In electrophilic aromatic substitution, benzene reacts with strong electrophiles generated by specific catalyst-reagent combinations. Match each benzene reaction system on the left with its corresponding active electrophile species generated during the reaction mechanism on the right.
- Nitration using concentrated and concentrated Nitronium ion ()
- Friedel-Crafts acylation using ethanoyl chloride () and anhydrous Acylium ion ()
- Catalytic bromination using and Bromonium ion / Polarized bromine complex ()
- Sulfonation using fuming or concentrated Neutral sulfur trioxide ()
Cevap
Nitration produces the nitronium ion (); Friedel-Crafts acylation generates the acylium ion (); Catalytic bromination produces the bromonium ion (); Sulfonation generates neutral sulfur trioxide ().
Each benzene electrophilic substitution reaction relies on a specific reagent and catalyst mechanism to create a powerful electrophile capable of disrupting benzene's stable aromatic system. Nitration generates via acid-base protonation of nitric acid by sulfuric acid. Friedel-Crafts acylation forms the acylium ion through chloride abstraction by the Lewis acid . Bromination generates a polarized complex using . Sulfonation relies on , which features an electron-deficient sulfur atom due to polar S=O bonds.
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Anahtar Kavram
Generation of Electrophiles in Benzene Electrophilic Substitution