Question

Difficulty: HardLabor Movements and Gilded Age Conflict

Read the passage below.

"We are modern workers, but we are also citizens of a republic. The division of labor, the introduction of machinery, and the concentration of capital have changed our status. In the old days, an apprentice became a journeyman, and a journeyman became a master. Today, the worker is a mere cog in a vast machine, bound to a lifelong dependency on the owners of capital. We must organize not merely to beg for a few cents more an hour, but to reclaim our independence as self-governing producers through cooperation."
—Adapted from a labor petition to the United States Congress, 1884

Which of the following best explains how the ideology expressed in the passage differed from the approach of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

  1. The AFL accepted the wage system and focused on collective bargaining to secure immediate economic improvements, whereas the authors of the petition sought to replace the wage system with cooperative worker ownership.Answer
  2. B
    The AFL sought to achieve its goals by forming a formal political alliance with agrarian reformers to establish government ownership of major industries.
  3. C
    The AFL urged the federal government to act as a neutral arbitrator in labor disputes and establish federal regulations over workplace safety.
  4. D
    The AFL prioritized organizing unskilled industrial laborers and immigrant workers to build a single, unified national union.

Answer

The AFL accepted the wage system and focused on collective bargaining to secure immediate economic improvements, whereas the authors of the petition sought to replace the wage system with cooperative worker ownership.
The correct answer is correct because the Knights of Labor, whose views are represented in the passage, advocated for structural changes to the economy, including the creation of a 'cooperative commonwealth' and the abolition of the wage system to restore worker autonomy. Conversely, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) rejected such sweeping reformist goals. Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL adopted a pragmatic approach known as 'bread-and-butter' unionism, accepting the capitalist wage system and using collective bargaining and strikes to win immediate, tangible gains such as higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the provided passage to identify the central labor ideology.
The passage critiques the Gilded Age industrial system for deskilling labor ('apprentice became a journeyman... today the worker is a mere cog') and advocates for replacing the wage system with cooperative worker ownership ('independence as self-governing producers through cooperation'). This reflects the utopian and reformist ideology of the Knights of Labor.
Understanding the source's perspective is necessary to contrast it with other Gilded Age labor movements.
2
Identify the core philosophy and strategy of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) during the Gilded Age.
The AFL, led by Samuel Gompers, rejected utopian reforms and focused on 'bread-and-butter' unionism, accepting the capitalist wage system and using collective bargaining to secure immediate improvements in wages, hours, and working conditions for skilled craft workers.
Comparing the two ideologies highlights the difference between structural reform (Knights of Labor) and pragmatic economic bargaining (AFL).
3
Evaluate the options to find the one that accurately describes this difference.
The correct option correctly states that the AFL accepted the wage system and focused on collective bargaining for immediate economic improvements, while the authors of the petition (representing the Knights of Labor) sought to replace the wage system with cooperative worker ownership.
This choice directly matches the historical differences between the Knights of Labor and the AFL.

Key Concept

Comparison of Gilded Age Labor Union Ideologies (Knights of Labor vs. American Federation of Labor)
Estimated Time:2m 0s
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