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Difficulty: MediumGandhian Era and Major Mass Movements

Consider the following statements regarding the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922) launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi:

1. The program of non-cooperation was endorsed at the special Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress (INC) in September 1920 and reaffirmed at the regular Nagpur session in December 1920.
2. The movement encompassed both destructive aspects, such as the boycott of government titles, schools, courts, and foreign goods, as well as constructive work like promoting Swadeshi and Khadi.
3. Mahatma Gandhi unilaterally suspended the national movement following the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, despite reservations from prominent nationalist leaders.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. A
    1 and 2 only
  2. B
    2 and 3 only
  3. C
    1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3Answer

Answer

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.
All three statements accurately reflect historical facts. Statement 1 accurately captures the approval timeline from the September 1920 Calcutta special session to the December 1920 Nagpur annual session. Statement 2 lists the dual elements of boycott and constructive work. Statement 3 accurately describes the termination of the movement at Bardoli following the violence at Chauri Chaura.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding INC session approvals.
Statement 1 is correct. The Non-Cooperation resolution was drafted by Mahatma Gandhi and passed at the special session in Calcutta in September 1920, then ratified at the Nagpur session in December 1920 where the INC constitution was also amended.
Establishing official party endorsement is critical for understanding mass movement organization.
2
Analyze Statement 2 regarding movement objectives and methods.
Statement 2 is correct. The movement combined boycott activities (surrender of titles, boycott of law courts, government educational institutions, foreign textiles, and legislative councils) with constructive programs (promotion of spinning wheel/Khadi, national education institutions, and communal harmony).
Distinguishing between negative boycott and positive constructive work defines Gandhian mass movement structure.
3
Analyze Statement 3 regarding the movement's termination.
Statement 3 is correct. Following the violent Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur district on February 4, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement at the Working Committee meeting at Bardoli on February 12, 1922, despite objections from leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das.
Understanding the doctrine of non-violence (Ahimsa) explains Gandhi's sudden withdrawal of mass agitation.

Key Concept

Non-Cooperation Movement dynamics, INC sessions, and withdrawal rationale
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Topics

Gandhian Era and Major Mass Movements

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