscitation, and serial clinical examinations
  2. B
    Administer empiric intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and observe
  3. Perform computed tomography angiography of the abdomenCevap
  4. D
    Administer a continuous intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate
  5. E
    Increase the patient's maintenance dosage of levothyroxine and monitor heart rate

Cevap

Perform computed tomography angiography of the abdomen
This patient's sudden onset of severe abdominal pain out of proportion to physical examination findings, combined with her history of unanticoagulated atrial fibrillation, is highly suspicious for acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) due to a superior mesenteric artery embolus. The presence of significant leukocytosis and lactic acidosis further supports tissue hypoperfusion and active bowel ischemia. In patients suspected of having AMI who do not have frank peritonitis (e.g., rigid abdomen, rebound tenderness) or hemodynamic instability, the most appropriate next step is computed tomography (CT) angiography of the abdomen to definitively identify the vascular occlusion before proceeding to surgical or endovascular revascularization.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the primary clinical syndrome from the patient's presentation.
The patient has acute, severe abdominal pain out of proportion to physical examination findings, alongside a history of untreated atrial fibrillation.
Recognizing this classic triad (acute pain, soft abdomen, embolic risk factor) is essential for suspecting acute mesenteric ischemia.
2
Evaluate the laboratory data for signs of tissue ischemia.
Marked leukocytosis (18,500/mm318,500/\text{mm}^3) and lactic acidosis (5.8 mmol/L5.8\text{ mmol/L}) with a significant anion gap are present.
These findings confirm systemic toxicity and anaerobic metabolism, strongly supporting acute bowel ischemia rather than a benign process.
3
Determine the most appropriate diagnostic or therapeutic next step.
Computed tomography (CT) angiography of the abdomen is selected.
In the absence of frank peritonitis or hemodynamic collapse requiring immediate exploratory laparotomy, CT angiography is the gold standard to definitively locate the mesenteric arterial occlusion.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagnosis and initial management of acute mesenteric ischemia
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