For any bureaucratic system to achieve total efficiency, it must either eliminate its redundant departments or fully automate its record-keeping. However, a bureaucratic system can fully automate its record-keeping only if it secures a massive influx of external funding. Given that no bureaucratic system ever secures a massive influx of external funding, a bureaucratic system can achieve total efficiency only if it eliminates its redundant departments.
Which of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument presented above?
- AFor a suspension bridge to withstand hurricane-force winds, it must either utilize aerodynamic decking or possess deep-anchored cables. A bridge can possess deep-anchored cables only if it is built on solid bedrock. Since the local bay is not built on solid bedrock, the new suspension bridge must utilize aerodynamic decking.
- BFor a mammalian species to adapt to a desert environment, it must either develop nocturnal habits or evolve efficient water retention. A species will develop nocturnal habits if it faces high daytime predation. Since desert mammals do not face high daytime predation, a species can adapt to a desert environment only if it evolves efficient water retention.
- For a new tech startup to survive its first year, it must either secure venture capital or achieve immediate profitability. A startup can secure venture capital, however, only if it possesses a patented technology. Given that no new tech startup ever possesses a patented technology in its first year, a startup can survive its first year only if it achieves immediate profitability.Cevap
- DFor a government agency to operate transparently, it must either publish its internal audits or hold public hearings. An agency will hold public hearings only if citizens demand them. Since citizens never demand public hearings, any government agency that publishes its internal audits will operate transparently.
- EFor a forest ecosystem to recover rapidly from a wildfire, it must either contain fire-resistant seed banks or receive immediate heavy rainfall. A forest ecosystem will receive immediate heavy rainfall only if it is located in a coastal zone. Since most forest ecosystems are not located in coastal zones, any forest ecosystem that recovers rapidly must contain fire-resistant seed banks.
Cevap
The argument concerning the tech startup's survival.
The correct answer accurately replicates the complex deductive chain of the stimulus: A necessary condition containing a disjunction is presented, followed by a secondary necessary condition for one of those disjuncts. That secondary condition is then universally denied, triggering Modus Tollens to eliminate one half of the disjunction. Finally, a valid conclusion is drawn stating that the initial event now strictly requires the remaining half of the disjunction. Both the logical flow and the universal/conditional phrasing match exactly.
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Anahtar Kavram
Parallel Valid Structure (Disjunctive Syllogism combined with Modus Tollens)