Examkin

Grammatical Structure

902 soru

Tüm türler902Çoktan seçmeli461Eşleştirme13Boşluk doldurma428
Soru 481Soru →

Choose the sentence that accurately converts the direct statement into indirect speech:
"I will travel to Lagos next week," declared the manager.

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Cevap: The manager declared that he would travel to Lagos the following week.

Cevap

The correct reported speech sentence is 'The manager declared that he would travel to Lagos the following week.'
The correct option properly changes the reporting elements following a past-tense reporting verb: the subject pronoun 'I' shifts to 'he', the modal verb 'will' backshifts to 'would', and the temporal adverbial 'next week' changes to 'the following week'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the reporting verb tense and the components requiring shift.
The reporting verb 'declared' is in the past tense, requiring backshift of modal verbs, pronouns, and time adverbs.
When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the reported clause must undergo grammatical shifts.
2
Apply backshift rules to verbs, pronouns, and adverbs.
'I' becomes 'he', 'will' becomes 'would', and 'next week' becomes 'the following week'.
Indirect speech shifts first-person pronouns to third person, present/future modals to past forms, and direct time references to relative past time expressions.

Anahtar Kavram

Tense, Pronoun, and Time Adverbial Changes in Reported Speech
Soru 482Soru →

Complete the sentence below by supplying the most appropriate preposition in the blank space.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

The regulatory agency warned that failing to submit the required audit reports by the deadline would be tantamount a direct violation of federal law.
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Cevap

to
The adjective 'tantamount' strictly requires the dependent preposition 'to' when indicating equivalence in effect or significance.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the key adjective preceding the blank in the sentence.
The target adjective is 'tantamount', which means equivalent in seriousness, value, or effect.
In standard English grammar, specific adjectives require fixed dependent prepositions to complete their meaning.
2
Select the correct dependent preposition that collocates with 'tantamount'.
The adjective 'tantamount' standardly collocates with the preposition 'to'.
Using prepositions such as 'with', 'of', or 'as' violates standard English prepositional usage and phrasal patterns.

Anahtar Kavram

Dependent prepositions with adjectives (tantamount to)
Soru 483Soru →

The two agricultural development policies were designed to be __________, as the benefits of one perfectly enhanced the outcomes of the other. Which option correctly completes the sentence?

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Cevap: complementary

Cevap

The correct option is 'complementary', which is an adjective meaning combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other.
The word 'complementary' functions as a predicate adjective meaning serving to complete or supply mutual needs. In this sentence, it correctly describes policies whose benefits enhance one another.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the sentence context and grammatical requirement.
The sentence requires a predicate adjective following the linking verb 'were designed to be' to describe the relationship between two mutually beneficial policies.
The clause 'as the benefits of one perfectly enhanced the outcomes of the other' indicates that the policies work together to improve each other.
2
Distinguish between confusable word forms.
'Complementary' with an 'e' refers to things that complete or bring out the best in each other. 'Complimentary' with an 'i' refers to praise or items given free.
Choosing the correct spelling ensures semantic accuracy based on the contextual clue of enhancement.

Anahtar Kavram

Adjectives, Adverbs, and Modifiers — Homophone and Paronym Distinction
Soru 484Soru →

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate modal verb phrase to complete the sentence below.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

Given that the audited financial report contained glaring inconsistencies, the external board of inquiry concluded that the head accountant aware of the fraudulent transfers prior to the public disclosure.
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Cevap

The correct phrase to fill in the blank is 'must have been'.
The sentence establishes a past context with compelling evidence ('glaring inconsistencies'), requiring the modal expression 'must have been' to convey strong logical deduction regarding a past situation.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the contextual clues in the sentence to identify the temporal context and intended modality.
The sentence presents strong past evidence ('audited financial report contained glaring inconsistencies') leading to a high-certainty conclusion about a past state.
Determining whether the statement represents obligation, possibility, or logical deduction in the past is necessary to choose the correct modal structure.
2
Select the modal auxiliary structure that expresses strong logical deduction in the past.
The structure 'must + have + past participle' ('must have been') correctly signifies a strong logical conclusion about past events based on clear evidence.
'Must have' followed by the past participle of the verb 'to be' is required for past certainty or logical deduction.

Anahtar Kavram

Modal Auxiliaries for Past Logical Deduction
Tahmini Süre:1m 0s
Soru 485Soru →

Complete the sentence below by filling in the blank with the grammatically correct verb structure.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

Had the chief architect examined the structural blueprints more carefully, the building failure during the severe storm.
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Cevap

would have been avoided
The sentence begins with an inverted past perfect construction ('Had [subject] + past participle'), establishing a hypothetical third conditional scenario. To complete the main clause correctly, a perfect conditional verb structure in the passive voice ('would have been avoided') is required.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the conditional clause structure and mood
The initial clause uses inverted subject-auxiliary order ('Had the chief architect examined...'), which introduces an unfulfilled past hypothesis (third conditional).
In formal English, an inverted past perfect clause replaces 'If the chief architect had examined...'.
2
Select the matching tense, aspect, and voice for the main clause
The main clause requires the perfect modal auxiliary with passive aspect: 'would have been' + past participle ('avoided').
Counterfactual past conditions require perfect conditional aspect in the main clause to indicate an unreal past outcome.

Anahtar Kavram

Inverted Third Conditional and Counterfactual Past Tense-Aspect Agreement
Tahmini Süre:1m 0s
Soru 486Soru →

Fill in the blank with the pronoun that maintains strict grammatical pronoun-antecedent agreement in formal standard English.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

Each of the female delegates, along with the regional coordinators, submitted report before the plenary session began.
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Cevap

The correct pronoun to fill the blank is 'her'.
In formal English, the indefinite pronoun 'Each' functions as a singular grammatical antecedent. Intervening parenthetical or prepositional expressions such as 'along with the regional coordinators' do not alter the singular agreement requirement of the main subject. Since the context specifies 'female delegates', the singular possessive pronoun 'her' correctly maintains singular, feminine agreement.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the true grammatical antecedent of the missing pronoun.
The core subject and antecedent is the indefinite pronoun 'Each'.
The intervening phrase 'along with the regional coordinators' is introduced by a prepositional expression and does not change the subject from singular to plural.
2
Determine the number and gender required for pronoun concord.
'Each' is grammatically singular, and the noun phrase 'female delegates' establishes feminine gender.
Indefinite pronouns such as 'each', 'every', and 'either' take singular pronouns in formal English.
3
Select the corresponding singular possessive pronoun.
The singular feminine possessive pronoun 'her' matches the antecedent in number and gender.
Using a plural pronoun like 'their' creates an error of pronoun-antecedent number discord.

Anahtar Kavram

Pronoun-antecedent agreement with indefinite pronoun subjects and intervening phrases
Soru 487Soru →

In the sentence below, which pair of verb forms correctly completes the blanks in accordance with the rules of subject-verb agreement?

"The array of technical specifications, as well as the accompanying user manuals that _______ provided to the engineering team, _______ meticulous review before the system can be deployed."

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Cevap: were / requires

Cevap

The pair 'were / requires' correctly completes the sentence.
The sentence contains two distinct concord agreement structures. First, the relative pronoun 'that' refers to the adjacent plural antecedent 'accompanying user manuals', requiring the plural past verb 'were'. Second, the main clause subject is the singular noun 'array'. Expressions like 'as well as' do not form a compound subject, so the main verb remains singular ('requires'). Therefore, 'were / requires' is the only grammatically correct option.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the antecedent of the relative pronoun 'that' in the first blank.
The relative clause 'that _______ provided...' directly follows and modifies the plural noun phrase 'accompanying user manuals'.
Relative pronouns take the number of their immediate antecedent. Since 'user manuals' is plural, the past-tense verb in the relative clause must be plural ('were').
2
Determine the head noun of the main clause subject for the second blank.
The head noun of the subject is the singular noun 'array'.
Phrases introduced by quasi-conjunctions such as 'as well as', 'together with', or 'along with' are parenthetical and do not alter the grammatical number of the subject.
3
Match the main verb to the head noun 'array'.
The singular subject 'array' requires the singular present-tense verb 'requires'.
Singular subjects require singular verbs regardless of intervening plural nouns in prepositional or parenthetical phrases.

Anahtar Kavram

Subject-Verb Concord with Parenthetical Expressions and Relative Clauses
Tahmini Süre:1m 15s
Soru 488Soru →

Complete the sentence below by supplying the correct preposition in the blank space.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

The factory manager was warned that failure to comply the new safety regulations would result in a heavy fine.
Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

with
The verb 'comply' takes the fixed dependent preposition 'with' when referring to obedience or conformity to rules, laws, or guidelines.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the verb in the sentence that requires a dependent preposition.
The verb 'comply' requires a specific dependent preposition to express adherence to rules or instructions.
Certain verbs in Standard English must pair with specific prepositions to form correct collocations.
2
Select the appropriate preposition that collocates with 'comply'.
The verb 'comply' idiomatic pairing is 'with'.
In English grammar, one complies 'with' a rule, regulation, or order.

Anahtar Kavram

Dependent Prepositions and Verb-Preposition Collocations
Tahmini Süre:45s
Soru 489Soru →

Which verb forms correctly complete the sentence below in accordance with the rules of grammatical concord?

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

While statistics offered as a compulsory course in the department of social sciences, the official statistics compiled for the third quarter a sharp decline in export earnings.
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Cevap

The first blank requires the singular verb 'is' (or 'was') because 'statistics' refers to an academic field of study, while the second blank requires the plural verb 'indicate' (or 'show'/'reveal') because 'official statistics' refers to collected numerical data.
The word 'statistics' exhibits dual concord behavior based on context. When it signifies an academic discipline or subject of study ('offered as a compulsory course'), it takes a singular verb ('is'). Conversely, when it refers to numerical data, facts, or figures ('compiled for the third quarter'), it takes a plural verb ('indicate').

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the usage of 'statistics' in the first clause.
In the context of 'offered as a compulsory course', 'statistics' refers to a branch of study or academic subject.
Nouns ending in '-ics' (e.g., statistics, physics, economics, ethics) take singular verbs when they denote a discipline or subject area.
2
Analyze the usage of 'statistics' in the second clause.
In the context of 'compiled for the third quarter', 'official statistics' refers to specific numerical data, facts, or figures.
When 'statistics' refers to collected data or numerical findings rather than the field of study itself, it functions as a plural noun requiring a plural verb.
3
Select verb forms that satisfy both singular and plural concord requirements.
The singular verb 'is' completes the first blank, and the plural verb 'indicate' completes the second blank.
This maintains precise subject-verb agreement across both clauses according to semantic context.

Anahtar Kavram

Subject-Verb Agreement with Nouns Ending in '-ics' (Nouns with Dual Concord Rules)
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 490Soru →

The athlete wishes he ________ more attention to his trainer's instructions during yesterday's marathon. Which verb form accurately completes the sentence?

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Cevap: had paid

Cevap

The past perfect form 'had paid' is the correct verb form to complete the sentence.
When expressing a wish or regret about a past action that cannot be changed (indicated by 'yesterday's marathon'), English grammar requires the past perfect tense ('had paid') after the verb 'wish'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the time reference in the main sentence.
The time expression 'during yesterday's marathon' clearly establishes a completed past context.
Determining whether the action refers to the present, future, or past governs the appropriate subjunctive tense.
2
Apply the rule for unreal past expressions using 'wish'.
To express regret about an action in the past, the main verb following 'wish' must be in the past perfect tense (had + past participle).
The past perfect structure shifts the tense further back to indicate counterfactual or unreal past conditions.

Anahtar Kavram

Unreal Past and Subjunctive Mood with 'Wish'
Soru 491Soru →

Modifying phrases and adverbs must logically attach to the intended subject while using standard word collocations. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

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Cevap: Exhausted by the long trek through the dense forest, the environmental scientists reluctantly set up camp before sunset.

Cevap

Exhausted by the long trek through the dense forest, the environmental scientists reluctantly set up camp before sunset.
The sentence featuring the environmental scientists as the main subject correctly resolves the introductory modifier 'Exhausted by the long trek through the dense forest' by attaching it directly to the people who took the trek. Additionally, the adverb 'reluctantly' is placed naturally before the verb phrase.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the introductory modifying phrase
The participial phrase 'Exhausted by the long trek through the dense forest' describes a state of physical fatigue.
An introductory participial clause must immediately precede and logically modify the noun that performs or experiences the action.
2
Evaluate subject-modifier agreement across options
The subject 'the environmental scientists' can logically be exhausted by a trek, whereas 'camp' cannot.
Attaching a human state to an inanimate object like 'camp' creates a dangling modifier.
3
Check modifier selection and vocabulary collocations
The adverb 'reluctantly' correctly modifies the verb phrase 'set up', and no paronym or collocation errors are present.
Adverbs and adjectives must suit the lexical context without confusing paronyms (such as 'respectable' vs 'respective') or creating unnatural verb-adverb pairings.

Anahtar Kavram

Modifier Placement and Lexical Choice
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 492Soru →

Complete the sentence below by filling in the blank with the correct form of the auxiliary verb that satisfies the rules of grammatical concord.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

A comprehensive record of all the financial transactions made during the previous fiscal quarters been submitted to the auditing committee.
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Cevap

The correct word to complete the sentence is 'has'.
The singular auxiliary verb 'has' correctly matches the singular head subject noun 'record'. Intervening modifier phrases containing plural nouns such as 'transactions' or 'quarters' do not alter the number of the main subject.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the head noun of the subject phrase.
The core subject of the sentence is the singular noun 'record'.
The phrase 'of all the financial transactions made during the previous fiscal quarters' functions as a prepositional modifier and is not part of the core subject.
2
Select the verb form that agrees with the head noun.
A singular subject ('record') requires the singular auxiliary verb 'has'.
Grammatical concord mandates that the verb must agree in number with its grammatical subject regardless of intervening plural nouns.

Anahtar Kavram

Subject-Verb Concord with Intervening Prepositional Phrases
Soru 493Soru →

Fill in the blank with the appropriate subordinating connective that correctly introduces the concessive clause with a fronted adjective.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

__________ arduous the committee's parliamentary enquiry proved to be, the delegation presented its comprehensive report to the assembly on schedule.
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Cevap

However (or 'No matter how')
The connective 'However' (or 'No matter how') correctly completes the sentence because it functions as an adverbial subordinator capable of modifying a fronted adjective ('arduous') before the clause subject ('the committee's parliamentary enquiry') and verb ('proved to be'), conveying the degree of difficulty without breaking standard English syntax.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the syntactic structure of the subordinate clause following the blank
The clause opens with the fronted adjective 'arduous', followed by the complete noun phrase subject 'the committee's parliamentary enquiry' and the predicate verb phrase 'proved to be'.
Identifying that an adjective precedes the subject and verb dictates the specific connective required for a concessive clause.
2
Determine which concessive subordinator can directly modify a fronted adjective
The subordinator 'However' (or 'No matter how') is used in English to modify an adjective directly in the pattern 'However + adjective + subject + verb'.
Standard subordinating conjunctions such as 'although', 'even though', or 'whereas' require standard word order ('Although the enquiry was arduous...'), whereas 'however' governs fronted adjectives or adverbs.

Anahtar Kavram

Concessive Clause Structure with Fronted Adjectives
Soru 494Soru →

Which subordinating conjunction correctly completes the concessive clause in the sentence below?

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

The university senate sustained the disciplinary action against the offending student, several faculty members argued passionately for leniency.
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Cevap

although (or 'even though' / 'though')
The sentence requires a subordinating conjunction of concession to join the main clause with a dependent finite clause that contains a subject ('several faculty members') and verb ('argued'). 'Although', 'even though', and 'though' correctly fulfill this syntactic and semantic function.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the semantic relationship between the independent main clause and the dependent subordinate clause.
The main clause states an outcome ('sustained the disciplinary action'), while the subordinate clause introduces a contrasting circumstance ('several faculty members argued passionately for leniency').
Establishing that a contrast or concession is being introduced narrows the choice to concessive connectives.
2
Examine the grammatical structure of the subordinate element.
The element following the blank contains a full subject ('several faculty members') and a finite verb ('argued'), forming a complete finite clause.
A finite clause requires a subordinating conjunction (such as 'although') rather than a preposition (such as 'despite' or 'in spite of') which requires a noun phrase complement.

Anahtar Kavram

Subordinating Conjunctions of Concession
Soru 495Soru →

Which word correctly completes the inverted clause structure in the sentence below?

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

So demanding the rigorous accreditation requirements that several newly established institutions failed to qualify.
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Cevap

The blank must be filled with 'were'.
The sentence uses an inverted clause structure triggered by placing the degree phrase 'So demanding' at the sentence-initial position. When 'so + adjective' opens a clause paired with the correlative result conjunction 'that', subject-verb inversion is required. Because the delayed subject 'the rigorous accreditation requirements' is plural and the main narrative tense is past ('failed'), the past plural auxiliary verb 'were' is required.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the syntactic structure of the sentence.
The sentence starts with an emphasized fronted modifier 'So demanding', followed by a result clause introduced by the subordinating conjunction 'that'.
Fronting an adjective phrase modified by 'so' forces subject-operator inversion in the main clause prior to the 'that'-clause.
2
Identify the postposed subject and establish subject-verb concord in past tense.
The delayed subject is 'the rigorous accreditation requirements', which is plural, and the context is past tense as indicated by 'failed'.
In inverted structures, the verb must agree in number and tense with the delayed subject. The past plural form of the verb 'to be' is 'were'.

Anahtar Kavram

Inverted Clause Structure with Fronted 'So + Adjective' Degree Constructions
Soru 496Soru →

During the Senate hearing on the municipal budget crisis, the lead auditor expressed grave concern about the delayed revenue reports and remarked, 'I would rather the finance committee __________ the supplementary ledger to the panel yesterday before the session adjourned.' Which of the following verb forms correctly completes the sentence?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: had submitted

Cevap

The correct form is 'had submitted'.
When 'would rather' is followed by a subject and refers to an event in past time (indicated by 'yesterday'), English grammar requires the past perfect form ('had submitted') to indicate past unrealized expectation.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the syntactic structure of the sentence.
The clause begins with 'I would rather' followed by a distinct subject ('the finance committee').
When 'would rather' is followed by a clause with a different subject, an unreal past (subjunctive) construction is required.
2
Identify the temporal reference in the sentence.
The adverb 'yesterday' establishes that the action belongs strictly to past time.
Time indicators dictate whether simple past or past perfect subjunctive is appropriate.
3
Apply the rule for unreal past with past time reference.
The past perfect tense ('had submitted') must be selected.
'Would rather + subject + past tense' expresses present/future unreal preference, whereas 'would rather + subject + past perfect' expresses past unreal preference or regret.

Anahtar Kavram

Unreal Past Tense with 'Would Rather' (Past Time Reference)
Tahmini Süre:1m 15s
Soru 497Soru →

Match each highlighted noun phrase from the sentences below to its exact grammatical function within the clause.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Öğeler

"the lead investigator" in: The attorney general handed the lead investigator the confidential dossier.
"a formidable challenge" in: The committee considered the proposed budget revision a formidable challenge.
"an eminent scholar in African linguistics" in: Dr. Adebayo, an eminent scholar in African linguistics, delivered the keynote address.
"the newly renovated auditorium" in: The university choir performed inside the newly renovated auditorium.

Eşleşmeler

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

1. 'the lead investigator' matches Indirect Object; 2. 'a formidable challenge' matches Object Complement; 3. 'an eminent scholar in African linguistics' matches Appositive; 4. 'the newly renovated auditorium' matches Prepositional Complement.
Each noun phrase correctly aligns with its syntactic role based on sentence structure: 'the lead investigator' is the recipient of the action (indirect object); 'a formidable challenge' describes the direct object (object complement); 'an eminent scholar in African linguistics' renames the subject (appositive); and 'the newly renovated auditorium' completes a prepositional phrase (prepositional complement).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the verb structure and complementation in the first sentence.
The verb 'handed' takes two objects: the entity receiving the dossier ('the lead investigator', indirect object) and the item handed ('the confidential dossier', direct object).
An indirect object identifies the entity to or for whom an action is performed.
2
Examine the relationship between the direct object and the following phrase in the second sentence.
'a formidable challenge' describes the state or identity predicated of the direct object 'the proposed budget revision'.
An object complement completes the meaning of a direct object.
3
Determine the syntactic role of the parenthetical phrase in the third sentence.
'an eminent scholar in African linguistics' renames the proper noun subject 'Dr. Adebayo'.
A noun phrase placed alongside another noun phrase to rename or clarify it acts as an appositive.
4
Identify the element following the preposition 'inside' in the fourth sentence.
'the newly renovated auditorium' is governed by the preposition 'inside'.
A noun phrase governed by a preposition functions as a prepositional complement.

Anahtar Kavram

Syntactic Functions of Noun Phrases
Soru 498Soru →

What is the correct reported speech equivalent of the sentence below?

The principal asked the prefect, 'Why did you leave the assembly hall early yesterday?'

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: The principal asked the prefect why he had left the assembly hall early the previous day.

Cevap

The principal asked the prefect why he had left the assembly hall early the previous day.
The correct choice properly shifts the simple past verb 'did leave' to the past perfect 'had left', changes the time adverb 'yesterday' to 'the previous day', maintains declarative word order ('why he had left'), and omits any redundant conjunction such as 'that'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the key components of the direct speech sentence.
The reporting verb 'asked' is in the past tense, the reported clause is a wh-question ('Why did you leave...'), and the time expression is 'yesterday'.
These structural markers dictate the rules for tense backshifting, word order rearrangement, and time adverbial modification.
2
Apply backshifting to the verb and modify the temporal adverb.
The simple past tense 'did leave' shifts to the past perfect tense 'had left', and 'yesterday' converts to 'the previous day'.
When reporting past events with a past-tense reporting verb, simple past verbs shift back to past perfect, and time references adjust to match the reported frame of reference.
3
Adjust word order and connector for reporting a wh-question.
The question word 'why' acts as the joiner without 'that', and subject-verb inversion is removed ('why he had left').
Indirect questions require declarative sentence word order and do not use the subordinating conjunction 'that'.

Anahtar Kavram

Reporting wh-questions with past-tense reporting verbs
Soru 499Soru →

Complete the sentence by filling in the blank with the appropriate degree modifier.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

Although the task was challenging, the candidate handled the situation well.
Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

exceptionally
The word 'well' is an adverb in this context. In English grammar, adverbs of degree (such as 'exceptionally' or 'remarkably') are used to modify other adverbs.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the word being modified in the sentence.
The target word is 'well', which functions as an adverb of manner modifying the verb 'handled'.
To modify an adverb, the sentence requires an adverb of degree.
2
Choose the correct modifier form.
'exceptionally' is an adverb of degree that correctly intensifies the adverb 'well'.
An adjective such as 'exceptional' cannot modify an adverb.

Anahtar Kavram

Adverb modifying an adverb
Tahmini Süre:45s
Soru 500Soru →

Complete the reported speech sentence by providing the correct form of the verb to fill in the blank.

Aşağıdaki boşlukları doldurun

Direct Speech: "I have finished my assignment," said Zainab.
Reported Speech: Zainab stated that she her assignment.
Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

had finished
When transforming direct speech to reported speech introduced by a past-tense reporting verb, present perfect verbs shift to the past perfect tense. Thus, 'have finished' correctly becomes 'had finished'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the verb tense in the direct speech statement.
The direct statement "I have finished" is in the present perfect tense.
Identifying the original tense is necessary to determine the appropriate backshift requirement.
2
Apply the backshift rule for indirect speech with a past-tense reporting verb.
The present perfect verb phrase 'have finished' changes to the past perfect phrase 'had finished'.
When a past-tense reporting verb like 'stated' is used, present perfect tense forms must shift to the past perfect tense in reported speech.

Anahtar Kavram

Tense Backshifting from Present Perfect to Past Perfect in Reported Speech
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Grammatical Structure Alıştırma Soruları — JAMB UTME — Sayfa 25 | Examkin