Question

Read the following passage carefully.

The debate over the evolutionary origins of human music has long been polarized by two diametrically opposed theoretical frameworks. Strict adaptationists maintain that musicality conferred direct reproductive advantages on early hominids, functioning primarily as a mechanism for sexual selection. In this view, musical virtuosity serves as a biological signal of fitness, analogous to the visually dimorphic traits found in many avian species. Conversely, byproduct theorists dismiss the notion of music as an evolutionary adaptation altogether. They characterize musicality as a serendipitous exploitation of cognitive systems that originally evolved for language processing and auditory scene analysis, contending that music's universality is a mere neurobiological accident devoid of any evolutionary mandate.

More recently, social cohesion theorists have challenged the byproduct view by emphasizing music's role in synchronized group behavior. They argue that music was selected for at the group level because its capacity to foster cooperative alliances provided collective survival advantages that outweighed the energetic costs of its production.

While the strict adaptationist model strains credulity given the glaring absence of sexually dimorphic musical traits in humans, the byproduct theorists' wholesale dismissal of music's adaptive utility is equally premature. The social cohesion theorists provide a compelling functionalist account; however, they erroneously conflate the secondary utility of music with its evolutionary genesis. It is far more plausible that music began as a non-adaptive byproduct, as the second camp suggests, but was subsequently exapted for social bonding. Thus, its current ubiquity is the result of secondary group-level selection, even though its initial appearance was entirely incidental.

Based on the passage, match each theoretical assertion below with the specific viewpoint or entity that most clearly espouses it.