Question

Difficulty: HardGastrointestinal and Abdominal Surgery

Paramedics bring an 83-year-old female resident of an assisted living facility to the emergency department. She has experienced severe, colicky abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and intractable vomiting for the past four days. Staff note that her emesis, which initially contained partially digested food, has become dark brown and malodorous over the last 12 hours. She has not passed flatus or stool for two days. Her medical history includes hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and severe osteoarthritis. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F), blood pressure is 108/65 mm Hg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals a distended and tympanitic abdomen. Bowel sounds are high-pitched and hyperactive in rushes. There is diffuse mild tenderness to palpation, but no rebound guarding or rigidity. Groin examination reveals no palpable masses. Laboratory results show a leukocyte count of 13,500/mm³ and serum creatinine of 1.7 mg/dL. A noncontrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrates dilated loops of small bowel with a transition point in the distal ileum. There is a 3.5-cm radiopaque, lamellated structure intraluminally at the transition point, and branching radiolucencies are seen within the central liver. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

  1. A
    Nasogastric tube decompression, intravenous fluids, and serial abdominal examinations
  2. Exploratory laparotomy with enterolithotomy aloneAnswer
  3. C
    Exploratory laparotomy with enterolithotomy, cholecystectomy, and fistula closure
  4. D
    Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy
  5. E
    Intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement

Answer

Exploratory laparotomy with enterolithotomy alone
The correct answer is exploratory laparotomy with enterolithotomy alone. This patient presents with classic signs of gallstone ileus, characterized by Rigler triad on imaging: pneumobilia, small bowel obstruction, and an ectopic radiopaque gallstone. Gallstone ileus occurs when a large gallstone erodes through the gallbladder wall into the duodenum, creating a cholecystoduodenal fistula, and tumbles down the gastrointestinal tract until it impacts at the narrowest portion, typically the terminal ileum. The standard of care for these frail, elderly patients is damage-control surgery aimed solely at relieving the life-threatening obstruction. This is achieved via a longitudinal enterotomy proximal to the stone, stone extraction, and transverse closure. A one-stage procedure (including cholecystectomy and fistula repair) carries unacceptably high morbidity and mortality in the acute setting.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Synthesize the clinical presentation and imaging findings to establish a diagnosis.
The patient has a mechanical small bowel obstruction (feculent emesis, distension, transition point) with pneumobilia (branching radiolucencies in the liver) and an ectopic calcification (3.5-cm radiopaque structure in the ileum).
This combination of findings constitutes Rigler triad, which is pathognomonic for gallstone ileus.
2
Evaluate the need for surgical versus conservative management.
Immediate surgical intervention is required.
Unlike uncomplicated adhesive small bowel obstructions, gallstone ileus involves a large rigid object that will not pass spontaneously. Delaying surgery increases the risk of bowel ischemia and perforation.
3
Determine the optimal surgical approach based on patient demographics and hemodynamic status.
Enterolithotomy alone is selected.
The patient is elderly (83 years old), dehydrated (elevated creatinine), and acutely ill. A definitive single-stage procedure (adding cholecystectomy and fistula closure) significantly increases operative time and mortality risk in this demographic.

Key Concept

Surgical management of gallstone ileus prioritizes relief of the bowel obstruction (enterolithotomy) while deferring definitive biliary repair in acutely ill, elderly patients.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
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