Tüm alıştırma soruları

Soru 3581Soru →

A car traveling along a straight road at an initial speed of $20\text{ m/s}$ applies its brakes, causing a uniform deceleration of $5\text{ m/s}^2$ until it comes to a complete stop. What is the total distance traveled by the car during this braking period?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 40

Cevap

The total distance traveled by the car while coming to a stop is

40\text{ m}

.

Using the third equation of linear motion

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

with

u = 20\text{ m/s}

,

v = 0\text{ m/s}

, and acceleration

a = -5\text{ m/s}^2

, we obtain

0 = 400 - 10s

, which simplifies directly to

s = 40\text{ m}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the given kinematic parameters from the problem statement.

u = 20\text{ m/s}

,

v = 0\text{ m/s}

,

a = -5\text{ m/s}^2

The car decelerates to a stop, so final velocity is zero and acceleration is negative relative to initial direction of motion.

2

Select the appropriate equation of motion linking

u

,

v

,

a

, and displacement

s

.

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

This equation directly relates initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and distance without requiring time.

3

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve for distance

s

.

0^2 = 20^2 + 2(-5)s \implies 10s = 400 \implies s = 40\text{ m}

Algebraic simplification yields the stopping distance.

Anahtar Kavram

Uniformly Accelerated Motion and Stopping Distance

Soru 3582Soru →

A body of mass $50\text{ kg}$ is suspended from a spring balance attached to the ceiling of a lift. Calculate the reading registered by the spring balance, in Newtons, when the lift accelerates upward at $2.5\text{ m/s}^2$ . (Take acceleration due to gravity, $g = 10\text{ m/s}^2$ ).

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 625

Cevap

The reading of the spring balance is

625\text{ N}

.

When a lift accelerates upward, the effective acceleration experienced by an object relative to the lift is

g + a

. A spring balance measures the tension required to support and accelerate the object, which is

T = m(g + a)

. Substituting

m = 50\text{ kg}

,

g = 10\text{ m/s}^2

, and

a = 2.5\text{ m/s}^2

gives

T = 50 \times (10 + 2.5) = 625\text{ N}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the given physical quantities

Mass

m = 50\text{ kg}

, acceleration due to gravity

g = 10\text{ m/s}^2

, and upward acceleration

a = 2.5\text{ m/s}^2

.

Spring balances measure weight (tension or normal force), which varies in an accelerating reference frame.

2

Apply Newton's second law to determine apparent weight in an upward accelerating lift

Apparent weight (scale reading)

T = m(g + a)

.

The upward force from the spring must overcome gravitational force

mg

and provide net upward accelerating force

ma

.

3

Compute the numerical value

T = 50 \times (10 + 2.5) = 50 \times 12.5 = 625\text{ N}

.

Multiplying mass by effective acceleration yields the correct balance reading.

Anahtar Kavram

Apparent weight measurement in an accelerating frame of reference using a spring balance

Soru 3583Soru →

Read the context carefully and complete the sentence by supplying the word nearest in meaning to fit the blank.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

During the cross-examination, the witness gave an response that left the jury entirely uncertain about the true timeline of events.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The word nearest in meaning that correctly completes the sentence is 'equivocal' (or 'ambiguous' / 'evasive').

The sentence specifies that the witness's statement resulted in confusion and uncertainty regarding the timeline. The term 'equivocal' (along with synonyms like 'ambiguous' or 'evasive') means open to more than one interpretation or deliberately misleading, which accurately fits the contextual clue provided.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the context clues within the sentence.

The phrase 'left the jury entirely uncertain about the true timeline' indicates that the response lacked clarity and was open to multiple interpretations.

Contextual clues dictate the semantic requirement for the missing word.

2

Determine the appropriate word nearest in meaning.

'Equivocal' refers to statements that are intentionally vague or ambiguous, precisely matching the state of uncertainty described.

The meaning of 'equivocal' aligns directly with the contextual demand of the sentence.

Anahtar Kavram

Contextual Synonymy and Lexical Precision

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 3584Soru →

An ecologist studying an aquatic ecosystem needs to measure the turbidity and depth of light penetration in a pond. Which of the following instruments is most suitable for this measurement?

Secchi disc

Anemometer

Hygrometer

Barometer

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Secchi disc

Cevap

Secchi disc

The Secchi disc is specifically designed for aquatic sampling to quantify turbidity and determine the euphotic zone boundary based on light penetration.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the target ecological factor being measured

The factor is turbidity / depth of light penetration in an aquatic habitat.

Different physical abiotic factors require specific measuring instruments designed for aquatic or terrestrial environments.

2

Select the corresponding measuring instrument

A Secchi disc is used to measure water transparency and light penetration depth.

The depth at which the alternating black and white quadrants on the disc disappear from view indicates the extent of light penetration.

Anahtar Kavram

Measurement of Abiotic Ecological Factors

Soru 3585Soru →

Propanal and propanone are functional group isomers because they share the same molecular formula, $C_3H_6O$ , but belong to different homologous series with distinct functional groups.

Doğru

Yanlış

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: True

Cevap

The statement is TRUE. Propanal and propanone share the same molecular formula (

C_3H_6O

) but possess different functional groups (aldehyde vs. ketone), which exemplifies functional group isomerism.

The statement is correct because propanal and propanone both have the molecular formula

C_3H_6O

but contain different functional groups (an aldehyde group and a ketone group, respectively), meeting the exact definition of functional group isomerism.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Determine the molecular formula of propanal and propanone.

Propanal (

CH_3CH_2CHO

) has 3 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom (

C_3H_6O

). Propanone (

CH_3COCH_3

) also has 3 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom (

C_3H_6O

).

Isomers must share the exact same molecular formula.

2

Identify the functional groups present in both compounds.

Propanal contains an aldehyde group (

-\text{CHO}

), whereas propanone contains a ketone group (

-\text{CO}-

).

Structural isomers containing different functional groups belong to different homologous series.

3

Evaluate the relationship against the definition of functional group isomerism.

Since both compounds share the molecular formula

C_3H_6O

but differ in functional groups, the statement is true.

This directly satisfies the criteria for functional group isomerism.

Anahtar Kavram

Functional group isomerism is a form of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.

Soru 3586Soru →

Arrange the following organisms in order of DECREASING available energy in a terrestrial food chain, starting with the organism that contains the highest amount of available energy:

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct order from highest to lowest available energy is Grass (Producer) → Grasshopper (Primary Consumer) → Toad (Secondary Consumer) → Hawk (Tertiary Consumer).

The correct sequence begins with the primary producer (Grass), which traps radiant sunlight into chemical energy. Energy is lost as heat at each metabolic transfer step, so primary consumers (Grasshopper) receive less energy than producers, secondary consumers (Toad) receive less than primary consumers, and tertiary consumers (Hawk) receive the least energy.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the trophic role of each organism

Grass is the primary producer, grasshopper is the herbivore (primary consumer), toad is a carnivore (secondary consumer), and hawk is a apex/tertiary consumer.

Energy flows sequentially from producers through consumers in a food chain.

2

Apply the principles of energy transfer efficiency (10% law)

Energy decreases progressive at each higher trophic level due to metabolic heat loss, respiration, and non-consumed biomass.

Only approximately 10% of energy stored in biomass at one level is transferred to the next level.

3

Sequence the organisms from highest energy to lowest energy

Grass > Grasshopper > Toad > Hawk.

Producers hold the maximum energy, while top predators receive the minimum available energy.

Anahtar Kavram

Unidirectional flow of energy and progressive energy loss across trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Soru 3587Soru →

An ecology student deployed a $1\text{ m}^2$ quadrat 10 times in a farmland ecosystem in Nigeria to estimate the population of a weed species. The total count of the weed recorded across all 10 quadrats was 50. What is the estimated population density of the weed per square metre?

5\text{ weeds/m}^2

50\text{ weeds/m}^2

500\text{ weeds/m}^2

0.2\text{ weeds/m}^2

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $5\text{ weeds/m}^2$

Cevap

The population density of the weed is

5\text{ weeds/m}^2

.

Population density is computed by dividing the total number of individuals counted by the total sampled area. In this scenario,

50\text{ weeds} / (10 \times 1\text{ m}^2) = 5\text{ weeds/m}^2

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the total surface area sampled by all quadrats.

Total Area =

10 \text{ quadrats} \times 1\text{ m}^2/\text{quadrat} = 10\text{ m}^2

.

Population density calculation requires knowing the total area over which samples were taken.

2

Divide the total count of organisms by the total sampled area.

Density =

\frac{50\text{ weeds}}{10\text{ m}^2} = 5\text{ weeds/m}^2

.

Population density is defined as the number of individuals of a species per unit area.

Anahtar Kavram

Quadrat Sampling and Population Density

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 3588Soru →

An anatomical examination of a mammalian vertebral column reveals a vertebra possessing a ring-like structure with broad transverse processes, transverse foramina, a missing centrum, and an absent neural spine. Which primary movement does this specialized structure facilitate in the axial skeleton?

Nodding movement of the head in a vertical plane

Rotational movement of the head from side to side

Attachment and movement of the thoracic rib cage during respiration

Support of abdominal weight through large lumbar neural spines

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Nodding movement of the head in a vertical plane

Cevap

Nodding movement of the head in a vertical plane

The structural features described—namely a ring-like bone lacking a centrum and neural spine, but possessing wide transverse processes with transverse foramina—define the atlas vertebra (

C_1

). The atlas articulates directly with the occipital condyles of the skull, forming a joint that permits up-and-down nodding movements of the head.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the structural features provided in the question stem

Identified key features: ring-like shape, absent centrum, absent neural spine, broad transverse processes, and presence of transverse foramina.

These morphological features uniquely identify the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas vertebra.

2

Relate the anatomical structure of the atlas vertebra to its primary physiological function

The anterior articular facets of the atlas ring fit with the double occipital condyles at the base of the skull.

This condyloid articulation creates a hinge joint mechanism allowing vertical up-and-down movement (nodding 'yes').

Anahtar Kavram

Structural adaptations of mammalian cervical vertebrae (Atlas vs. Axis)

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 3589Soru →

Match each chemical process, reaction requirement, or observation involving ammonia ( $NH_3$ ) and trioxonitrate(V) acid ( $HNO_3$ ) on the left with its corresponding reagent or product on the right.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct matches pair: (1) Drying agent for ammonia with Calcium oxide; (2) Ostwald process catalyst with Platinum-rhodium gauze; (3) Laboratory prep reagents with Calcium hydroxide and ammonium chloride; (4) Brown gas evolved with copper with Nitrogen dioxide.

Each item on the left correctly corresponds to its specific chemical drying agent, catalyst, preparation mixture, or redox product. Quicklime (

CaO

) dries

NH_3

safely without reacting with it. Platinum-rhodium gauze catalyzes

NH_3

oxidation in the Ostwald process. Heating

Ca(OH)_2

with

NH_4Cl

produces

NH_3

gas. Concentrated

HNO_3

oxidizes copper metal to yield nitrogen dioxide (

NO_2

) gas.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Determine the appropriate drying agent for basic ammonia gas.

Ammonia reacts with acidic drying agents (

H_2SO_4

,

P_4O_{10}

) and forms an addition complex with

CaCl_2

. Therefore, unslaked lime (Calcium oxide,

CaO

) must be used.

A gas can only be dried by a drying agent with which it does not chemically react.

2

Identify the industrial catalyst for the oxidation step in trioxonitrate(V) acid production.

Ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen(II) oxide (

NO

) over a Platinum-rhodium (

Pt/Rh

) gauze catalyst during the Ostwald process.

The catalyst allows oxidation to proceed selectively and rapidly at high temperatures.

3

Recall the standard reactants used for laboratory synthesis of ammonia.

A solid mixture of Calcium hydroxide (

Ca(OH)_2

) and Ammonium chloride (

NH_4Cl

) is heated.

Action of a strong base on an ammonium salt liberates ammonia gas, water, and calcium chloride.

4

Identify the gaseous reduction product of concentrated trioxonitrate(V) acid reacting with copper.

Reddish-brown fumes of Nitrogen dioxide (

NO_2

) are liberated.

Concentrated

HNO_3

is a strong oxidizing agent that is reduced to

NO_2

gas when it oxidizes metals like copper.

Anahtar Kavram

Preparation, industrial processes, and characteristic chemical reactions of ammonia and trioxonitrate(V) acid.

Soru 3590Soru →

In a tropical mangrove estuarine ecosystem, solar energy fixed during primary productivity flows through a sequential food chain. Consider the following four organisms inhabiting this ecosystem:

Arrange these organisms in order from HIGHEST to LOWEST available energy ( $kJ \cdot m^{-2} \cdot yr^{-1}$ ) present at their respective trophic levels.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Red mangrove tree (*Rhizophora mangle*) → Mangrove tree crab (*Aratus pisonii*) → Mangrove snapper (*Lutjanus griseus*) → Osprey (*Pandion haliaetus*)

Energy flow through an ecosystem is unidirectional and non-cyclic. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the 10% energy transfer rule, metabolic respiration, excretion, and heat dissipation result in inevitable energy losses at each step. Consequently, the total available energy per unit area per year strictly decreases from primary producers at the base (Red mangrove tree) to primary consumers (Mangrove tree crab), secondary consumers (Mangrove snapper), and tertiary consumers (Osprey).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the trophic level and ecological role of each listed organism.

Red mangrove is a primary producer (T1), Mangrove tree crab is a primary consumer (T2), Mangrove snapper is a secondary consumer (T3), and Osprey is a tertiary consumer (T4).

Determining trophic position is essential for establishing the sequence of energy transfer.

2

Apply the principles of ecological energy flow and thermodynamic laws across trophic levels.

Energy flow is strictly unidirectional, with roughly 80% to 90% of available energy lost as heat and metabolic work at each transfer step.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that energy transformation is inefficient, causing available energy to decrease progressively from lower to higher trophic levels.

3

Sequence the organisms from highest available energy (T1) to lowest available energy (T4).

The correct order from highest to lowest available energy is Red mangrove tree → Mangrove tree crab → Mangrove snapper → Osprey.

Primary producers hold the highest energy budget, while apex predators at the top of the food chain receive the least.

Anahtar Kavram

Unidirectional Energy Transfer and Thermodynamic Dissipation in Trophic Pyramids

Soru 3591Soru →

A consumer's total utility ( $TU$ ) schedule from consuming successive bottles of soft drink is presented in the table below:

Quantity of Soft Drink (Bottles)	Total Utility ( $TU$ in utils)
1	40
2	75
3	102
4	120
5	130

Based on the table above, what is the marginal utility ( $MU$ ) derived from consuming the 4th bottle of soft drink?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 18

Cevap

The marginal utility derived from consuming the 4th bottle of soft drink is 18 utils.

Marginal Utility (

MU

) is defined as the additional utility derived from the consumption of one extra unit of a commodity. From the schedule, total utility increases from 102 utils to 120 utils when moving from 3 to 4 bottles. Thus,

MU_4 = 120 - 102 = 18

utils.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Find total utility values from the schedule for

Q = 4

and

Q = 3

TU_4 = 120

utils and

TU_3 = 102

utils

Marginal utility measures the extra satisfaction gained from consuming one additional unit.

2

Apply the Marginal Utility formula

MU = \Delta TU / \Delta Q

MU_4 = 120 - 102 = 18

utils

Subtracting previous total utility from current total utility gives the additional utility contributed by the 4th unit.

Anahtar Kavram

Marginal Utility Calculation from Total Utility Schedule

Soru 3592Soru →

Arrange the following pre-independence Nigerian constitutions in chronological order of their enactment, from the earliest to the latest:

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct chronological sequence is: Richards Constitution (1946), Macpherson Constitution (1951), Lyttelton Constitution (1954), and Independence Constitution (1960).

The constitutional development of colonial Nigeria progressed sequentially from the Richards Constitution in 1946, to the Macpherson Constitution in 1951, followed by the Lyttelton Constitution in 1954 which formalized federalism, and culminated in the Independence Constitution of 1960.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the year each constitutional framework was enacted.

Richards Constitution: 1946; Macpherson Constitution: 1951; Lyttelton Constitution: 1954; Independence Constitution: 1960.

Determining the historical date of enactment is necessary for chronological placement.

2

Sort the constitutions chronologically from the earliest year to the latest.

1946 → 1951 → 1954 → 1960.

Arranging the dates in ascending order reveals the historical trajectory of constitutional development leading to Nigerian federalism.

Anahtar Kavram

Chronological Progression of Colonial Nigerian Constitutions

Soru 3593Soru →

Match each recognized source of constitutional law listed on the left with its defining operational characteristic on the right.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Constitutional Conventions match with unwritten political customs that regulate executive conduct without judicial enforcement; Statutory Enactments match with acts of parliament passed to operationalize constitutional directives; Judicial Precedents match with binding rulings by superior courts interpreting ambiguous clauses; Authoritative Works match with scholarly treatises by eminent jurists used as persuasive guidance.

Each constitutional source is accurately matched according to its legal status and mode of operation: Conventions represent non-justiciable political practices; Statutory Enactments comprise formal legislative acts fleshing out constitutional framework; Judicial Precedents represent binding court interpretations; and Authoritative Works are persuasive legal commentaries by recognized experts.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the nature of Constitutional Conventions

Recognize that conventions are informal, unwritten customs of government practice that are politically binding but legally non-justiciable.

Conventions regulate the conduct of political actors, such as the resignation of a prime minister after a vote of no confidence.

2

Identify the role of Statutory Enactments as a source of constitutional law

Connect statutory enactments to legislative acts (e.g., electoral laws) that flesh out general constitutional frameworks.

Constitutions outline basic structures, leaving specific operational mechanics to regular statutory legislation.

3

Analyze Judicial Precedents

Link judicial precedents to case law established by superior courts interpreting constitutional provisions.

Judicial rulings clarify constitutional meaning and establish binding interpretations for future cases.

4

Examine Authoritative Works and Doctrines

Pair authoritative treatises with persuasive scholarly writings used by legal practitioners and judges.

Writings by noted scholars serve as persuasive authorities when primary sources or precedents are silent.

Anahtar Kavram

Formal and Informal Sources of Constitutional Law

Soru 3594Soru →

Direct production completely excludes any internal division of labor, while indirect production relies exclusively on secondary and tertiary sector activities to satisfy human wants.

Doğru

Yanlış

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: False

Cevap

The statement is False because direct production does not preclude internal task division within a household or self-sustaining unit, and indirect production spans all production sectors—including primary production—provided goods are made for exchange.

The statement is false because the distinguishing criterion between direct and indirect production is market orientation and trade reliance, rather than the complete absence of task division or restriction to specific industrial sectors. Direct production can feature informal division of labor within the producing group, while indirect production includes primary sector production designed for sale.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the assertion regarding direct production and specialization.

Direct production refers to production for personal or family consumption without commercial exchange. However, a household can still divide tasks (e.g., land clearing versus harvesting) internally without making it indirect production.

The hallmark of direct production is the absence of trade/market exchange, not the absolute absence of task allocation.

2

Analyze the assertion regarding indirect production and sectoral coverage.

Indirect production is production intended for sale to satisfy the needs of others through trade. This includes commercial crop farming, forestry, and mining (primary sector), in addition to industrial manufacturing (secondary) and commercial services (tertiary).

Categorizing production as indirect depends on market orientation and exchange, not on whether the activity is primary, secondary, or tertiary.

3

Synthesize findings to determine statement validity.

Both premises in the statement contain overly restrictive conceptual errors.

Since both parts of the assertion are flawed, the entire statement is false.

Anahtar Kavram

Defining Boundaries of Direct and Indirect Production

Soru 3595Soru →

A map is drawn to a Representative Fraction (RF) scale of $1 : 200,000$ . What is this scale expressed as a statement scale?

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

2\text{ cm represents } 1\text{ km}

1\text{ cm represents } 4\text{ km}

1\text{ cm represents } 20\text{ km}

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}$

Cevap

The statement scale is

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

.

An RF of

1 : 200,000

means

1\text{ cm}

on the map equals

200,000\text{ cm}

on the ground. Dividing

200,000\text{ cm}

by

100,000

converts the ground distance to

2\text{ km}

, yielding the statement scale of

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Understand the Representative Fraction (RF)

1\text{ cm}

on the map represents

200,000\text{ cm}

on the actual ground.

An RF scale of

1 : 200,000

indicates a 1-to-200,000 ratio in identical measurement units.

2

Convert ground centimeters to meters

\frac{200,000\text{ cm}}{100} = 2,000\text{ m}

There are

100\text{ cm}

in

1\text{ m}

.

3

Convert ground meters to kilometers

\frac{2,000\text{ m}}{1,000} = 2\text{ km}

There are

1,000\text{ m}

in

1\text{ km}

.

Anahtar Kavram

Converting Representative Fraction (RF) to Statement Scale

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 3596Soru →

In a Coolidge X-ray tube, increasing the current passing through the filament increases the intensity of the emitted X-rays without altering their penetrating power (hardness).

Doğru

Yanlış

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: True

Cevap

The statement is true. Filament current controls the rate of thermionic emission (X-ray intensity), whereas accelerating voltage controls the energy and penetrating power (X-ray hardness).

The statement is correct because filament current solely regulates the rate of thermionic emission, controlling the total number of electrons striking the target per second and thus the intensity of the X-ray beam. Penetrating power (hardness) depends on the accelerating potential difference, which dictates maximum electron kinetic energy and minimum X-ray wavelength.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the effect of increasing filament current on electron emission in an X-ray tube.

Higher filament current causes greater heating, resulting in an increased rate of thermionic emission (more electrons emitted per second).

Thermionic emission depends directly on temperature, which increases with filament heating current.

2

Relate electron emission rate to X-ray intensity.

A higher number of incident electrons per second yields a proportional increase in the number of X-ray photons emitted per second (higher intensity).

Intensity measures the energy radiated per unit area per unit time, which depends on the total photon count.

3

Evaluate the factors determining X-ray penetrating power (hardness).

Penetrating power remains constant because the accelerating voltage

V

across the anode and cathode was not changed (

E_{\text{max}} = e V = \frac{h c}{\lambda_{\text{min}}}

).

Photon energy and minimum cutoff wavelength are strictly determined by accelerating voltage, not by filament current.

Anahtar Kavram

Independence of X-ray Intensity and X-ray Hardness (Penetrating Power)

Soru 3597Soru →

A wave generator in a ripple tank creates periodic surface waves. An observer counts 45 complete wave crests passing a fixed marker in $15\text{ seconds}$ . If the distance measured between the first crest and the seventh crest is $1.2\text{ m}$ , what is the speed of propagation of the wave in $\text{m/s}$ ?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 0.6

Cevap

The speed of propagation of the wave is

0.6\text{ m/s}

.

The frequency is calculated as

f = \frac{45\text{ crests}}{15\text{ s}} = 3\text{ Hz}

. The distance between the 1st and 7th crest spans 6 complete wavelengths (

6\lambda = 1.2\text{ m}

), giving

\lambda = 0.2\text{ m}

. Applying the wave speed formula

v = f\lambda

yields

v = 3 \times 0.2 = 0.6\text{ m/s}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the frequency of the wave

Frequency

f = 3\text{ Hz}

Frequency is the rate at which complete wave cycles pass a fixed point, calculated as

f = \frac{45}{15\text{ s}} = 3\text{ Hz}

.

2

Calculate the wavelength from crest spacing

Wavelength

\lambda = 0.2\text{ m}

The distance between

n

successive crests contains

(n-1)

full wavelength intervals. Thus, between the 1st and 7th crest there are

7 - 1 = 6

wavelengths, so

6\lambda = 1.2\text{ m} \implies \lambda = 0.2\text{ m}

.

3

Calculate wave speed using the fundamental wave equation

Speed

v = 0.6\text{ m/s}

Wave propagation speed is the product of frequency and wavelength:

v = f\lambda = 3\text{ Hz} \times 0.2\text{ m} = 0.6\text{ m/s}

.

Anahtar Kavram

Wave speed calculation using frequency and wavelength derived from crest counting (

v = f\lambda

).

Soru 3598Soru →

Match each of the following chemical compounds to its characteristic behavior when exposed to moist atmospheric air.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3\cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O}

matches with losing water of crystallization to form a powdery residue (efflorescence);

\text{CaCl}_2

matches with absorbing moisture to form a solution (deliquescence);

\text{CaO}

matches with absorbing moisture without dissolving (hygroscopy).

Each compound exhibits a specific behavior upon exposure to air: hydrated sodium carbonate loses water of crystallization (efflorescence), calcium chloride absorbs moisture and dissolves (deliquescence), and calcium oxide absorbs moisture without dissolving (hygroscopy).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the atmospheric phenomenon characteristic of hydrated sodium carbonate (

\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3\cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O}

).

It undergoes efflorescence, losing water molecules to the surrounding dry air.

Hydrated salts with higher vapor pressure than the atmospheric water vapor pressure tend to lose hydration water.

2

Identify the atmospheric behavior of anhydrous calcium chloride (

\text{CaCl}_2

).

It undergoes deliquescence, absorbing atmospheric moisture until it completely dissolves in the absorbed water.

Deliquescent compounds have an extremely high affinity for water and lower saturated solution vapor pressure than ambient air.

3

Identify the behavior of quicklime (

\text{CaO}

).

It undergoes hygroscopy, absorbing atmospheric moisture without dissolving into a liquid solution.

Hygroscopic substances absorb moisture into their structure without forming a liquid solution.

Anahtar Kavram

Differentiation between efflorescence, deliquescence, and hygroscopy.

Soru 3599Soru →

Match each redox process description on the left with its corresponding definition type on the right.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen corresponds to Classical definition of oxidation; Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation number corresponds to Modern definition of reduction; Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation number corresponds to Modern definition of oxidation; Removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen corresponds to Classical definition of reduction.

Classical concepts define oxidation as gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, and reduction as losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen. Modern electronic concepts define oxidation as losing electrons (increasing oxidation state) and reduction as gaining electrons (decreasing oxidation state).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze classical definitions of redox reactions.

Classical oxidation involves adding oxygen or removing hydrogen, while classical reduction involves removing oxygen or adding hydrogen.

Classical redox concepts were based historically on element transfer, mainly oxygen and hydrogen.

2

Analyze modern electronic definitions of redox reactions.

Modern oxidation involves losing electrons (increase in oxidation number), while modern reduction involves gaining electrons (decrease in oxidation number).

Modern redox concepts expand the definitions to apply universally via electron transfer and oxidation state changes.

Anahtar Kavram

Classical (oxygen/hydrogen transfer) vs. Modern (electron transfer/oxidation state) definitions of oxidation and reduction.

Soru 3600Soru →

Tayo Enterprises earned a gross profit of $\text{N}150,000$ for the year ended 31st December 2025. The books of the business revealed the following additional items at the end of the accounting period:

- Rent paid: $\text{N}18,000$ (includes $\text{N}3,000$ prepaid for the next accounting period)
- Discount received: $\text{N}2,500$
- Commission received: $\text{N}4,000$ ( $\text{N}1,000$ is accrued and not yet received)
- Salaries paid: $\text{N}35,000$
- Reduction in provision for doubtful debts: $\text{N}1,500$

What is the net profit of Tayo Enterprises for the year?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: N109,000; ��109,000; 109,000; N109000; ₦109000; 109000; N 109,000; ₦ 109,000

Cevap

The net profit of Tayo Enterprises for the year is

\text{N}109,000

.

To determine the net profit, add all income earned during the period (Gross Profit

\text{N}150,000

+ Discount received

\text{N}2,500

+ Total Commission earned

\text{N}5,000

+ Decrease in provision for doubtful debts

\text{N}1,500 = \text{N}159,000

) and subtract all operating expenses incurred (Adjusted Rent

\text{N}15,000

+ Salaries

\text{N}35,000 = \text{N}50,000

). This gives

\text{N}159,000 - \text{N}50,000 = \text{N}109,000

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate total income to be added to Gross Profit.

Discount received:

\text{N}2,500

; Commission earned:

\text{N}4,000 + \text{N}1,000 = \text{N}5,000

; Reduction in provision for doubtful debts:

\text{N}1,500

. Total additional income =

\text{N}2,500 + \text{N}5,000 + \text{N}1,500 = \text{N}9,000

.

Accrued income is added to income received, and reductions in provision for doubtful debts represent gains credited to the Profit and Loss Account.

2

Calculate total adjusted operating expenses.

Adjusted Rent expense:

\text{N}18,000 - \text{N}3,000 = \text{N}15,000

; Salaries:

\text{N}35,000

. Total expenses =

\text{N}15,000 + \text{N}35,000 = \text{N}50,000

.

Prepaid expenses must be deducted from the total paid to reflect only the expense incurred for the current accounting period.

3

Calculate Net Profit.

\text{Net Profit} = \text{Gross Profit} (\text{N}150,000) + \text{Total Additional Income} (\text{N}9,000) - \text{Total Expenses} (\text{N}50,000) = \text{N}109,000

.

Net profit is computed by adding non-operating/other revenue to gross profit and deducting total operating expenses for the period.

Anahtar Kavram

Determination of Net Profit in Profit and Loss Account with year-end adjustments

Tahmini Süre:2m 0s

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