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Question 81Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the Cherokee silversmith Sequoyah and the development of the Cherokee writing system. For the sake of the logic and coherence of the essay, what is the most logical sequence of these paragraphs?
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Answer
The correct order of the paragraphs starts with the introduction of Sequoyah's goal, followed by his initial pictographic attempt, then the breakthrough syllabary system, and finally the paragraph detailing its widespread impact.
The correct sequence flows chronologically and logically. The introductory paragraph establishes Sequoyah's goal of creating a writing system. The second paragraph continues by describing how he began this task with pictographs. The third paragraph transitions by stating he abandoned this word-based approach to focus on syllables. The final paragraph concludes by describing the outcome and impact of the finished syllabary.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the core subject and context.
The paragraph introducing Sequoyah's determination to create a writing system is the logical beginning.
It introduces the topic and Sequoyah without referencing any preceding ideas or actions.
2
Find the paragraph that directly details the start of the writing system project.
The paragraph starting with 'Sequoyah began this monumental task...' is positioned second.
The phrase 'this monumental task' connects back to the determination to create a writing system mentioned in the introduction.
3
Determine the paragraph that transitions from the failure of the initial pictographic method.
The paragraph starting with 'Abandoning the word-based approach...' is positioned third.
This paragraph references abandoning the word-based approach, which was defined as the pictographic method in the second paragraph.
4
Locate the final paragraph that details the results of the completed project.
The paragraph starting with 'Once this syllabary was completed...' is positioned fourth.
It completes the narrative arc by describing the immediate and long-term successes of the syllabary introduced in the third paragraph.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions and Logical Narrative Flow
Question 82Question →
The writer wants to arrange the following sentences from a draft essay to logically show the progression from the mechanical problem of early typewriters to Christopher Sholes's design solution and its modern legacy. Organize the sentences in the most logical order to achieve this goal.
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Answer
The correct order starts with the sentence describing the mechanical jam of alphabetical keys, followed by the sentence explaining Sholes's design solution to prevent jams, then the sentence introducing the QWERTY layout on the Remington No. 2 typewriter, and concludes with the sentence describing its modern legacy.
The correct sequence begins with the sentence introducing the mechanical problem of alphabetical keyboard layouts. The next sentence logically follows by explaining Christopher Sholes's design solution to address 'this mechanical issue.' The third sentence then introduces the specific name (QWERTY) and commercial standard of 'this layout.' Finally, the last sentence transitions to the modern day, detailing the enduring legacy of the design despite the obsolescence of its original mechanical purpose.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence about early typewriters and alphabetical layout causing mechanical jams establishes the context and the problem to be solved.
A logical paragraph must first establish the initial state and the problem before discussing solutions.
2
Find the sentence that introduces the solution to the problem.
The sentence stating 'To solve this mechanical issue...' directly responds to the problem introduced in the first step.
The phrase 'this mechanical issue' is a cohesive tie that links directly back to the clash and jam of typebars.
3
Identify the sentence that details the implementation of the layout.
The sentence mentioning 'This layout, known as QWERTY...' explains what the redesigned layout was named and how it was commercialized in 1878.
The demonstrative pronoun phrase 'This layout' refers back to the redesigned layout described in the previous sentence.
4
Identify the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Today...' transitions to the modern era, explaining the long-term legacy of the layout.
Paragraphs typically move chronologically, ending with the current status or legacy of the historical subject.
Key Concept
Logical sequence and cohesive transitions in paragraph organization to fulfill specific rhetorical goals.
Question 83Question →
The writer wants to organize the following sentences to logically describe the step-by-step process of how leafcutter ants cultivate their food source. Arrange the sentences to achieve this goal, starting with the initial gathering of materials and ending with the final consumption.
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Answer
The sentences should be arranged in the following order: first cutting the leaves, then carrying them back to the nest, next chewing them to cultivate the fungus, and finally feeding on the cultivated fungus.
The correct sequence begins with the harvesting of leaves (cutting them from vegetation), followed by the transportation of these leaves to the underground nest, then the processing of these leaves to grow the fungus garden, and concludes with the consumption of the cultivated fungus.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the initial action in the biological process.
The sentence describing ants cutting leaves is placed first.
Harvesting the raw material must occur before any transport or cultivation can take place.
2
Identify the immediate next action after harvesting.
The sentence describing ants carrying leaf fragments back to their nests is placed second.
Transportation of the harvested leaves to the nest is the logical next step before they can be used internally.
3
Identify the cultivation activity that takes place inside the nest.
The sentence describing ants chewing the leaves to grow the fungus is placed third.
The leaves must be processed inside the nest to grow the fungus before the colony can consume it.
4
Identify the final step and outcome of the process.
The sentence describing the colony feeding on the cultivated fungus is placed fourth.
Consuming the final product is the ultimate step of the cultivation cycle.
Key Concept
Organizing sentences logically to describe a chronological or step-by-step process.
Question 84Question →
The following paragraphs are from a draft of an essay about the invention of the windshield wiper. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to make the essay cohesive.
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the paragraph introducing Mary Anderson's 1902 visit to New York City, followed by the paragraph describing her sketching designs upon returning to Alabama, then the paragraph addressing the patenting in 1903 and its 1920 expiration, and finally the paragraph detailing how the invention became standard equipment after the patent expired.
The correct sequence flows chronologically and logically. The narrative begins with Anderson's 1902 trip and her observation of a problem. Next, she returns home to create a design to solve this problem. After that, she patents the design in 1903 but faces industry skepticism until the patent expires in 1920. Finally, after the patent's expiration, the invention is adopted as standard equipment in the mid-1920s.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph establishing Anderson's 1902 trip and her observation of the trolley driver is the logical introduction.
It introduces the initial problem and setting that motivated the invention.
2
Determine the subsequent step in the timeline.
The paragraph beginning with 'Upon returning' must follow the introductory paragraph.
It refers to the return from the trip mentioned in the first paragraph and explains the design process.
3
Connect the design to its reception.
The paragraph introducing the 1903 patent and the industry's skepticism follows the design description.
It transitionally references 'her design' and establishes a timeline culminating in the 1920 patent expiration.
4
Find the concluding event.
The paragraph detailing what happened after the patent expired concludes the sequence.
It opens with a direct reference to the patent expiration mentioned at the end of the preceding paragraph and details the mid-1920s outcome.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Question 85Question →
The writer wants to arrange the following sentences to logically explain the transition from the military's tactile code to Louis Braille's refined reading system. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order.
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Answer
The correct sequence starts with the development of the military tactile code, followed by the limitations that led to its rejection, then the introduction of Louis Braille encountering the code, and finally his specific solution to the bulky design.
The correct order follows a logical narrative and causal sequence: first introducing the creator of the initial system (Charles Barbier), then describing the failure of that system due to its bulkiness, next introducing Louis Braille encountering this invention, and finally explaining how Braille solved the size issue by reducing the grid to a six-dot cell.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that establishes the historical background and the initial subject.
The sentence about Charles Barbier developing 'night writing' (sentence_c) introduces the topic without relying on any previous context.
An effective paragraph must start with a sentence that sets the stage and defines the primary subject before discussing its modifications or limitations.
2
Find the sentence that details the direct outcome or limitation of the newly introduced system.
The sentence starting with the contrastive transition 'However' (sentence_d) explains why the military rejected the twelve-dot system.
This establishes the problem (the bulky twelve-dot grid) that needs solving, setting up the narrative conflict.
3
Determine where the transition to Louis Braille's involvement occurs.
The sentence introducing Louis Braille (sentence_a) shows him encountering the invention.
Braille cannot modify the invention (described in the final sentence) until he is first introduced and shown encountering it.
4
Locate the concluding sentence that resolves the problem.
The sentence explaining how Braille reduced the grid to a six-dot cell (sentence_b) provides the resolution.
This sentence directly addresses the 'bulky grid' problem mentioned in the second sentence and concludes with the overall impact of his work.
Key Concept
Logical sentence ordering to fulfill rhetorical goals of narrative cohesion and cause-and-effect progression.
Question 86Question →
The paragraphs below are from an essay about the history of refrigeration. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered with the introduction to natural ice harvesting first, followed by the paragraph addressing the vulnerability of seasonal harvesting and the invention of mechanical systems, and ending with the paragraph detailing the commercial impact of those mechanical systems.
The correct order establishes a logical progression of ideas. It starts by introducing the natural ice harvesting trade, transitions to the problems caused by relying on natural weather to introduce mechanical systems, and concludes by discussing the widespread impact of those mechanical systems.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the paragraph that establishes the main topic and can stand alone as an introduction.
The paragraph describing nineteenth-century natural ice harvesting is the only one that does not begin with a transitional phrase requiring prior context.
An introductory paragraph should establish the setting and topic without referencing preceding text.
2
Find the paragraph that connects to the introduction using a logical transition.
The paragraph starting with 'This reliance on seasonal weather, however' connects to the natural harvesting described in the first paragraph.
The demonstrative adjective 'this' requires an antecedent, which is the seasonal harvesting of natural ice.
3
Determine the placement of the remaining paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'Once these mechanical cooling systems became commercially viable' follows the paragraph that introduces the invention of mechanical refrigeration systems.
The phrase 'these mechanical cooling systems' acts as a transitional hook that refers back to the 'mechanical refrigeration systems' mentioned at the end of the preceding paragraph.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 87Question →
The writer is drafting an essay about the history of currency and wants to organize the following sentences to logically explain the transition from using physical metal coins to using paper credit. To achieve this goal, in what order should the sentences be arranged?
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Answer
The correct order begins with the sentence introducing commerce during the Tang Dynasty and the use of copper coins, followed by the sentence describing the weight and vulnerability of this coinage, then the sentence introducing the solution of depositing coins for paper receipts, and ending with the sentence defining these receipts as the birth of paper currency.
The correct sequence begins by introducing Tang Dynasty merchants and their reliance on copper coins. The next sentence follows by describing the weight and vulnerability of 'this massive amount of coinage.' The third sentence resolves this issue by introducing the solution of depositing coins for 'paper receipts.' The final sentence completes the sequence by identifying 'these receipts' as the birth of paper currency. This order maintains precise logical flow and clear pronoun-antecedent relationships throughout.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that establishes the context.
The sentence about commerce during the Tang Dynasty and the need for merchants to carry copper coins is the only one that does not rely on prior information.
It introduces the topic of the passage without any demonstrative pronouns or transitional phrases that require an antecedent.
2
Trace the noun-pronoun and demonstrative adjective connections to find the second sentence.
The sentence beginning with 'This massive amount of coinage' logically follows the mention of 'thousands of stringed copper coins.'
The demonstrative adjective phrase 'This massive amount of coinage' directly refers to the specific coins introduced in the first sentence.
3
Locate the sentence addressing the problem introduced in the second sentence.
The sentence starting with 'To solve this problem' describes the system of depositing coins in exchange for paper receipts.
The phrase 'this problem' refers directly to the weight and vulnerability of the coinage described in the previous step.
4
Identify the concluding sentence that resolves the sequence.
The sentence starting with 'These receipts' explaining the birth of paper currency is the final sentence.
The demonstrative pronoun 'These receipts' connects to the 'paper receipts' mentioned in the third sentence, and it completes the rhetorical goal of explaining the transition to paper currency.
Key Concept
Logical paragraph organization using transitional cues and pronoun referents to fulfill a writing goal.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 88Question →
The writer wants to arrange the following sentences to logically trace how a highly classified military surveillance technology unexpectedly became an invaluable tool for marine biologists. What is the most logical order for these sentences?
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Answer
The most logical order is to start with the introduction of SOSUS, followed by the detection of mysterious sounds, then the transition when scientists were granted access to the classified recordings, and finally the discovery that the signals were whale songs.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. First, the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) is introduced along with its military purpose. Second, the text explains that these underwater hydrophones ('these sensitive listening posts') picked up mysterious hums. Third, it recounts that these audio files ('these recordings') were classified until the late 1980s when scientists were given access. Finally, it describes the outcome of that access: biologists identifying the signals as whale songs, which fulfills the rhetorical goal.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) in the 1950s serves as the logical starting point, as it provides the necessary context and defines the technology without relying on preceding information.
An introductory sentence must establish the topic independently.
2
Link the second sentence using pronoun/demonstrative references.
The sentence beginning with 'these sensitive listening posts' must follow the introduction because 'listening posts' refers back to the 'underwater hydrophones' in the introduction.
Cohesive markers like 'these' require an antecedent in the previous sentence.
3
Connect the next chronological development.
The sentence noting that 'these recordings' remained classified before being shared in the 1980s follows, as 'these recordings' refers to the 'strange, low-frequency hums' picked up by the listening posts.
This establishes the transition of the data from military classification to civilian scientific access.
4
Determine the concluding resolution.
The sentence explaining that biologists recognized 'these mystery signals' as whale songs resolves the narrative by showing the outcome of scientific access.
This completes the rhetorical goal of explaining how submarine surveillance tech became a tool for marine biology.
Key Concept
Logical sentence sequencing using reference words (pronouns, demonstratives) and narrative structure to achieve specific rhetorical goals.
Question 89Question →
The following paragraphs are from a draft of an essay about the London Underground map. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive essay.
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Answer
The correct paragraph order is: the paragraph starting with 'In the early twentieth century...', followed by the paragraph starting with 'An engineering draftsman named Harry Beck...', then the paragraph starting with 'In 1931, Beck submitted...', and concluding with the paragraph starting with 'This overwhelming success...'.
The correct order follows a logical progression from problem to solution, followed by testing and long-term legacy. The first paragraph introduces the problem of the early London Underground map's geographical clutter. The second paragraph introduces Harry Beck and his circuit-inspired solution, referencing 'this geographical accuracy' from the first paragraph. The third paragraph details the 1931 submission of 'his radical new design' and the subsequent successful trial run. The fourth paragraph concludes the essay by referencing 'This overwhelming success' and describing the map's lasting legacy.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph describing the initial geographic chaos of the early twentieth-century London Underground map must come first.
It establishes the historical context and the problem that the essay's subject (Harry Beck) will solve.
2
Connect the introduction to the developer of the map.
The paragraph introducing Harry Beck and his circuit-diagram concept must follow the introduction.
It uses the demonstrative phrase 'this geographical accuracy' to refer directly back to the physical sprawl and station clustering described in the first paragraph.
3
Trace the chronological progression of the map's submission.
The paragraph detailing the 1931 submission and the 1933 trial print run must come third.
It chronologically follows the creation of the design described in the second paragraph and uses 'his radical new design' to refer to that concept.
4
Identify the conclusion.
The paragraph discussing the map's massive success and lasting global legacy must be the final paragraph.
It begins with 'This overwhelming success,' which links directly back to the sold-out trial run in the third paragraph, and summarizes the long-term impact.
Key Concept
Identifying transition words, pronoun-antecedent links, and chronological progression to logically order paragraphs.
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 90Question →
The writer wants to organize the sentences below to logically trace the cause-and-effect sequence of the trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park following the reintroduction of wolves. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order.
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Answer
The most logical order is: first, the sentence introducing the reintroduction of gray wolves; second, the sentence describing how elk altered their behavior to avoid the wolves; third, the sentence detailing the recovery of trees resulting from this behavioral shift; and fourth, the sentence explaining how the thriving vegetation attracted songbirds and beavers.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical cause-and-effect sequence: the reintroduction of wolves (the cause) leads to a shift in elk behavior (first effect), which allows the overgrazed vegetation to recover (second effect), which ultimately attracts songbirds and beavers to the ecosystem (third effect). Transition words and demonstrative adjectives ('these newly active predators', 'This behavioral shift', and 'Consequently') perfectly link each sentence to the one preceding it.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence about the 1995 reintroduction of gray wolves establishes the baseline event.
It introduces the topic of the passage (wolves in Yellowstone) without relying on preceding context or pronouns.
2
Find the sentence that directly follows the introduction by matching key terms.
The sentence starting with 'To avoid these newly active predators' must follow.
The phrase 'these newly active predators' directly refers to the 'gray wolves' introduced in the first sentence, showing the immediate behavioral reaction of the elk.
3
Determine the next link in the cause-and-effect chain.
The sentence starting with 'This behavioral shift' must follow the elk behavior sentence.
The phrase 'This behavioral shift' refers directly to the elk avoiding open valleys, and it introduces the regeneration of vegetation as the result.
4
Identify the final concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Consequently, the thriving streamside vegetation' is the final sentence.
The transition 'Consequently' and the reference to 'thriving streamside vegetation' build directly upon the vegetation regeneration described in the third sentence, completing the logical cascade.
Key Concept
Fulfilling Specific Rhetorical and Writing Goals
Question 91Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of standard time zones. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered: first, the paragraph describing local solar timekeeping; second, the paragraph introducing railroad-induced scheduling hazards; third, the paragraph discussing the Chicago agreement to implement four time zones; and fourth, the paragraph detailing the modern global impact of standardized time zones.
The correct order follows a logical chronological and cause-and-effect structure. It begins with the initial state of localized timekeeping, transitions to the disruptive problem introduced by railroads, introduces the solution implemented in 1883, and concludes with the modern global impact of standard time zones.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph describing localized timekeeping based on the sun's position serves as the logical starting point, as it establishes the historical baseline before any modern complications are introduced.
A cohesive essay must establish context before presenting a historical problem.
2
Determine the second paragraph by tracing the transition word.
The paragraph starting with 'This decentralized approach' logically follows, as the phrase directly refers to the town-by-town timekeeping described in the first paragraph and introduces the conflict (railroads).
Demonstrative pronouns like 'This' must link back to clear antecedents in the preceding paragraph.
3
Connect the solution to the problems raised in the second paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'To address these safety concerns' follows the railroad paragraph, as it offers a direct resolution to the scheduling hazards and collisions detailed at the end of the previous paragraph.
Logical cohesion requires that efforts to address safety concerns follow the explanation of what those safety hazards actually were.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'Today' is placed last, transitioning the timeline to the present day and reflecting on the long-term, global consequences of the 1883 decision.
Concluding paragraphs typically shift from specific historical events to broader, contemporary observations.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 92Question →
The sentences below are from a paragraph about the development of the bicycle. How should these sentences be ordered to form a coherent paragraph that begins with a clear topic sentence and ends with an effective concluding sentence?
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Answer
The correct order of the sentences is: 'Although many people associate modern bicycles with recreation, their initial development was driven by a need for practical, everyday transportation.' followed by 'In the nineteenth century, early riders struggled to ride the 'penny-farthing,' a dangerous bicycle with a giant front wheel.', then 'To solve this safety problem, inventors designed the 'safety bicycle' with two equal-sized wheels and a chain-driven rear wheel.', and finally 'Ultimately, this new design succeeded in making cycling safe and convenient for the general public.'
The correct sequence begins with a broad introduction to the development of the bicycle, moves chronologically to the problems of the nineteenth-century penny-farthing, introduces the 'safety bicycle' as a solution, and concludes with the ultimate impact of this new design.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Although many people associate...' is selected first.
It introduces the broad topic of bicycle development and sets a formal tone without relying on prior information.
2
Find the historical context sentence.
The sentence starting with 'In the nineteenth century...' is placed second.
It introduces the historical ancestor of the bicycle (the penny-farthing) and establishes a specific safety problem.
3
Identify the solution to the safety problem.
The sentence starting with 'To solve this safety problem...' is placed third.
The phrase 'this safety problem' directly references the struggles of riding the penny-farthing described in the previous sentence.
4
Identify the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Ultimately...' is placed last.
It uses the concluding transition 'Ultimately' to wrap up the narrative by describing the final impact of the safety bicycle design.
Key Concept
Identifying topic sentences and concluding sentences, and establishing logical transitions between them.
Question 93Question →
The paragraphs below are from a draft of an essay about the discovery of hydrothermal vents. Arrange these paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive and well-structured essay.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered: first, the introduction of the 1977 discovery of hydrothermal vents; second, the description of the surprising ecosystem found in these dark environments; third, the explanation of chemosynthesis as the primary energy source for these organisms; and finally, the modern impact of this discovery on astrobiology.
The passage must flow chronologically and logically. The introduction establishes the 1977 discovery of the vents. The second paragraph notes the surprising discovery of complex ecosystems within these vents. The third paragraph explains the mechanism (chemosynthesis) that supports these ecosystems, directly linking to 'these organisms' mentioned in the second paragraph. The final paragraph concludes by discussing the modern-day legacy and implications of this discovery.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'In 1977, oceanographers aboard the research vessel *Alvin*...' serves as the introduction because it establishes the time, setting, and main subject of the essay (the discovery of hydrothermal vents).
An essay must establish its central topic and setting before describing specific details or subsequent discoveries.
2
Determine the next logical step in the narrative.
The paragraph starting with 'To their surprise, however, these pitch-black environments...' must follow the introduction.
The phrase 'these pitch-black environments' directly references the 'freezing depths' and 'hydrothermal vents' established in the first paragraph, and the contrast word 'however' signals the unexpected discovery of life.
3
Link the explanation of the biological mechanism.
The paragraph discussing chemosynthesis ('Instead of photosynthesis, these organisms...') must follow the ecosystem description.
The pronoun reference 'these organisms' lacks an antecedent unless it immediately follows the introduction of 'giant tube worms and ghost-white crabs' in the ecosystem paragraph.
4
Identify the conclusion.
The paragraph starting with 'Today, this discovery...' is the final paragraph.
The time marker 'Today' transitions the essay to the present day and summarizes the ongoing significance of the discovery.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Question 94Question →
A student is writing an essay about the 1977 discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Read the five sentences below and arrange them in the most logical order to create a cohesive paragraph that establishes a clear introduction and transitions smoothly to a strong conclusion.
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Answer
The correct logical sequence begins with the introduction of the oceanographers' 1977 discovery, moves to the description of their descent, transitions to the unexpected finding of hydrothermal vents, explains the chemosynthetic nature of the organisms found, and concludes with the broader impact of this scientific revelation.
The paragraph begins with a clear introduction that establishes the historical and scientific context of the 1977 discovery. The second sentence flows logically by using the pronoun 'They' to refer back to the 'oceanographers' and describes their initial expectations. The third sentence uses the transitional word 'Instead' to introduce the actual, surprising discovery, directly countering those expectations. The fourth sentence builds on this discovery by detailing the 'bizarre creatures' as 'These organisms' and describing their survival method. Finally, the fifth sentence concludes the paragraph by highlighting the wider scientific implications of 'this revelation,' resolving the opening sentence's claim that the discovery would rewrite our understanding of life.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that provides context and sets the topic.
The sentence introducing the 1977 discovery off the Galápagos Islands establishes the subject and main idea without relying on previous context.
An effective paragraph must begin with an independent opening sentence that defines the topic and outlines its significance.
2
Find the logical continuation of the introduction by tracking pronoun references.
The sentence beginning with 'They' immediately follows the introduction, as 'They' refers directly to the 'oceanographers'.
Cohesive writing requires that pronouns have clear, immediately preceding antecedents to prevent ambiguity.
3
Identify the sentence that transitions from expectations to the actual discovery.
The sentence starting with 'Instead' directly contrasts the expectation of a 'barren, lifeless' seafloor with the discovery of vents and creatures.
The transitional adverb 'Instead' marks a shift and must follow a sentence that sets up an expectation or state that is being contradicted.
4
Link details about the organisms to the sentence that introduced them.
The sentence explaining 'chemosynthesis' follows the sentence that introduced the 'dense communities of bizarre creatures', using the demonstrative phrase 'These organisms'.
The demonstrative adjective 'These' must refer back to a noun phrase in the immediate preceding context.
5
Select the sentence that summarizes the findings and offers a broader conclusion.
The sentence starting with 'This revelation' wraps up the paragraph by discussing the wider scientific implications for finding extraterrestrial life.
A concluding sentence should not introduce new narrow details but should synthesize the paragraph's points and return to the main theme of the introduction.
Key Concept
Developing paragraph unity and cohesion through logical sequencing, pronoun-antecedent tracking, transitional markers, and matching introductory and concluding scopes.
Question 95Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the invention and history of the saxophone. To make the essay flow most logically, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The paragraphs should be arranged in the sequence starting with Adolphe Sax's vision to bridge the gap between instrument families, followed by the hybrid brass and woodwind design of the instrument, then the rejection of the instrument by traditional European classical orchestras, and concluding with its adoption and success in American jazz.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. The first paragraph introduces Sax's goal to bridge the gap between woodwinds and brasses. The second paragraph begins with 'To realize this vision,' describing the creation of the saxophone and its anticipated use in military and classical domains. The third paragraph picks up on this anticipation by contrasting the immediate embrace of the instrument by military bands with the rejection from classical orchestras. The final paragraph transitions from this rejection with the phrase 'This initial rejection, however,' to describe the saxophone's ultimate success in American jazz.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the main topic and does not rely on prior context.
The paragraph introducing Adolphe Sax and his goal to bridge the gap between woodwinds and brasses is the logical starting point, as it contains no transitional words referring to previous text.
An essay must begin by defining its subject and setting up the central theme before details can be developed.
2
Look for explicit transition words or phrases that link paragraphs together.
The phrase 'To realize this vision' at the beginning of the hybrid design paragraph directly connects to Sax's 'vision' mentioned at the end of the introductory paragraph.
Cohesion requires that sentences or paragraphs referencing specific ideas must immediately follow where those ideas are introduced.
3
Trace the logical progression of the remaining paragraphs using parallel structures and contrasting ideas.
The design paragraph ends by mentioning both military bands and classical orchestras. The rejection paragraph begins by contrasting these two: 'While military bands readily embraced... classical orchestras proved far more resistant.'
Paragraphs that elaborate on specific sub-topics introduced in preceding sentences must follow them to maintain structural unity.
4
Confirm the final paragraph's transition and ensure the narrative reaches a logical conclusion.
The jazz paragraph begins with 'This initial rejection, however,' which directly refers to the struggle and rejection described in the preceding paragraph, bringing the history to a successful modern resolution.
The final transition resolves the tension of the previous paragraph, transitioning from rejection to ultimate success.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Question 96Question →
The writer wants to organize the sentences below to logically present the chronological steps of Jocelyn Bell Burnell's discovery of the first pulsar. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order to achieve this goal.
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of Jocelyn Bell Burnell analyzing chart data, followed by her noticing the anomalous scruff, then the inspection revealing regular pulses, and concluding with the realization that the signal was a pulsar.
The correct order follows a clear chronological progression. First, the context of scanning charts is set. Second, the scanning leads to noticing a strange 'scruff.' Third, closer inspection of this 'scruff' (referred to as 'this anomaly') reveals regular pulses. Fourth, these pulses (referred to as 'the signal') are identified as a pulsar, concluding the narrative.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the sentence that provides the necessary context and setting to begin the paragraph.
The sentence describing Bell Burnell beginning to analyze paper chart data in the summer of 1967 must go first.
It introduces the time frame, the researcher, and the initial process before any specific discovery is mentioned.
2
Find the sentence that logically transitions from the general data analysis to a specific observation.
The sentence starting with "While scanning the charts" must go second.
It uses the phrase "scanning the charts" to connect directly to the "chart data" introduced in the first sentence, and introduces the anomalous "scruff."
3
Locate the sentence that expands on the details of the specific anomaly observed.
The sentence describing a "closer inspection" of "this anomaly" must go third.
The demonstrative pronoun phrase "this anomaly" has its antecedent in the "strange, recurring 'scruff'" mentioned in the second sentence.
4
Identify the sentence that resolves the paragraph by naming the discovery.
The sentence mentioning the joke about "Little Green Men" and the ultimate identification of the pulsar must go last.
It refers to "the signal" (the regular pulses from the third sentence) and provides the ultimate conclusion to the chronological sequence of the discovery.
Key Concept
Chronological coherence and pronoun-antecedent reference in paragraph organization
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 97Question →
The following sentences are from a paragraph about how pencils are manufactured. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order to form a coherent paragraph that begins with the main introduction and ends with a clear conclusion.
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Answer
The paragraph should begin with the introduction of the manufacturing process using cedar blocks, followed by the first step of cutting slats and carving grooves, then the step of gluing a second slat over the graphite, and end with the final step of cutting and finishing the pencils.
The correct logical order begins with the introduction of the cedar blocks, follows the step-by-step process of carving grooves and sandwiching the graphite, and concludes with the final steps of cutting, painting, and adding erasers.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing modern wooden pencils and their beginning from blocks of cedar wood establishes the topic and provides the necessary context.
An effective introduction must establish the subject before specific details or chronological steps are discussed.
2
Determine the logical sequence of the middle sentences.
The sentence starting with 'First' describes cutting the blocks into slats and carving grooves. The sentence starting with 'After' details what happens once the graphite is in those grooves.
Chronological order and transition words like 'First' and 'After' dictate the flow of the process.
3
Identify the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Finally' completes the manufacturing process by describing the final trimming and painting steps.
An effective conclusion brings the process to a logical end, reinforced by the transition word 'Finally'.
Key Concept
Opening and Concluding Sentences
Question 98Question →
The writer wants to organize the sentences below to logically trace the chronological steps of Ada Lovelace's development of the first computer algorithm. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order.
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Answer
The correct order begins with the publication of the French transcript of Babbage's lecture, followed by Lovelace's translation and addition of notes, then the description of the Bernoulli numbers calculation method within those notes, and finally the recognition of this method as the first computer program.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. First, the 1842 publication of the French transcript is introduced. Second, Lovelace's translation and creation of notes are detailed. Third, the specific contents of the notes (Note G and Bernoulli numbers) are described. Fourth, the legacy of that calculation method is evaluated.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that provides the necessary context.
The sentence introducing Luigi Menabrea's 1842 publication of the French transcript of Charles Babbage's lecture establishes the starting point.
It sets the historical context and introduces the primary source material upon which the other events depend.
2
Link the translation work to the original transcript.
The sentence detailing Lovelace's commission to translate the transcript and her addition of notes logically follows.
It refers directly to 'the transcript' introduced in the first step and explains how Lovelace became involved.
3
Connect the specific details of the notes to the general mention of notes.
The sentence describing the Bernoulli numbers calculation method within Note G is placed next.
It begins with 'Within these notes,' which directly references the 'extensive set of notes' introduced in the second step.
4
Determine the concluding statement summarizing the significance.
The sentence explaining that the calculation method is now recognized as the first computer program completes the sequence.
It begins with 'This detailed calculation method,' referring back to the Bernoulli method described in the third step, and provides a logical, historical conclusion.
Key Concept
Chronological order and transition-based coherence in sentence ordering.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 99Question →
The following paragraphs are from a draft of an essay about the invention of the first synthetic dye. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a coherent essay.
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Answer
The correct order of paragraphs is: first the introduction of Perkin's experiment (item_B), then his analysis of the dark residue (item_D), followed by the rise of the purple substance mauveine (item_A), and finally the establishment of his dye factory (item_C).
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of William Henry Perkin and his 1856 experiment that resulted in a dark, sticky sludge (item_B). The next paragraph must be the one that begins with 'Intrigued by this dark residue' (item_D), which connects directly to the sludge and describes how he discovered it dyed silk purple. This is followed by the paragraph introducing 'This new purple substance' named mauveine and its commercial success (item_A). The final paragraph is the one that starts with 'Building on the commercial success of his invention' (item_C), which summarizes his departure from studies to build a factory, representing the logical conclusion of the narrative.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph starting with Perkin working in his home laboratory in 1856 (item_B) must come first, as it introduces the setting, the protagonist, and the initial experiment that leads to the accidental byproduct.
An essay should begin by establishing context and introducing the core topic before discussing subsequent events or details.
2
Connect the next paragraph using transitional links.
The paragraph starting with 'Intrigued by this dark residue' (item_D) must follow the introductory paragraph (item_B) immediately.
The phrase 'this dark residue' requires a direct and clear antecedent, which is the 'dark, sticky sludge' mentioned at the end of the introductory paragraph.
3
Determine the placement of the paragraph discussing the sensation of the dye.
The paragraph introducing 'This new purple substance' and its name 'mauveine' (item_A) must follow the paragraph about analyzing the residue (item_D).
The phrase 'This new purple substance' directly refers back to the 'brilliant purple stain' discovered and recognized for its potential in the preceding paragraph.
4
Determine the concluding paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'Building on the commercial success of his invention' (item_C) must come last.
This paragraph details the final outcome of the narrative (establishing a factory and laying the foundations for the chemical industry) and relies on the preceding paragraph's description of 'commercial success' and the Victorian craze.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 100Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the discovery of a new pigment. To make the essay flow most logically, in what order should the paragraphs be placed?
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Answer
The correct order begins with the paragraph introducing the initial experiment, followed by the paragraph defining the pigment YInMn Blue and its properties, and concludes with the paragraph detailing its commercial applications.
The correct order transitions from the initial discovery of the compound in the laboratory, to the naming and characterization of the pigment, and finally to its practical commercial applications. This creates a clear chronological and logical progression.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph describing the 2009 experiment at Oregon State University functions as the introduction because it does not rely on any preceding context and establishes the event that starts the narrative.
A logical passage must establish the context and primary subject before discussing subsequent developments or applications.
2
Determine the connection to the next paragraph using transitional pronouns.
The paragraph starting with 'This serendipitous creation' logically follows the experiment description, as 'creation' refers directly to the blue compound pulled from the furnace.
Demonstrative pronouns like 'this' require a clear referent in the immediately preceding sentence or paragraph to maintain cohesion.
3
Connect the final paragraph based on parallel concepts.
The paragraph beginning with 'Recognizing these unique qualities' must follow the properties paragraph, as it references the durability, safety, and heat-reflecting characteristics described at the end of the properties paragraph.
Transitions that refer to group characteristics or qualities must follow the specific list or description of those qualities.
Key Concept
Establishing logical paragraph transitions by identifying chronological sequences, referential pronouns, and parallel conceptual links.
Estimated Time:1m 30s