All practice questions

13931 questions

Question 10141Question

A constitutional reform committee proposes an emergency clause allowing the president to suspend parliamentary enactments without judicial review whenever national security is threatened. Opponents contend that this measure fundamentally violates democratic governance. Which core democratic mechanism is most directly compromised by granting the executive unilateral authority to bypass inter-branch oversight?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The institutional system of checks and balances designed to prevent the concentration of arbitrary power

Answer

The institutional system of checks and balances designed to prevent the concentration of arbitrary power
A core feature of democratic governance is the separation of powers complemented by checks and balances. Allowing the executive branch to bypass parliamentary legislation and remove judicial review dismantles the institutional oversight required to prevent autocratic rule and safeguard constitutional democracy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the scenario described in the stem
The proposed clause enables the executive organ to override legislative acts without judicial review.
Identifying the affected institutional interactions reveals which democratic safeguard is being bypassed.
2
Evaluate the democratic principles involved
Democracy relies on separation of powers and mutual checks and balances between executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent dictatorship and protect rights.
Removing legislative and judicial oversight concentrates power in a single branch, subverting democratic constitutionalism.
3
Select the correct option and rule out distractors
The primary mechanism undermined is checks and balances.
Other options confuse legal/political sovereignty, executive immunity, or state coercive power with democratic check mechanisms.

Key Concept

Democratic Governance and Checks and Balances
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 10142Question

Match each democratic model in Column A with its defining structural characteristic in Column B.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Liberal Democracy
Direct Democracy
Participatory Democracy
Social Democracy

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Liberal Democracy matches constitutional protections and multi-party elections; Direct Democracy matches voting directly on legislation without intermediaries; Participatory Democracy matches broad, continuous citizen engagement across civil institutions; Social Democracy matches combining democratic governance with state socio-economic welfare interventions.
Each democratic variant is correctly aligned according to political theory: Liberal Democracy emphasizes rule of law and constitutional protections; Direct Democracy uses direct voting mechanisms like referendums; Participatory Democracy promotes widespread civic involvement in political and community governance; and Social Democracy integrates democratic political processes with state-driven socio-economic equality policies.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core institutional focus of Liberal Democracy.
Identify that liberal democracy protects individual rights and limits state authority via constitutionalism and electoral competition.
Liberalism prioritizes individual liberty, rule of law, and institutional checks on sovereign power.
2
Distinguish between Direct Democracy and Representative forms of governance.
Match Direct Democracy with immediate citizen participation via referendums and popular initiatives.
Direct democracy eliminates delegates, placing policy enactments straight into the hands of the electorate.
3
Examine Participatory Democracy's focus on civic life.
Connect Participatory Democracy with decentralized civic engagement extending beyond periodic election cycles.
Participatory theory holds that democratic legitimacy improves when citizens actively shape policy processes within everyday community structures.
4
Evaluate the socio-economic dimension of Social Democracy.
Link Social Democracy to economic welfare management alongside political democracy.
Social democracy aims to mitigate capitalist market inequalities through institutional welfare mechanisms while retaining democratic political institutions.

Key Concept

Taxonomy of Democratic Systems and Ideological Variants
Question 10143Question

During the administrative operation of the Hausa-Fulani emirates, nomadic pastoralists and livestock keepers were required to pay a specialized tax based on the size of their cattle herds. Which tax refers to this livestock levy?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Jangali

Answer

Jangali
The tax specifically assessed on livestock and cattle herds owned by pastoralists in the Hausa-Fulani Emirate was Jangali. It provided significant revenue from mobile pastoral communities to the emirate treasury.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the tax base specified in the scenario.
The target of the levy is cattle and livestock herds.
Different taxes in the Hausa-Fulani fiscal system targeted distinct revenue bases such as land, personal wealth, adult males, or livestock.
2
Differentiate between Islamic and traditional emirate taxes.
Jangali specifically designates the cattle tax paid by pastoralists.
Kharaj targeted agricultural land, Haraji was a capitation/poll tax, and Zakat was a religious alms tax.

Key Concept

Fiscal Administration and Tax System in the Hausa-Fulani Emirate
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10144Question

In political science, which of the following is considered an indispensable socio-political prerequisite for the effective operation of representative democracy?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: An enlightened and politically conscious electorate capable of participating in public affairs

Answer

An enlightened and politically conscious electorate capable of participating in public affairs
An enlightened and politically conscious electorate is a essential prerequisite of representative democracy because democratic accountability requires citizens who understand their rights, evaluate government actions critically, and actively participate in public choice.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core requirements of a functioning representative democracy
Representative democracy relies on citizens delegating political power to elected representatives through periodic free elections.
Understanding the delegation mechanism identifies what citizens need to make effective democratic choices.
2
Evaluate the indispensable prerequisites for democratic participation
For representative institutions to remain accountable, citizens must possess political awareness, civic education, and fundamental freedoms to evaluate policies and vote rationally.
Without an enlightened citizenry, democratic processes risk collapsing into electoral manipulation or autocratic control.

Key Concept

Prerequisites for Successful Democracy
Question 10145Question

When supreme political power in a state is held and exercised by a small, self-serving group of wealthy individuals or corporate elites, which system of government is being practiced?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Oligarchy

Answer

Oligarchy is the political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small elite or wealthy minority.
The term oligarchy literally means 'rule by a few'. In political science, it describes a system where supreme power is concentrated in the hands of a small minority, often defined by financial standing, commercial power, or military influence.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the stem characteristics
Identified key features: rule by a small elite group, power concentrated among the wealthy/few.
Determining the composition and size of the ruling class distinguishes systems of government.
2
Match the ruling structure to its political definition
Rule by the few (especially a wealthy minority) corresponds to an oligarchy.
Oligarchy originates from Greek words meaning 'rule by the few'.

Key Concept

Forms of Government: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Oligarchy
Question 10146Question

Match each constitutional safeguard or enforcement mechanism of the rule of law on the left with its correct functional operation on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Financial autonomy via Consolidated Revenue Fund
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Role of the Judicial Service Commission
Prohibition of retrospective legislation

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Financial autonomy matches direct disbursement from the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Writ of Habeas Corpus matches the court order to produce a suspect to test detention legality. Role of the Judicial Service Commission matches independent screening and recommendation of candidates. Prohibition of retrospective legislation matches constitutional restrictions against ex post facto laws.
Each item accurately aligns a specific principle of judicial independence or rule of law with its institutional enforcement tool. Financial autonomy prevents executive coercion through budget control; Habeas Corpus guards against arbitrary detention; the Judicial Service Commission maintains non-partisan appointments; and banning retrospective laws protects citizens from arbitrary legal changes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze each constitutional safeguard on the left.
Identified four safeguards: financial autonomy, writ of habeas corpus, judicial service commission oversight, and prohibition of retrospective laws.
Understanding the primary administrative function of each safeguard is necessary for accurate pairing.
2
Match financial autonomy with its operational mechanism.
Connects to direct disbursement from the Consolidated Revenue Fund, shielding judicial finances from executive control.
Executive control over court funds would compromise judicial independence.
3
Match the Writ of Habeas Corpus with its enforcement function.
Connects to compelling detaining authorities to present a suspect in court to verify detention legality.
Habeas corpus directly enforces rule of law by protecting citizens against arbitrary state detention.
4
Match the Judicial Service Commission and prohibition of retrospective laws to their operational definitions.
The Judicial Service Commission handles independent recommendations, while retrospective law prohibition prevents ex post facto criminalization.
These mechanisms prevent political patronage in appointments and ensure legal predictability for citizens.

Key Concept

Constitutional Safeguards for Judicial Independence and Rule of Law Enforcement
Question 10147Question

Kalu commenced business with the following assets and liabilities to be recorded in his opening journal entry: Office Equipment 600,000\text{₦}600,000, Furniture 250,000\text{₦}250,000, Trade Debtors 150,000\text{₦}150,000, Cash in Hand 100,000\text{₦}100,000, and Trade Creditors 200,000\text{₦}200,000. What is the value of Capital in naira to be credited in the opening entry?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 900000

Answer

The initial capital amount to be credited in the opening journal entry is 900,000\text{₦}900,000.
The correct answer of 900,000\text{₦}900,000 is determined by applying the accounting equation Capital=AssetsLiabilities\text{Capital} = \text{Assets} - \text{Liabilities}. Summing the assets gives 1,100,000\text{₦}1,100,000 (Office Equipment 600,000\text{₦}600,000 + Furniture 250,000\text{₦}250,000 + Debtors 150,000\text{₦}150,000 + Cash 100,000\text{₦}100,000). Subtracting the liability of Trade Creditors (200,000\text{₦}200,000) yields the opening capital balance of 900,000\text{₦}900,000.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Sum all asset balances given in the scenario
Total Assets = 600,000+250,000+150,000+100,000=1,100,000\text{₦}600,000 + \text{₦}250,000 + \text{₦}150,000 + \text{₦}100,000 = \text{₦}1,100,000
Opening entries require debiting all individual asset accounts to set up the starting books.
2
Identify all liability balances given
Total Liabilities = 200,000\text{₦}200,000 (Trade Creditors)
Liabilities represent claims against the business assets and are credited in the opening journal entry.
3
Deduct total liabilities from total assets to determine owner's capital
Capital = 1,100,000200,000=900,000\text{₦}1,100,000 - \text{₦}200,000 = \text{₦}900,000
According to the fundamental accounting equation, Assets = Capital + Liabilities, so Capital = Assets - Liabilities.

Key Concept

Calculation of Opening Capital in the General Journal using the Accounting Equation
Question 10148Question

Match each key political figure, organization, or publication associated with the Clifford Constitution of 1922 on the left with its corresponding role or historical significance on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Sir Hugh Clifford
Herbert Macaulay
Lagos Daily News
Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Sir Hugh Clifford matches with Colonial Governor who abolished the Nigerian Council; Herbert Macaulay matches with Nationalist leader who mobilized popular support; Lagos Daily News matches with Pioneer daily newspaper established in 1925; and Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) matches with First political party formed in Nigeria (1923).
Each historical entity correctly aligns with its precise role in the political developments following the 1922 Clifford Constitution: Sir Hugh Clifford introduced the constitutional reforms, Herbert Macaulay spearheaded nationalist organizing, the Lagos Daily News provided electoral media coverage, and the NNDP emerged as the premier political party contesting the new elective positions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the colonial administrator who promulgated the 1922 Constitution.
Sir Hugh Clifford was the Governor who replaced Lord Lugard's Nigerian Council with the new Legislative Council.
The constitution takes its name from Governor Sir Hugh Clifford.
2
Identify the prominent nationalist leader and political party associated with the elective principle in Lagos.
Herbert Macaulay led the electoral movement and co-founded the NNDP in 1923 to contest the three elective seats for Lagos.
The introduction of four elective seats (3 for Lagos and 1 for Calabar) stimulated formal political party formation for the first time in Nigeria.
3
Identify the media platform created to support electoral campaigns under the new elective system.
The Lagos Daily News became the primary newspaper mouthpiece for nationalist political education and NNDP campaigns.
The franchise required an income qualification of £100 per annum, prompting nationalist leaders to establish daily print media to reach and educate electors.

Key Concept

Key actors, political organizations, and nationalist press stimulated by the introduction of the Clifford Constitution of 1922 and the elective principle
Question 10149Question

In the Nigerian legal system, which constitutional power allows the courts to examine executive actions or legislative enactments to ensure they align with the constitution?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Judicial review

Answer

Judicial review
Judicial review is the constitutional power of courts to examine laws passed by the legislature and actions taken by the executive to verify their alignment with the constitution, declaring any unconstitutional acts null and void.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary function of the judiciary being described.
Evaluating executive actions and legislative statutes against constitutional provisions.
The judiciary acts as the guardian of the constitution through checks and balances.
2
Select the specific legal term for this constitutional power.
Judicial review.
Judicial review specifically empowers competent courts to invalidate laws or executive orders that violate the constitution.

Key Concept

Judicial Review
Estimated Time:45s
Question 10150Question

In October 1996, the military administration of General Sani Abacha created six additional states in Nigeria. What was the total number of states in the Nigerian federation following this exercise?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 36

Answer

36 states
In October 1996, the military government of General Sani Abacha created 6 new states (Bayelsa, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Gombe, Nasarawa, and Zamfara), bringing the total number of constituent states in the Nigerian federation to 36.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical state creation milestone referenced
The 1996 state creation exercise under General Sani Abacha.
Nigeria's federal structure expanded periodically through military decrees.
2
Calculate the updated number of states
Adding 6 new states to the existing 30 states equals 36 states.
General Abacha added Bayelsa, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Gombe, Nasarawa, and Zamfara states to the 30 states created in 1991.

Key Concept

Evolution of Nigerian State Creation Milestones
Question 10151Question

During a period of political unrest, a national parliament passes a law that penalizes peaceful public assembly held six months prior to the passage of the legislation and mandates the immediate imprisonment of citizens without judicial hearing. Which core principle of the Rule of Law is directly violated by this statutory action?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The prohibition of retroactive criminal legislation and guarantee of due process

Answer

The prohibition of retroactive criminal legislation and guarantee of due process
The correct answer emphasizes that laws must be prospective and enforced through judicial due process. According to the Rule of Law, no person may be punished for an act that was not a crime when committed, nor can anyone be deprived of liberty without a fair hearing before an independent court.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the statutory action described in the scenario
The statute criminalizes past actions (retroactive/ex post facto penal law) and denies suspects a fair hearing before a competent court (arbitrary detention without trial).
Identifying the specific mechanisms of governance action reveals which constitutional legal principle is infringed.
2
Relate these mechanisms to A.V. Dicey's principles and constitutional safeguards of the Rule of Law
The Rule of Law establishes legal certainty (laws cannot retroactively penalize conduct) and equality/impartiality under the law enforced through fair judicial trial.
Under constitutionalism, individuals can only be punished for a distinct breach of an existing law established in an ordinary legal manner before ordinary courts.

Key Concept

Rule of Law Principles, Due Process, and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Laws
Question 10152Question

Match each civic scenario or citizen action on the left with its exact constitutional and legal classification on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Appearing in court when formally served with a subpoena to testify as a witness in a ongoing criminal proceeding
Participating actively in a voluntary neighborhood crime-watch association to support local community safety
Applying to a high court for a writ of habeas corpus following an unconstitutional detention by law enforcement
Complying with mandatory public movement restrictions enforced following a gazetted constitutional state of emergency

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Responding to a court subpoena is a compulsory legal obligation; participating in neighborhood watch is a voluntary civic duty; applying for habeas corpus enforces a fundamental human right; and complying with movement restrictions during a state of emergency reflects a lawful constitutional derogation of rights.
A court subpoena is a legally binding command carrying criminal contempt sanctions for disobedience, making it a compulsory legal obligation. Joining a neighborhood crime watch represents a voluntary civic effort to aid community wellbeing without criminal liability for non-involvement. Seeking a writ of habeas corpus is an executive enforcement action protecting fundamental human rights to personal freedom. Finally, movement restrictions enforced during a gazetted state of emergency constitute a valid constitutional derogation of rights designed to protect public order.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the legal nature of a court subpoena.
Recognize that a court subpoena carries statutory authority and criminal contempt penalties upon default, placing it under compulsory legal obligations.
Constitutional law distinguishes between legally enforceable obligations and discretionary civic actions.
2
Differentiate voluntary community service from compulsory state demands.
Classify neighborhood watch participation as a voluntary civic duty because non-participation incurs no penal sanctions.
Civic duties encompass desirable social and moral contributions that lack statutory criminal enforcement.
3
Examine judicial remedies for constitutional rights violations.
Identify habeas corpus as a legal mechanism designed specifically to enforce the fundamental right to personal liberty.
Fundamental rights are constitutionally guaranteed entitlements protected by judicial procedures.
4
Evaluate state powers during emergency conditions.
Match emergency public movement restrictions to constitutional derogations of fundamental rights.
Constitutional provisions allow the temporary limitation of individual rights for public security and defense.

Key Concept

Classification of Rights, Legal Obligations, Civic Duties, and Constitutional Derogations
Question 10153Question

In a democratic state, an electoral arrangement is designed such that the total number of legislative seats awarded to each political party corresponds directly to the percentage of votes the party receives nationwide, rather than individual constituency victories. Which electoral system is defined by this characteristic?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Proportional representation

Answer

Proportional representation is the electoral system in which legislative seats are allocated according to the percentage of the total votes won by each political party.
Proportional representation is designed specifically to ensure that political parties gain representation in the legislature in proportion to the total number of votes cast for them nationwide, preventing the underrepresentation of minority parties.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the electoral mechanism described in the stem.
The mechanism awards parliamentary seats in direct proportion to nationwide party vote share.
Identifying the core feature of vote-to-seat conversion is necessary to distinguish electoral systems.
2
Compare the core feature against majoritarian and plurality electoral systems.
Plurality (First-Past-The-Post) and majoritarian systems (Second Ballot, Alternative Vote) award seats to individual candidates winning specific single-member constituencies, often causing discrepancies between total votes and total seats.
Single-member constituency systems prioritize localized candidate victories over nationwide party vote ratios.
3
Select the electoral system matching proportional seat allocation.
Proportional representation ensures that a party winning 30% of the nationwide vote receives approximately 30% of the legislative seats.
This direct proportionality between votes cast and seats won is the defining principle of proportional representation.

Key Concept

Proportional Representation vs Plurality/Majoritarian Electoral Systems
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10154Question

In a constitutional democracy operating a presidential system, the President issues an executive directive specifying how government ministries must implement a newly enacted public health statute. Which statement accurately describes the constitutional source and limitation of this executive function?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: It is an exercise of administrative authority to enforce existing laws, subject to judicial review if it exceeds legislative intent.

Answer

The statement explaining that issuing implementation directives is an exercise of administrative authority to enforce existing laws, subject to judicial review if it exceeds legislative intent, is correct.
The primary function of the executive organ is to implement and enforce laws passed by the legislature. Directives issued by the executive must be grounded in statutory authority and remain subject to judicial oversight to ensure they do not exceed legal boundaries.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core organ of government and executive role described in the stem.
The action described is the execution and administration of an enacted law by the executive branch under a presidential system.
The executive branch is constitutionally mandated to implement, enforce, and administer laws passed by the legislature.
2
Determine the constitutional boundaries and checks applicable to executive enforcement directives.
Executive administrative directives derive authority from statutory law and cannot contradict legislative intent or constitutional provisions. The judiciary retains the power of judicial review over executive actions.
The principle of checks and balances ensures that executive policy execution remains lawful and subordinate to constitutional and statutory limits.

Key Concept

Executive Functions and Operational Scope
Question 10155Question

Within the organizational framework of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which principal organ is directly charged with formulating policy recommendations, preparing the administrative budget, and submitting legislative proposals to the supreme Authority of Heads of State and Government?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The Council of Ministers

Answer

The Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers consists of ministers responsible for ECOWAS affairs from member countries. Its core function under the Revised ECOWAS Treaty is to review draft programs, prepare operational budgets, and present strategic recommendations to the supreme decision-making body, the Authority of Heads of State and Government.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary responsibilities described in the question stem
The target organ must prepare policy recommendations, approve administrative budget plans, and submit strategic proposals to the highest decision-making authority.
Understanding institutional division of labor within ECOWAS requires distinguishing executive, judicial, legislative, and ministerial functions.
2
Evaluate the role of each primary organ within ECOWAS governance
The Council of Ministers acts as the key ministerial body intermediate between the administrative Commission and the executive Authority of Heads of State.
Under Article 10 of the Revised ECOWAS Treaty, the Council of Ministers considers proposals from subordinate commissions and formulates policy directives for final enactment by the Heads of State.

Key Concept

Institutional Structure and Functions of ECOWAS Organs
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10156Question

When a constitutional court resolves a legal ambiguity by relying on written analytical commentaries and legal treatises authored by renowned jurists, which source of constitutional law is being utilized?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Works of authority

Answer

Works of authority represent the source of constitutional law consisting of writings and treatises by eminent jurists and political scholars.
Works of authority are acknowledged written publications, legal treatises, and commentaries by respected political scientists and legal scholars. They serve as persuasive secondary sources when judges and legal experts interpret complex or ambiguous constitutional provisions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core characteristic of the constitutional source described in the stem.
The source consists of legal commentaries and scholarly treatises written by eminent jurists to clarify legal ambiguities.
Constitutional sources are categorized based on their origin, such as legislative acts, judicial decisions, unwritten customs, or authoritative academic writings.
2
Distinguish between judicial decisions, legislative statutes, customs, and scholarly juristic writings.
Scholarly juristic writings that hold persuasive legal value are classified specifically as works of authority.
Renowned authors like A.V. Dicey provided authoritative guidance on fundamental constitutional concepts such as the Rule of Law and parliamentary sovereignty.

Key Concept

Sources of Constitutions: Works of Authority
Question 10157Question

A political regime restricts democratic electoral political competition and suppresses government criticism, yet allows religious organizations, private firms, and non-political cultural groups to manage their own internal affairs without forced adherence to an official state doctrine. Which fundamental feature distinguishes this authoritarian framework from a totalitarian system?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The preservation of limited social and institutional pluralism in non-political spheres

Answer

The preservation of limited social and institutional pluralism in non-political spheres distinguishes authoritarian regimes from totalitarian ones.
Authoritarian systems concentrate political power tightly while permitting a degree of social, religious, and economic autonomy (limited pluralism) as long as civil groups refrain from political opposition. Totalitarian regimes, by contrast, seek to reshape civil society entirely, abolishing all private autonomy and mandating ideological participation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the regime characteristics presented in the stem
The regime suppresses political opposition but allows independent religious, economic, and social organizations to function.
Identifying the extent of state penetration into non-political spheres helps determine the regime type.
2
Compare the core theoretical distinctions between authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Totalitarianism demands total control over all aspects of public and private life through a single mandatory ideology, while authoritarianism tolerates limited social and economic pluralism provided political power is not threatened.
According to political theorists such as Juan Linz, the degree of pluralism and ideological mobilization defines the key boundary between these systems.
3
Evaluate the option choices against political science taxonomy
The option identifying limited social and institutional pluralism accurately captures the specific boundary criterion described in the stem.
Permitting autonomous civil institutions confirms the presence of limited pluralism typical of authoritarian systems.

Key Concept

Authoritarianism vs Totalitarianism: Limited Pluralism vs Total Control
Question 10158Question

To address the criticism of non-consultation associated with the Richards Constitution of 1946, Governor Sir John Macpherson initiated an extensive bottom-up constitutional review process. What is the correct chronological sequence of the consultative and drafting stages that culminated in the Macpherson Constitution of 1951?

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct chronological sequence begins with village and district consultations, moves to provincial conferences, advances to regional conferences, proceeds to the All-Nigeria General Conference in Ibadan, and ends with formal promulgation in 1951.
The consultative process for the Macpherson Constitution followed a structured bottom-up hierarchy: starting with grassroots village and district discussions, moving to provincial conferences, progressing to regional conferences in Kaduna, Ibadan, and Enugu, synthesizing national viewpoints at the Ibadan General Conference (1950), and concluding with official promulgation in 1951.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial grassroots phase
Consultations began at the village and district levels in 1949.
Sir John Macpherson sought broad public involvement to avoid the centralized approach of previous colonial administrations.
2
Trace the intermediate synthesis stages
Views gathered locally were debated sequentially at provincial conferences and then at regional conferences in Kaduna, Ibadan, and Enugu.
This multi-tiered approach allowed regional preferences regarding representation and executive authority to take form.
3
Pinpoint the national harmonization conference
The All-Nigeria General Conference met at Ibadan in January 1950.
Representatives from all three regions gathered to reconcile differences between regional drafts into a unified recommendation.
4
Identify the final legal enactment
The constitution was officially promulgated in 1951.
Following final review by the Drafting Committee and approval by the British Crown, the constitution took effect.

Key Concept

The bottom-up consultative process of the Macpherson Constitution (1949–1951)
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 10159Question

On 1 January 2025, a business recorded commission income accrued of 14,500₦14,500 and commission income received in advance of 8,000₦8,000. During the year ended 31 December 2025, total cash received and banked for commission was 165,000₦165,000. At 31 December 2025, commission income accrued stood at 19,000₦19,000, while commission income received in advance was 11,500₦11,500. What is the total amount of commission income to be credited to the Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31 December 2025?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 166000

Answer

The total commission income to be credited to the Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31 December 2025 is ₦166,000.
In accordance with the accrual concept, the Profit and Loss Account must be credited only with income earned during the financial period. Calculating the net income for 2025 requires adding opening prepaid income (₦8,000) and closing accrued income (₦19,000) to cash received (₦165,000), while deducting opening accrued income (₦14,500) and closing prepaid income (₦11,500). This gives a total credit of ₦166,000.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the cash received during the accounting year
Cash received = ₦165,000
This is the initial cash flow figure recorded in the cash book during the period.
2
Adjust for opening accruals and prepayments at 1 January 2025
Adjusted cash figure = ₦165,000 + ₦8,000 - ₦14,500 = ₦158,500
Opening prepaid income relates to the current year and must be added. Opening accrued income relates to the prior year and was collected in the current year, so it must be subtracted.
3
Adjust for closing accruals and prepayments at 31 December 2025
Final Profit & Loss credit = ₦158,500 + ₦19,000 - ₦11,500 = ₦166,000
Closing accrued income was earned in the current period and must be added. Closing prepaid income relates to the next period and must be subtracted.

Key Concept

Accrual basis of accounting for income recognition
Question 10160Question

In constitutional governance, citizen activities are categorized into fundamental rights, compulsory legal obligations, and civic duties. Match each citizen action on the left with its correct constitutional or legal classification on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Prompt payment of personal income taxes and local rates
Protection against arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention
Showing respect for the national flag and reciting the national pledge
Appearing in court to give testimony when served a summons or subpoena

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Prompt payment of personal income taxes matches compulsory financial legal obligation; Protection against arbitrary arrest matches fundamental human right guaranteed by the constitution; Showing respect for the national flag matches voluntary civic and moral duty; Appearing in court under a subpoena matches compulsory judicial legal obligation.
Each citizen activity is accurately matched according to constitutional law: paying tax is a financial legal obligation, immunity from arbitrary detention is a fundamental right to personal liberty, displaying respect to national symbols is a moral civic duty, and obeying a court subpoena is a legal obligation supporting the judiciary.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Differentiate between legal obligations and fundamental rights
Tax payment and court summonses are enforceable by state sanctions, establishing them as legal obligations, whereas freedom from unlawful arrest is an entitlement guaranteed to individuals.
Legal obligations carry statutory penalties for non-compliance, while fundamental rights protect personal liberty.
2
Distinguish between civic duties and legal obligations
Respecting national symbols is a voluntary civic standard expected of citizens, whereas paying taxes or answering a subpoena carries statutory force.
Civic duties promote patriotism and national unity but are generally not penal offenses if breached unless specified by law.

Key Concept

Distinction between Fundamental Rights, Statutory Legal Obligations, and Civic Duties
PreviousPage 508 / 697Next
All practice questions — JAMB UTME | Examkin