Question

Read the following passage.

In the 1980s, the Subaltern Studies collective emerged to challenge the dominant elitist narratives in South Asian historiography. Traditional nationalist historians had largely attributed the success of the Indian independence movement to the mobilization efforts of the Western-educated elite leadership, framing the peasantry merely as passive followers who were occasionally spurred into action by charismatic leaders. In contrast, the Subaltern scholars argued that peasant insurgencies and lower-class mobilizations possessed their own autonomous political consciousness. According to this collective, subaltern resistance was not simply a reflex action to economic deprivation, nor was it a blind mimicking of elite nationalist agendas. Instead, it was rooted in distinct cultural and political domains that operated independently of elite politics. However, later critics of the Subaltern Studies approach argued that by attempting to isolate a pure subaltern consciousness, these historians paradoxically ended up romanticizing the subaltern and ignoring the complex, bidirectional negotiations between the elite and the marginalized classes.

Based on the passage, the historians of the Subaltern Studies collective would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding lower-class mobilizations during the Indian independence movement? (Select all that apply)