Tüm alıştırma soruları

The following exchange takes place during a live radio broadcast between a local journalist, Marta, and a government official, Luis.

Marta: Señor Ministro, usted mencionó ayer que los fondos serían asignados inmediatamente. ¿Podría explicar por qué aún no han llegado a las escuelas?
Luis: Mira, Marta, te aseguro que estamos trabajando sin descanso. Entiende que estos procesos llevan su tiempo. Tú sabes cómo es la burocracia, mujer.
Marta: Con todo respeto, Ministro, mi labor es informar a la ciudadanía. Le pido que nos dé una fecha concreta.
Luis: Te repito que pronto. No te preocupes tanto, todo se va a resolver.

Analyzing the specific linguistic markers of address in this exchange, what is the primary pragmatic function of the contrasting registers?

Examine the following transcribed excerpts from four distinct oral presentations delivered in diverse academic, cultural, and professional contexts across the Spanish-speaking world. Match each presentation excerpt to its primary communicative purpose and intended audience.

Please read the following instructions for conserving a damaged nineteenth-century leather book binding:

To conserve a nineteenth-century leather-bound book, follow these steps:
First, gently brush away surface dust from the cover using a soft-bristled brush. Before applying any consolidant, ensure that you have cleaned the red rot areas with a dry sponge to remove loose fibers. Immediately after cleaning, apply a thin layer of Klucel G (a hydroxypropyl cellulose consolidant) to the damaged leather and let it dry completely for at least two hours. Once the consolidant is fully dry, and only then, apply a microcrystalline wax polish to protect the leather from moisture. Ensure that you buff the surface with a microfiber cloth only after the wax has set for ten minutes. Finally, store the book in a temperature-controlled environment.

Based on the guide, which of the following steps must be completed immediately before the microcrystalline wax polish is applied?

The following passage is an English translation of an editorial from a Peruvian newspaper regarding the restoration of waru waru, a pre-Columbian agricultural technique, in the Puno region:

"For centuries, the indigenous communities of the Andean altiplano successfully cultivated crops under extreme weather conditions using waru waru—raised agricultural platforms surrounded by water channels. Recently, local non-governmental organizations funded the reconstruction of 120 hectares of these fields in Puno, and municipal records show that potato yields in these plots increased by 30 percent compared to standard regional farms during the last drought. Regrettably, modern state agricultural policies continue to favor intensive, chemical-dependent farming models, showing an inexcusable disregard for ancestral wisdom. While some agronomists argue that waru waru is too labor-intensive for widespread commercial use, it remains the only truly sustainable and culturally respectful path forward for Andean agriculture. The state must immediately redirect its rural development budget to scale this ancient technology. Only by embracing our past can we hope to secure a resilient food system for future generations."

Based on the editorial, which of the following statements represents a subjective opinion of the author rather than a verifiable fact?

Read the following excerpt from the English translation of the short story 'Two Words' ('Dos palabras') by the Chilean author Isabel Allende:

'She had been born into a family so poor that they did not even have names to give their children. She came into the world and grew up in the most inhospitable region, where some years the rains were so heavy they washed away everything in mud, and in others not a drop fell from the sky, the sun swelled until it filled the entire horizon, and the earth cracked open. Until she was twelve, Belisa had no other occupation or virtue than to survive the hunger and the exhaustion of the centuries. During a prolonged drought, she had to bury four younger brothers, and when she realized that her turn was next, she decided to set out across the desert toward the sea, in the hope of tricking death along the way. The land was eroded, split by deep cracks, strewn with rocks and scrub. Her skin was dry and her tongue like wood, but she did not stop, and she reached the first wells, where she found people.'

Based on this passage, which of the following best describes how the author uses narrative point of view to convey Belisa's situation?

### Aero-X Industrial Drone Pre-Flight Calibration Guide

To calibrate the drone's compass and IMU sensors before flight, follow these instructions:

1. Location Prep: Move the drone to an open, outdoor area. *Do not perform this step near large metal structures or high-voltage power lines.*
2. Power Sequence: Turn on the remote controller first, then connect the main flight battery to the drone.
3. Initiate Calibration: Press and hold the *Calibration Button* (located on the underside of the fuselage) for 5 seconds until the status indicator flashes blue.

[!] WARNING: If the status indicator flashes red, immediately disconnect the battery and inspect the rotor blades.

Based on the guide above, what is the functional purpose of the italicized text in Step 1?

Read the email below:

Subject: Pre-selection and Next Steps: Community Language Mentorship Program

Dear Applicant,

We are pleased to inform you that your initial application for the Community Language Mentorship Program has been pre-selected. To move forward in the selection process, you are required to submit the remaining documentation by July 25, 2026.

First, you must upload a single, consolidated PDF document that includes both your official academic transcripts and a signed letter of recommendation from your language department chair. Second, you must complete the electronic registration form on our portal.

Please do not mail physical documents to our main office, as only digital files uploaded to the portal will be accepted. Once our administrative team verifies your submission, the program coordinator will email you to coordinate the final interview.

Sincerely,

Selection Committee
Community Language Mentorship Program

According to the email, which of the following is a mandatory requirement for the applicant to complete the pre-selection phase?

Analyze the figurative language in the four translated excerpts from Spanish-language literature on the left. Pair each literary excerpt with the specific rhetorical device on the right that governs its central expressive effect.

An investigative journalistic article examines recent technological and infrastructural initiatives in the remote settlements of the Gran Chaco region. Read the excerpted journalistic statements below and match each excerpt to the most logical inference that can be drawn from it.

Listen to an excerpt from an interview between a journalist and Dr. Elena Ramos, lead marine biologist for the Caribbean Coral Restoration Initiative:

Interviewer: 'Dr. Ramos, your team has been evaluating the resilience of different coral species across various pilot sites over the last five years. What specific milestone did your team achieve in the Puerto Morelos reef sector this past year?'

Dr. Ramos: 'While our initial projection aimed to restore three hectares, our new micro-fragmentation technique allowed us to outplant 12,000 nursery-grown Acropora fragments across six hectares. Remarkably, we recorded an 84% survival rate after twelve months, compared to the regional baseline of 55%.'

Interviewer: 'And what was identified as the primary factor driving that exceptional survival rate?'

Dr. Ramos: 'It is predominantly the selective thermal pre-conditioning of parent colonies in land-based nurseries prior to ocean transplantation.'

Based on the interview, which of the following is identified as the primary reason for the 84% survival rate of the transplanted corals?

Carefully read the following excerpts from four distinct public service announcements. Match each announcement excerpt to its primary intended target audience based on contextual vocabulary, register, and specific requirements mentioned.

Review the following conversation between a community theater stage manager, Marcos, and a costume coordinator, Gabriela:

Marcos: "Gabriela, before tomorrow afternoon's dress rehearsal, we need to finalize the prop and wardrobe logistics for Act Two."
Gabriela: "Right. The seven silk vests are already pressed, but the vintage brass lanterns still need new LED wick inserts. I was originally going to buy thirty amber bulbs, but the lighting supplier only had twenty-four in stock."
Marcos: "Twenty-four bulbs will be sufficient for the main cast. Did the courier deliver the embroidered wool shawls?"
Gabriela: "Yes, all sixteen arrived yesterday. However, the tailor sent twelve blue velvet sashes instead of the fourteen we ordered for the chorus dancers."
Marcos: "I will stop by the tailor's shop tomorrow at 9:00 AM to exchange those sashes and pick up the remaining two."

Based on the dialogue, which action does Marcos agree to complete tomorrow morning?

In a recorded dialogue, Lucia, the manager of an artisanal weaving cooperative, meets with Mateo, a sustainable trade compliance officer:

Lucia: "Mateo, our artisans are committed to securing the ecological fair-trade certification, but halting our conventional dye line immediately would cause us to default on our existing autumn retail delivery, jeopardizing our operating revenue."
Mateo: "I understand the operational pressure, Lucia. However, our regulatory framework does not permit partial exemptions; any chemical trace detected in the production facility will invalidate the entire certification audit."
Lucia: "What if we allocate a segregated workshop and dedicated looms solely to a designated team of master weavers for the organic line, while the remaining staff completes the standard contract in the original facility through December?"
Mateo: "That protocol complies with our non-contamination mandates, provided that material storage and cleaning logs remain strictly independent."

Statement: The primary purpose of the conversation is to negotiate a bifurcated operational plan that enables the cooperative to seek ecological certification while meeting existing commercial commitments.

Read the following email:

Dear Elena,

I hope everything is well in Seville. Here in Madrid, the cold has truly set in, and the queues outside Doña Manolita are already wrapping around the block. Yesterday, our office coordinator asked if we wanted to participate in the usual pool. I bought two tenths of the number we chose, and I also went to the neighborhood administration to get one with our grandmother’s birthdate. I’ve put your name on one of the office tenths, just as we do every year. Even if the balls don't roll in our favor, it feels important to keep our shared stake in it.

With love,
Carlos

Based on the email, which of the following cultural practices or values is most clearly reflected in Carlos's actions?

Read the following excerpt from a journalistic article about renewable energy in Chile:

"In Chile's Atacama Desert, the transition to solar energy has turned vast arid expanses into fields of photovoltaic panels, positioning the country as a leader in renewable energy. However, this green boom hides a growing tension with the region's indigenous communities. Although solar energy requires far less water than traditional mining, the installation of these massive plants has disrupted local ecosystems and altered the delicate hydrological balance of the basins. Indigenous leaders argue that the state’s green transition policy has overlooked the historical water rights of local populations, who depend on subterranean aquifers for subsistence farming. Furthermore, critics point out that while the clean energy generated is fed directly into the national grid to power urban centers and industrial mining projects, the rural communities hosting these projects continue to experience high electricity rates and frequent power outages. Consequently, what is framed as a triumph of sustainability at the national level is perceived locally as a continuation of territorial exploitation under a new, ecological guise."

Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the relationship between Chile's national green transition and its rural indigenous communities?

Read the following passage adapted from a cultural chronicle about the Río de la Plata region:

'At the end of the nineteenth century, the port of Buenos Aires was a chaotic crucible of European immigration. Out of this linguistic collision arose *lunfardo*, a street slang initially confined to the criminal underworld and tenements (*conventillos*). For decades, the intellectual elite viewed this argot with disdain, branding it a threat to linguistic purity. However, through its adoption by tango lyricists, *lunfardo* permeated all social strata. Today, terms like *laburo* (work) and *mina* (woman) are no longer marginal codes but core elements of Argentine colloquial identity. This linguistic shift highlights how vernacular speech can transition from a marginalized dialect to a symbol of shared urban heritage.'

Based on the author's description of *lunfardo*, which of the following best explains the cultural significance of this linguistic phenomenon in Argentine society?

### Puerto Rico Coral Reef Restoration Program
Help protect and restore the vibrant marine ecosystems of Culebra Island, Puerto Rico!

Program Overview:
Join our marine biology team for a hands-on conservation experience. Volunteers will participate in coral grafting, underwater monitoring, and community education.

**Schedule and Key Dates ($2027$):**
* Cohort A: June $1$ to June $14$
* Cohort B: June $22$ to July $5$
* Cohort C: July $13$ to July $26$

Daily Schedule:
* 8:00 AM – 12:00 PM: Morning dive and coral planting.
* 12:00 PM ��� 1:30 PM: Lunch break (provided at the base camp).
* 1:30 PM – 4:00 PM: Data entry and equipment maintenance.
* 4:00 PM onwards: Free time for exploring or resting.

Eligibility & Requirements:
* Volunteers must be at least $18$ years old.
* Active open-water scuba diving certification is required for all morning water activities.
* Participants must attend a mandatory online safety briefing on the Friday immediately preceding their cohort's start date.

Based on the promotional flyer, what is a mandatory requirement for all volunteers before their program session begins?

The following is an excerpt from a Spanish journalistic editorial concerning tourism in the Balearic Islands:

"While the economic benefits of international tourism in the Balearic Islands are undeniable, the social fabric of local neighborhoods is fraying under the weight of uncontrolled visitor growth. Historical districts, once vibrant centers of community life, have transitioned into seasonal hotel zones, displacing long-term residents and local businesses. Proponents of tourism-led development argue that this represents progress, yet they overlook the cultural erosion that occurs when a city loses its residents. We must ask ourselves if a robust GDP is worth the loss of our collective identity. It is time to enact regulations that prioritize the community over profit."

Based on the passage, what is the author's primary purpose?

Read the following passage:

The weekly transformation of Bogotá’s bustling avenues into the Ciclovía—a car-free haven for cyclists and pedestrians—is more than a municipal recreation program; it is a profound reclamation of public space. While skeptics initially argued that closing major thoroughfares would paralyze the city's commerce and traffic, the initiative has instead fostered an unprecedented sense of social cohesion across historically divided neighborhoods. By prioritizing people over automobiles, even if only for a few hours each Sunday, the city offers a silent but powerful critique of the modern, car-centric urban landscape, proving that cities can indeed breathe and connect.

Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the author's primary purpose?

Read the following excerpt from a user guide published by the Barcelona City Council regarding the Network of Urban Gardens (translated from Spanish):

Guidelines for the Allocation and Use of Urban Gardens

The Network of Urban Gardens of Barcelona is a program aimed at residents over 65 years of age, residing in the municipal district where the garden is located. The objective is to encourage active aging, promote environmental education, and foster relationships between generations.

To apply for a cultivation plot, interested individuals must submit an application form at the municipal district office. Plots are allocated through a public lottery. The selected beneficiaries receive a temporary authorization of use for a period of five years. Beneficiaries must cultivate the land using organic agriculture methods and are strictly prohibited from selling any harvested produce, which must be intended solely for self-consumption or donation to local social initiatives.

Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups is the primary target audience for this guide?