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Zorluk: OrtaMolecular Shapes, VSEPR Theory, and Hybridization

In the hydronium ion (H3O+H_3O^+), the central oxygen atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and retains one lone pair of electrons. Based on the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, what are the molecular shape and the hybridization state of the central oxygen atom in H3O+H_3O^+?

  1. A
    Tetrahedral shape with sp3sp^3 hybridization
  2. Trigonal pyramidal shape with sp3sp^3 hybridizationCevap
  3. C
    Trigonal planar shape with sp2sp^2 hybridization
  4. D
    Bent shape with sp2sp^2 hybridization

Cevap

Trigonal pyramidal shape with sp3sp^3 hybridization
The central oxygen atom in H3O+H_3O^+ possesses four electron domains (three σ\sigma bonding pairs with hydrogen atoms and one lone pair). Four total domains result in a steric number of 4, requiring sp3sp^3 hybridization. Because one of the four tetrahedral positions is occupied by a lone pair rather than a bonded atom, the visual arrangement of the nuclei forms a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Determine the total number of valence electron pairs (steric number) around the central oxygen atom in H3O+H_3O^+.
Oxygen contributes 6 valence electrons, each hydrogen contributes 1, and the +1+1 positive charge subtracts 1 electron: (6+3−1)=8(6 + 3 - 1) = 8 valence electrons (4 electron pairs).
VSEPR theory requires calculating the steric number to determine hybridization and basic electron geometry.
2
Determine the hybridization state from the steric number.
Steric number = 4 (3 bonding pairs + 1 lone pair), which corresponds to sp3sp^3 hybridization.
Four electron domains require four hybrid orbitals formed by combining one ss and three pp atomic orbitals.
3
Differentiate between electron pair geometry and molecular geometry.
While the 4 electron pairs adopt a tetrahedral electron geometry, the arrangement of the 3 bonded atoms around the central oxygen produces a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape.
Molecular shape describes only the spatial arrangement of atomic nuclei, excluding lone pair positions.

Anahtar Kavram

VSEPR Theory and Molecular Hybridization
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Molecular Shapes, VSEPR Theory, and Hybridization

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