Question

Difficulty: Very hardInferential Comprehension and Deduction

Read the passage below carefully and answer the question that follows.

In the semi-arid Hadejia-Nguru wetlands of northern Nigeria, seasonal inundation has historically dictated the rhythm of floodplain agriculture and flood-recession fishing. Traditionally, community-appointed water guardians, known as Sarkin Ruwa, regulated fishing gear sizes and closed certain channels during spawning seasons to prevent overexploitation. However, the construction of upstream dams and major irrigation projects in recent decades altered the natural hydrological cycle, drastically reducing seasonal flood extents. Deprived of annual inundation, downstream floodplains dried prematurely, shrinking fish breeding habitats and degrading soil fertility. In response, many younger fishermen abandoned age-old conservation protocols, turning to fine-mesh monofilament nets to capture juvenile fish before the remaining pools evaporated entirely. While local development committees framed this shift as a desperate adaptation to climate-induced water scarcity, elder fishermen argued that the erosion of the Sarkin Ruwa's traditional enforcement authority was the primary catalyst. Consequently, despite short-term catch yields remaining temporarily stable, the underlying ecological resilience of the wetland ecosystem began to collapse.

Based on the passage, what can be logically inferred about the underlying cause of the wetland's ecological collapse?

  1. The degradation of ecological balance resulted from the combined effects of upstream environmental disruption and the erosion of local resource governance.Answer
  2. B
    Younger fishermen deliberately used fine-mesh nets to maximize short-term commercial profits rather than to cope with water scarcity.
  3. C
    The Sarkin Ruwa authorized upstream dam construction to divert water toward flood-recession farming projects.
  4. D
    The short-term stability of fish catches confirms that monofilament nets effectively mitigated the loss of breeding habitats.

Answer

The degradation of ecological balance resulted from the combined effects of upstream environmental disruption and the erosion of local resource governance.
The correct answer synthesizes the two core lines of causation highlighted in the passage: physical alteration of the water cycle by upstream dams and the socio-institutional decline of traditional enforcement by the Sarkin Ruwa, which together led to ecological collapse.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the passage for stated causes of environmental change.
Identified upstream dams reducing seasonal floods and drying downstream habitats.
Establishes the physical/hydrological factor contributing to ecosystem stress.
2
Examine the social/governance factors discussed in the passage.
Identified the abandonment of conservation protocols due to the weakened authority of the Sarkin Ruwa.
Establishes the human/institutional factor leading to the overexploitation of juvenile fish.
3
Synthesize the interactions between physical disruptions and institutional decline.
Deduce that the ecological collapse stems from both environmental alterations upstream and local governance failure.
A complete inference must integrate both strands of cause-and-effect presented in the text.

Key Concept

Inferential Comprehension and Deduction
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