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Question 2641Question →

Match List-I (International Conventions/Protocols) with List-II (Specific Key Regulatory Mechanisms) and identify the correct pairs according to their primary legal mandates under international environmental law.

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Items

Cartagena Protocol
Rotterdam Convention
Nagoya Protocol
Minamata Convention

Matches

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Answer

Cartagena Protocol corresponds to Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure for Living Modified Organisms (LMOs); Rotterdam Convention corresponds to Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure for hazardous trade chemicals; Nagoya Protocol corresponds to ABS Clearing-House mechanism for genetic resources; Minamata Convention corresponds to phased prohibition of primary mining and regulation of artisanal small-scale gold mining.
Each international environmental agreement targets a distinct ecological concern: Cartagena Protocol handles Living Modified Organisms via the Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure; Rotterdam Convention regulates trade of hazardous chemicals using the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) mechanism; Nagoya Protocol regulates Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) of genetic resources via the ABS Clearing-House; and Minamata Convention specifically bans primary mercury mining and regulates releases from artisanal gold mining.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Cartagena Protocol mandate
Identified as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) regulating Living Modified Organisms via the Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure.
Cartagena addresses biotechnology safety and environmental risks during LMO transboundary movements.
2
Analyze Rotterdam Convention mandate
Identified as the treaty establishing the legally binding Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure for hazardous trade chemicals.
Rotterdam focuses on trade transparency and country consent regarding toxic chemicals and pesticides.
3
Analyze Nagoya Protocol mandate
Identified as the treaty implementing Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) and establishing the ABS Clearing-House mechanism.
Nagoya governs equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources and traditional knowledge utilization.
4
Analyze Minamata Convention mandate
Identified as the treaty targeting elemental mercury and mercury compounds, banning primary mining and controlling emissions from artisanal gold mining.
Minamata aims to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions of mercury.

Key Concept

Core Mechanisms and Specific Mandates of Major International Environmental Treaties
Question 2642Question →

Match the following prominent leaders of regional state historical movements with their corresponding uprisings against British colonial rule:

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Items

Gomdhar Konwar
Vasudev Balwant Phadke
Baba Ram Singh
U Tirot Sing

Matches

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Answer

Gomdhar Konwar matches with Ahom Revolt in Assam (1828); Vasudev Balwant Phadke matches with Ramosi Peasant Uprising in Maharashtra (1879); Baba Ram Singh matches with Kuka Movement in Punjab (1872); U Tirot Sing matches with Khasi Rebellion in Meghalaya (1829).
Each leader is correctly matched to their historical region and anti-colonial movement: Gomdhar Konwar led the Ahom Revolt in Assam (1828), Vasudev Balwant Phadke headed the Ramosi Uprising in Maharashtra (1879), Baba Ram Singh led the Kuka Movement in Punjab (1872), and U Tirot Sing led the Khasi Rebellion in Meghalaya (1829).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical movement led by Gomdhar Konwar
Gomdhar Konwar was an Ahom prince who organized the 1828 Ahom Revolt in Assam.
The revolt emerged when the British East India Company attempted to annex Ahom territories post-Yandabo treaty.
2
Identify the regional uprising led by Vasudev Balwant Phadke
Vasudev Balwant Phadke formed the Ramosi armed group in Maharashtra in 1879.
He targeted British infrastructure and state treasuries to support famine-affected peasants.
3
Identify the movement led by Baba Ram Singh
Baba Ram Singh founded and led the Kuka (Namdhari) Movement in Punjab.
The movement combined socio-religious reform with political resistance to British colonial rule.
4
Identify the leader of the Khasi Rebellion
U Tirot Sing, ruler of Nongkhlaw, led the Khasi resistance in Meghalaya from 1829 to 1833.
The rebellion was triggered by British military road construction across the Khasi Hills.

Key Concept

Prominent regional leaders and state-specific historical movements against British colonial expansion
Question 2643Question →

Match the following famous cultural fairs and festivals of Madhya Pradesh (List-I) with the respective districts where they are primarily organized or celebrated (List-II):

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Items

Bhagoria Haat Festival
Khajuraho Dance Festival
Tansen Samaroh
Lokrang Festival

Matches

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Answer

Bhagoria Haat Festival pairs with Jhabua; Khajuraho Dance Festival pairs with Chhatarpur; Tansen Samaroh pairs with Gwalior; Lokrang Festival pairs with Bhopal.
Each cultural festival correctly aligns with its host district in Madhya Pradesh: Bhagoria Haat is celebrated in Jhabua, Khajuraho Dance Festival is in Chhatarpur, Tansen Samaroh takes place in Gwalior, and Lokrang Festival is conducted in Bhopal.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Locate the primary district for Bhagoria Haat Festival.
Bhagoria Haat is associated with Jhabua district.
It is a celebrated tribal spring festival celebrated by the Bhil and Bhilala tribes in the Jhabua region.
2
Locate the district for the Khajuraho Dance Festival.
The Khajuraho Dance Festival takes place in Chhatarpur district.
The historic Khajuraho group of temples is situated in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh.
3
Locate the venue for Tansen Samaroh.
Tansen Samaroh is held in Gwalior district.
The event honors the legendary musician Tansen at his tomb located in Gwalior.
4
Locate the host city/district for Lokrang Festival.
Lokrang Festival is celebrated in Bhopal.
Organized by the Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum and Directorate of Culture, the festival is hosted annually in the state capital, Bhopal.

Key Concept

State Tourism, Art, Fairs, and Architecture
Question 2644Question →

Match the historic regional rebellions and movements in state history listed in List I with their corresponding prominent leaders listed in List II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Kittur Rebellion (1824)
Khasi Uprising (1829–1833)
Khond Uprising (1837–1856)
Ramosi Peasant Armed Resistance (1879)

Matches

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Answer

The Kittur Rebellion (1824) matches with Rani Chennamma; the Khasi Uprising (1829–1833) matches with U Tirot Sing; the Khond Uprising (1837–1856) matches with Chakra Bisoi; and the Ramosi Peasant Armed Resistance (1879) matches with Vasudev Balwant Phadke.
Each historic regional uprising correctly pairs with its historic leader: Kittur Rebellion (1824) was led by Rani Chennamma in Karnataka; Khasi Uprising (1829–1833) was led by U Tirot Sing in the Khasi hills; Khond Uprising (1837–1856) was led by Chakra Bisoi in Odisha; and the 1879 Ramosi Peasant Resistance was led by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in Maharashtra.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the leader associated with the 1824 armed resistance in Kittur state.
Rani Chennamma led the armed revolt against the British East India Company in Kittur.
British colonial authorities refused to recognize her adopted son as heir under early annexation policy.
2
Identify the chief who led the Khasi tribal resistance from 1829 to 1833.
U Tirot Sing Syiem of Nongkhlaw led the Khasi warriors.
The uprising was triggered by British encroachment and road building connecting Sylhet with the Brahmaputra Valley.
3
Identify the leader of the extended Khond tribal rebellion in Ghumsar and surrounding hill tracts.
Chakra Bisoi was the key leader of the Khonds.
The rebellion was fought against British military campaigns aimed at suppressing traditional tribal practices and imposing heavy taxes.
4
Identify the leader who organized the Ramosi hill tribe into an anti-British peasant insurgent force in 1879.
Vasudev Balwant Phadke led the Ramosi insurgent group.
Phadke sought to trigger a nationwide revolt by carrying out revolutionary raids in the Bombay Presidency during famine economic distress.

Key Concept

State History and Historical Movements: Regional Armed Rebellions and Tribal Uprisings
Question 2645Question →

Which international regional organization was officially inducted as a permanent member of the G20 during the New Delhi G20 Summit?

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Answer: African Union

Answer

The African Union was officially admitted as a permanent member of the G20.
During the New Delhi G20 Summit, the African Union (AU) was officially admitted as a permanent member, becoming the second regional organization after the European Union to join the G20.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recall major institutional decisions made during the 18th G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi.
The G20 consensus formally admitted the 55-member African Union as a permanent member of the grouping.
This expanded the representation of developing nations and the Global South in key multilateral economic dialogues.

Key Concept

G20 Summit Outcomes and Multilateral Membership Expansion
Estimated Time:45s
Question 2646Question →

Based on official Census demographic metrics for state administrative divisions, arrange the following districts in DESCENDING order (from highest to lowest) of their Scheduled Tribe (ST) population percentage relative to their total district population:

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Answer

The correct descending sequence of districts by Scheduled Tribe (ST) population percentage is Jhargram (29.4%), followed by Purulia (18.5%), Paschim Medinipur (14.9%), and Bankura (10.3%).
The correct arrangement reflects the ecological and administrative demographic distribution of Scheduled Tribes in state geography. Jhargram holds the highest proportion (~29.4%), followed by Purulia (~18.5%), Paschim Medinipur (~14.9%), and Bankura (~10.3%). This places the forested southwestern hill district first and the eastern alluvial plain district last.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the district with the highest tribal demographic concentration.
Jhargram is located in the heavily forested southwestern belt with a Scheduled Tribe proportion of approximately 29.4%, making it first in descending order.
Forest-covered hill tracts host the highest concentration of indigenous tribal groups such as the Santhal and Munda.
2
Determine the district with the second highest tribal population proportion.
Purulia, situated on the plateau fringe, records the second highest tribal demographic share at approximately 18.5%.
Plateau fringe topography supports significant tribal settlements, though slightly less concentrated than Jhargram.
3
Compare the remaining plateau border and plain districts.
Paschim Medinipur has an ST population proportion of around 14.9%, placing it third, while Bankura in the eastern agricultural plains records approximately 10.3%, placing it last.
Tribal population density declines systematically from the dense forested western plateau towards the eastern alluvial agricultural plains.

Key Concept

Demographic Distribution of Scheduled Tribes across Administrative Districts
Question 2647Question →

Which of the following statements regarding the physical and chemical dynamics of global warming and atmospheric ozone are correct?

Select all that apply

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Answer: Stratospheric ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-BUV\text{-}B) radiation, preventing the majority of high-energy solar radiation from reaching the Earth's surface.; Nitrous oxide (N2ON_2O) acts both as a greenhouse gas in the troposphere and as a major catalyst for ozone depletion in the stratosphere.

Answer

The statements confirming that stratospheric ozone absorbs harmful UV-B radiation and that nitrous oxide acts as both a greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting agent are correct.
The statement regarding stratospheric ozone is correct because the ozone layer shields the biosphere from harmful UV-B rays. The statement regarding nitrous oxide is also correct because N2O is both a powerful greenhouse gas in the troposphere and the single largest ozone-depleting substance emission in the 21st century.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate the statement concerning stratospheric ozone absorption
Stratospheric ozone absorbs high-energy solar UV-B radiation (280–315 nm280\text{--}315\text{ nm}), which is vital for preventing radiation damage on Earth.
This statement accurately reflects the protective role of ozone in the stratosphere.
2
Compare Global Warming Potentials of carbon dioxide and methane
CO2CO_2 is the reference gas with a GWP=1GWP = 1, whereas CH4CH_4 has a 100-year GWPGWP of around 28–3628\text{--}36.
The statement incorrectly claims CO2CO_2 has a higher GWPGWP than CH4CH_4.
3
Analyze the dual atmospheric impacts of nitrous oxide
N2ON_2O traps heat in the troposphere (GWP≈273GWP \approx 273) and decomposes into NOxNO_x radicals in the stratosphere, catalytically destroying O3O_3.
This statement correctly describes both the climate warming and ozone depletion effects of nitrous oxide.
4
Examine the radiative property of tropospheric ozone
Tropospheric ozone is a key greenhouse gas that absorbs outgoing longwave infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
The statement incorrectly describes tropospheric ozone as a cooling agent that scatters solar rays.

Key Concept

Dual roles of atmospheric gases in climate forcing and stratospheric ozone chemistry
Question 2648Question →

Based on official Census demographic reports and state human development profiles, arrange the following administrative districts in descending order (from highest to lowest) according to their percentage of Scheduled Tribe (ST) population relative to their total district population:

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Answer

The correct descending order of administrative districts by Scheduled Tribe population percentage is Khunti District, followed by Simdega District, Paschimi Singhbhum District, and Ranchi District.
According to Census demographic profiles, the proportion of Scheduled Tribe population relative to total district population ranks from highest to lowest as follows: Khunti District (~73.25%), Simdega District (~70.78%), Paschimi Singhbhum District (~67.31%), and Ranchi District (~35.76%).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population percentage for Khunti District.
Khunti District has an ST population percentage of approximately 73.25%.
This establishes the highest tribal proportion among the given administrative units.
2
Determine the ST population percentage for Simdega District.
Simdega District records an ST population percentage of approximately 70.78%.
This places Simdega directly below Khunti District.
3
Evaluate the ST population percentage for Paschimi Singhbhum District.
Paschimi Singhbhum District records an ST population percentage of approximately 67.31%.
This ranks Paschimi Singhbhum third in the descending order.
4
Compare with Ranchi District's demographic profile.
Ranchi District records an ST population percentage of approximately 35.76%.
Due to higher urbanisation and overall population density, Ranchi ranks lowest in ST population proportion among the four listed.

Key Concept

District-level Tribal Demographic Profiling and Population Distribution
Question 2649Question →

Consider the economic geography, mineral resource distribution, and agricultural zoning of Rajasthan. Which of the following statements regarding the state's natural resources and agro-climatic classification are correct?

Select all that apply

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Answer: Rajasthan accounts for almost the entire domestic production of wollastonite, selenite, and lead-zinc ores in India.; The Barmer-Sanchore Basin and Jaisalmer Basin constitute major hydrocarbon-bearing onshore sedimentary basins contributing heavily to domestic crude oil and natural gas production.; Under the National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) framework, the state of Rajasthan is divided into ten distinct agro-climatic zones.

Answer

The correct statements are those identifying Rajasthan's near-monopoly in lead-zinc, selenite, and wollastonite production; the critical onshore petroleum role of the Barmer-Sanchore and Jaisalmer basins; and the state's division into ten NARP agro-climatic zones. The statement claiming lignite coal belongs to Gondwana formations in the Hadoti region is incorrect because Rajasthan's lignite deposits are of Tertiary (Eocene) age and concentrated in western districts like Barmer, Bikaner, and Nagaur.
The statements highlighting Rajasthan's dominance in lead-zinc, wollastonite, and selenite production, the petroleum production from the Barmer-Sanchore and Jaisalmer basins, and the ten NARP agro-climatic zones are all empirically accurate according to state economic surveys and geological data.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate the metallic and non-metallic mineral production statistics for Rajasthan.
Rajasthan is confirmed as the sole or dominant producer of wollastonite, selenite, and lead-zinc ores in India.
Official data from the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) confirms Rajasthan's near 100% national share in these specific mineral commodities.
2
Analyze the geological basins and petroleum infrastructure of western Rajasthan.
The Barmer-Sanchore and Jaisalmer sedimentary basins are key hydrocarbon producers.
Major onshore fields like Mangala, Bhagyam, and Aishwarya operate within Tertiary petroliferous sequences of these basins.
3
Examine the age and spatial distribution of Rajasthan's lignite deposits.
Lignite in Rajasthan is Tertiary/Eocene in age, located in Barmer, Bikaner, and Nagaur.
Gondwana coalfields are restricted to eastern/central Peninsular India, whereas Rajasthan's coal is lignite formed during the Cenozoic era.
4
Verify the agricultural sub-zoning under ICAR/NARP for Rajasthan.
Rajasthan is divided into ten agro-climatic zones (Ia to V).
The classification accounts for rainfall gradients ranging from under 100 mm in the far west to over 900 mm in the southeast.

Key Concept

State Economic Geography, Mineral Belts, Hydrocarbon Basins, and Agro-Climatic Zoning
Question 2650Question →

Match the following traditional fairs, architectural styles, and folk art forms of Himachal Pradesh (List I) with their corresponding defining characteristics or regional associations (List II):

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Items

Minjar Fair
Kath-Kuni Architecture
Lavi Fair
Thangka Paintings

Matches

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Answer

Minjar Fair corresponds to the monsoon harvest festival in Chamba along the Ravi river; Kath-Kuni Architecture corresponds to the seismic-resistant building style using alternating timber and unmortared stone; Lavi Fair corresponds to the commercial trade fair held at Rampur Bushahr along the Satluj river; and Thangka Paintings correspond to the sacred Buddhist scroll paintings on silk or cotton.
Each cultural element of Himachal Pradesh is correctly paired: Minjar Fair is associated with the maize flower ritual along the Ravi river in Chamba; Kath-Kuni Architecture describes the flexible timber-stone masonry technique of the Western Himalayas; Lavi Fair represents the historic trade market of Rampur Bushahr along the Satluj river; and Thangka Paintings depict traditional Buddhist scroll iconography.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the features and geographic location of Minjar Fair
Minjar Fair takes place in Chamba during the monsoon (July-August) to celebrate the maize harvest, with rituals performed on the banks of the river Ravi.
This establishes the match with the monsoon maize harvest festival in Chamba.
2
Identify the structural characteristics of Kath-Kuni Architecture
Kath-Kuni is a traditional Himalayan construction style using interlocked wood and stone without mortar, allowing the structure to flex during earthquakes.
This establishes the match with the indigenous seismic-resistant building style.
3
Examine the historic trade significance of Lavi Fair
Lavi Fair is an ancient trade event held in November at Rampur Bushahr on the Satluj river to trade wool, dry fruits, and local Chamurthi horses.
This establishes the match with the commercial trade fair at Rampur Bushahr.
4
Determine the artistic medium and theme of Thangka Paintings
Thangka paintings are cloth scroll paintings depicting Buddhist iconography and mandalas, widely practiced in Lahaul-Spiti and Dharamshala.
This establishes the match with the sacred Buddhist scroll art.

Key Concept

Fairs, traditional architecture, and folk art forms of Himachal Pradesh
Question 2651Question →

Regarding the economic geography, mineral resource distribution, and agricultural features of Karnataka, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

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Answer: The Sandur hill range located in the Vijayanagara/Ballari region contains rich reserves of high-grade hematite iron ore and manganese.; The Hutti Gold Mines located in Raichur district represent the primary active underground gold mining operation in India.

Answer

The statements highlighting that the Sandur hill range contains high-grade hematite iron ore and manganese, and that Hutti Gold Mines in Raichur district is India's primary active underground gold mining operation, are correct.
The Sandur hill range in the Ballari-Vijayanagara region is an established mining center rich in hematite iron ore and manganese reserves. Furthermore, the Hutti Gold Mine located in Raichur district continues to operate as India's premier underground gold mining facility.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate the mineral reserves of the Sandur schist belt in Karnataka.
The Sandur hill region in Ballari-Vijayanagara district is renowned for extensive deposits of high-grade hematite iron ore and associated manganese ore.
Geological survey records confirm the Sandur schist belt as a key mining hub in South India.
2
Analyze gold mining infrastructure in Karnataka.
Hutti Gold Mine in Raichur district remains active as India's main primary gold extraction site, unlike Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) which ceased operations in 2001.
HGML operates active underground extraction shafts at Hutti.
3
Verify soil mapping across Karnataka's agro-climatic zones.
Black soils (Regur) dominate the Northern Maidan/Dry Zone, while laterites predominate in coastal Karnataka and the Western Ghats.
Lateritization requires high temperature and heavy seasonal rainfall typical of coastal and highland zones, not the semi-arid northern plains.
4
Inspect petroleum resource distribution in India.
Karnataka has no crude oil reserves; petroleum production in India is concentrated in Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and offshore basins.
The Precambrian igneous and metamorphic terrain of Malnad lacks sedimentary hydrocarbon-bearing formations.

Key Concept

Karnataka Economic Geography: Mineral Belts, Mining Centers, and Soil Zone Distribution
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 2652Question →

Match the following prominent regional state historical movements with their respective leaders and geographical contexts:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Kittur Rebellion (1824–1829)
Ramosi Armed Uprising (1879)
Sambalpur Revolt (1827–1862)
Ahom Resistance (1828)

Matches

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Answer

The correct pairings are: Kittur Rebellion (1824–1829) matches with Rani Chennamma and Sangolli Rayanna in Karnataka; Ramosi Armed Uprising (1879) matches with Vasudev Balwant Phadke in Maharashtra; Sambalpur Revolt (1827–1862) matches with Veer Surendra Sai in Odisha; and Ahom Resistance (1828) matches with Gomdhar Konwar in Assam.
The pairings correctly connect each regional anti-colonial movement to its key leader, state context, and historical background: Kittur Rebellion with Rani Chennamma and Sangolli Rayanna in Karnataka; Ramosi Armed Uprising with Vasudev Balwant Phadke in Maharashtra; Sambalpur Revolt with Veer Surendra Sai in Odisha; and Ahom Resistance with Gomdhar Konwar in Assam.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the leadership and geographical region of the Kittur Rebellion (1824–1829).
The movement originated in Kittur (Karnataka), led by Rani Chennamma and her military commander Sangolli Rayanna against British annexation attempts.
Identify the historical figures and state boundary associated with Kittur.
2
Examine the Ramosi Armed Uprising (1879).
It was spearheaded by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in the Bombay Presidency (Maharashtra) using secret armed bands of Ramosis.
Differentiate between early anti-colonial uprisings in Western India.
3
Examine the Sambalpur Revolt (1827–1862).
It was a major resistance movement in Odisha led by tribal and local leader Veer Surendra Sai against British interference in state succession.
Identify Eastern Indian regional resistance dynamics.
4
Analyze the Ahom Resistance (1828).
Following the First Anglo-Burmese War and Treaty of Yandabo (1826), Gomdhar Konwar led an uprising to re-establish Ahom sovereignty in Assam.
Connect treaties of Northeast India with regional leadership.

Key Concept

State-specific anti-colonial uprisings and leadership during the 19th century
Question 2653Question →

With reference to state tourism and traditional cultural fairs in India, the famous annual 'Ambubachi Mela' is celebrated at which of the following temple sites?

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Answer: Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati (Assam)

Answer

The correct answer is Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati (Assam).
The Ambubachi Mela is one of the most prominent religious tourism events in North-East India. It is celebrated annually during the monsoon month of Ahaar at the Kamakhya Temple located on Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, Assam.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the cultural festival mentioned in the stem
The question asks about the location of the famous annual festival 'Ambubachi Mela'.
Understanding the specific festival helps link it to its patron state and temple.
2
Associate Ambubachi Mela with its corresponding state and temple heritage site
Ambubachi Mela is an important Tantric Hindu fair held annually during the monsoon season at the Kamakhya Temple situated on Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, Assam.
It marks the annual menstruation course of the presiding deity, Goddess Kamakhya.

Key Concept

State Tourism, Art, Fairs, and Architecture - Ambubachi Mela of Assam
Question 2654Question →

With reference to the historic Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925) launched in the princely state of Travancore, consider the following statements:

1. It was launched primarily to demand temple entry rights for lower-caste Hindus along the public roads surrounding the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple.
2. K. Kelappan, T. K. Madhavan, and K. P. Kesava Menon were among the key regional leaders who organized and led this movement.
3. Mahatma Gandhi visited Travancore during the agitational phase to support the satyagrahis and hold discussions with the Regent Maharani.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Answer

All three statements are correct (1, 2 and 3).
The correct response includes all three statements (1, 2 and 3). The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925) in the princely state of Travancore was organized by leaders such as T. K. Madhavan, K. P. Kesava Menon, and K. Kelappan under the Anti-Untouchability Committee. It aimed to secure public road access around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple for lower-caste Hindus. Mahatma Gandhi visited Travancore in March 1925, facilitating peaceful negotiations with the Regent Maharani.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding the objective of Vaikom Satyagraha.
Statement 1 is correct. The movement was launched on March 30, 1924, in Travancore to secure civic rights and access to the roads surrounding the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple for oppressed caste communities.
It was a major socio-religious reform movement against untouchability in regional state history.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding regional leadership.
Statement 2 is correct. T. K. Madhavan presented the resolution at the Kakinada INC session, and prominent Kerala Congress leaders like K. Kelappan ('Kerala Gandhi') and K. P. Kesava Menon actively organized the protest on the ground.
Local leadership was crucial in mobilizing public support across the state.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding national intervention and Mahatma Gandhi's involvement.
Statement 3 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi visited Vaikom in March 1925, interacted with satyagrahis, and met Regent Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, leading to the reopening of surrounding roads to all castes.
Gandhian involvement elevated the regional struggle into a landmark national event.

Key Concept

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925) and Temple Entry Movements in Travancore State History
Question 2655Question →

With reference to the chemical mechanism of stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica, consider the following statements:

1. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) provide catalytic surfaces for heterogeneous reactions that convert inactive chlorine reservoirs (HClHCl and ClONO2ClONO_2) into reactive chlorine species.
2. The catalytic destruction of ozone molecules by active chlorine free radicals occurs rapidly during the dark polar winter.
3. The polar vortex plays a crucial role by confining cold air over Antarctica, preventing mixing with mid-latitude air masses and maintaining low temperatures required for PSC formation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 3 only

Answer

1 and 3 only
The correct answer states that 1 and 3 only are true. PSC surfaces enable the chemical transformation of reservoir compounds into chlorine gas (Cl2Cl_2). The Antarctic polar vortex isolates cold polar air to maintain temperatures under −78∘C-78^\circ\text{C}. However, active ozone destruction requires sunlight to photolyze Cl2Cl_2 into free chlorine radicals, which happens during Antarctic spring rather than dark polar winter.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
Statement 1 is TRUE. PSCs formed in extremely cold temperatures (below −78∘C-78^\circ\text{C}) provide ice particle surfaces for heterogeneous reactions converting stable reservoir species (HClHCl and ClONO2ClONO_2) into photolytically active forms like Cl2Cl_2 and HOClHOCl.
Heterogeneous chemistry on PSC surfaces is a fundamental precursor step to ozone hole formation.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding timing of ozone destruction
Statement 2 is FALSE. During dark winter, molecular chlorine (Cl2Cl_2) accumulates. Photolysis (splitting of Cl2Cl_2 into reactive Cl∙Cl^\bullet radicals by solar UV radiation) requires sunlight, which occurs when spring arrives (September-October). Rapid catalytic ozone destruction occurs during early spring, not during polar winter.
Chlorine catalytic cycles require photon absorption (hνh\nu) from solar ultraviolet radiation.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the polar vortex
Statement 3 is TRUE. A strong ring of circulating wind (polar vortex) seals polar stratospheric air, preventing warmer, ozone-rich air from mid-latitudes from entering and sustaining ultra-cold conditions necessary for PSC stability.
Isolation by the polar vortex maintains environmental conditions necessary for PSC persistence.

Key Concept

Heterogeneous chemistry on Polar Stratospheric Clouds and photochemical destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorine radicals during Antarctic spring.
Question 2656Question →

With reference to the human development indicators and official criteria defining Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in state demographic studies, evaluate the following statements:

I. A declining or stagnant population growth rate is one of the core criteria established for identifying a tribal community as a PVTG.
II. The overall literacy rate of PVTG communities is higher than the average literacy rate of the general Scheduled Tribe (ST) population due to targeted state interventions.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Only Statement I

Answer

The statement specifying that a declining or stagnant population is a core criterion for PVTG identification is correct, whereas the statement claiming PVTGs have higher literacy than general Scheduled Tribes is incorrect.
The correct option highlights that only Statement I is factual. The Dhebar Commission (1960–1961) created a separate category for primitive tribal groups (later renamed PVTGs), using four distinct parameters: pre-agricultural technology, stagnant/declining population, extremely low literacy, and subsistence-level economy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement I regarding PVTG identification criteria.
Statement I is correct. The four official criteria for identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are: (1) pre-agricultural level of technology, (2) low level of literacy, (3) economic backwardness, and (4) a declining or stagnant population.
Official demographic policy guidelines define specific parameters to categorize vulnerable indigenous groups.
2
Analyze Statement II regarding human development metrics (literacy rate) of PVTGs relative to general STs.
Statement II is incorrect. PVTGs represent the most vulnerable sub-category among Scheduled Tribes and typically lag behind the general ST population in socio-economic and literacy indicators.
Educational deprivation and extreme isolation remain major factors contributing to extremely low literacy rates among PVTGs.

Key Concept

Criteria for PVTG Identification and Human Development Parameters of Tribal Groups
Question 2657Question →

In the context of the economic geography and natural resource distribution of Chhattisgarh, which of the following pairs correctly matches the mining region with its primary mineral deposit?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Bailadila (Dantewada district) – High-grade Hematite Iron Ore

Answer

Bailadila (Dantewada district) – High-grade Hematite Iron Ore
The pair matching Bailadila in Dantewada district with high-grade hematite iron ore is correct. Bailadila is one of Asia's largest mechanized iron ore mines and supplies iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Plant as well as for export through Visakhapatnam port.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the mineral profile of Bailadila in Dantewada district.
Bailadila contains fourteen deposits of ultra-high-grade hematite iron ore (over 65% Fe content).
It is one of the most prominent iron ore complexes in India operated by NMDC.
2
Verify the mineral profiles of Mainpat, Korba, and Chirmiri.
Mainpat is famous for bauxite; Korba and Chirmiri are major coal mining basins.
Cross-referencing state economic survey data confirms that bauxite and coal are the primary minerals for these respective regions.

Key Concept

Geological distribution of mineral belts in Chhattisgarh
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 2658Question →

Which historic movement in the princely state of Travancore (present-day Kerala) was launched in 1924 to secure basic civil rights, specifically demanding the opening of public roads around the Mahadeva temple to depressed classes?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Vaikom Satyagraha

Answer

Vaikom Satyagraha
The Vaikom Satyagraha launched in 1924 in Travancore was specifically organized to secure the right of lower-caste Hindus to walk on public roads surrounding the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key historical details given in the stem: regional context (Travancore, Kerala), timeline (1924), and primary objective (opening temple roads for lower castes).
The event refers to a major social reform and civil rights movement against untouchability in South India.
These specific attributes distinguish temple entry/civil rights satyagrahas in Kerala from peasant tax protests or tribal forest uprisings in other regions.
2
Match these characteristics with the correct historical movement.
The Vaikom Satyagraha was initiated in March 1924 to demand public access to the roads surrounding the Vaikom Shiva Temple for marginalized communities.
It was one of the earliest prominent non-violent agitations for social equality in Travancore state history.

Key Concept

Vaikom Satyagraha and Anti-Caste Movements in State History
Question 2659Question →

With reference to the cultural heritage and traditional mural art forms of Kerala, consider the following statements:

1. The traditional Kerala mural paintings predominantly utilize a natural color palette known as 'Panchavarna'.
2. The famous mural panel depicting the 'Gajendra Moksha' is located at the Mattancherry Palace in Kochi.
3. The classical Kerala mural tradition heavily relies on synthetic oil-based pigments introduced during the 16th century.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

1 and 2 only
Statements 1 and 2 are accurate. Kerala mural paintings traditionally use the 'Panchavarna' five-color scheme of natural pigments. The Mattancherry Palace in Ernakulam/Kochi district houses famous murals including the Gajendra Moksha scene. Statement 3 is false because traditional Kerala murals executed frescoes using natural mineral ores and vegetable dyes rather than synthetic oil-based paints.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding color palette.
Statement 1 is correct. Traditional Kerala murals strictly adhere to the 'Panchavarna' (five-color) scheme, using red, yellow, green, black, and white derived from natural minerals and plants.
To verify the color tradition of Kerala mural art.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the location of the Gajendra Moksha mural.
Statement 2 is correct. The largest single panel of mural painting in Kerala, depicting 'Gajendra Moksha', is preserved at the Mattancherry Palace (Dutch Palace) in Kochi.
To confirm the geographical and architectural site of the famous mural panel.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding pigments used.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Traditional murals in Kerala were executed using organic and mineral pigments (such as cinnabar, red lead, lapis lazuli, and plant extracts), not synthetic oil-based pigments.
To identify material and stylistic accuracy.

Key Concept

Kerala Traditional Mural Paintings and Heritage Sites
Question 2660Question →

With reference to the historic Tana Bhagat Movement (1914) in regional state history, consider the following statements:

1. It originated as a socio-religious reform movement led by Jatra Bhagat among the Oraon tribe of the Chota Nagpur region.
2. The movement integrated non-violent satyagraha principles and aligned with the national freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi.
3. The followers actively supported the British colonial administration during World War I to secure tenancy concessions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Tana Bhagat Movement was initiated in 1914 by Jatra Bhagat among the Oraon tribe of Chota Nagpur. Initially a religious and social reform movement promoting vegetarianism and monotheism, it evolved into an agrarian political agitation. The movement integrated non-violent principles and joined hands with Mahatma Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Tana Bhagats strongly opposed British authorities and local feudal landlords, refusing to pay rent or contribute to British war funds during World War I.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding the origin and leadership of the Tana Bhagat Movement.
Statement 1 is correct. The movement began in 1914 under Jatra Bhagat as a socio-religious reform movement aimed at purification, social upliftment, and monotheism among the Oraon tribe in Chota Nagpur.
Verifying foundational leadership and tribal demographic context.
2
Analyze Statement 2 regarding the ideology and alignment with the broader freedom movement.
Statement 2 is correct. The Tana Bhagats adopted non-violent resistance, boycott of foreign goods, and actively joined the Non-Cooperation Movement under Mahatma Gandhi.
Connecting regional tribal resistance with national anti-colonial struggles.
3
Analyze Statement 3 regarding their stance during World War I.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Rather than supporting the British administration, the Tana Bhagats refused to pay land revenue to zamindars and rent to the British government during World War I, leading to severe colonial repression.
Evaluating historical economic resistance against colonial war effort demands.

Key Concept

Tana Bhagat Movement and agrarian-tribal resistance in state history
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