Tüm alıştırma soruları

Text 1
Some paleontologists argue that avian flight evolved from the 'ground up' (the cursorial hypothesis). They contend that cursorial theropod dinosaurs, running along the ground to escape predators or capture prey, began using proto-wings to generate lift and stability, eventually leading to powered flight. They point to the skeletal morphology of early theropods, which suggests powerful hindlimbs adapted for rapid running rather than climbing.

Text 2
Other researchers argue that the cursorial model is aerodynamically implausible. They maintain that avian flight emerged from the 'trees down' (the arboreal hypothesis), in which tree-dwelling ancestors of birds glided from branches and gradually developed flapping flight to control their descent. According to these scientists, the energetic cost of achieving takeoff from a flat, running start would have been too high for primitive theropods lacking advanced flight musculature.

Based on the passages, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim in Text 1 that early theropods developed flight while running along the ground?

Text 1
Proponents of behavioral nudges—subtle policy adjustments designed to steer citizens toward beneficial decisions without banning choices—argue that such interventions are highly efficient. Economist Elena Vance argues that default enrollment schemes, which automatically enroll employees in retirement plans unless they opt out, represent a paternalistic but ultimately respectful policy tool. Vance highlights that these defaults dramatically increase savings rates while preserving individual autonomy, since employees retain the absolute freedom to opt out at any moment. To Vance, nudges offer a frictionless method to overcome cognitive inertia, correcting behavioral market failures while leaving choice architecture intact and personal liberty uncompromised.

Text 2
Political theorist Marcus Brody contends that nudges are not as harmlessly neutral as Vance suggests. Brody argues that choice architecture is never neutral and that defaults exploit cognitive vulnerabilities, such as status quo bias, rather than encouraging active, autonomous decision-making. According to Brody, by relying on people's passive compliance to achieve policy goals, nudge strategies fail to respect individual agency. Brody argues that true autonomy requires citizens to make conscious, deliberate choices, rather than being guided by designed defaults. In his view, a policy that achieves its aims by anticipating and leveraging citizen passivity undermines the development of genuine civic agency.

Based on the passages, how would Brody (Text 2) most likely characterize Vance's claim (Text 1) that default enrollment schemes are 'ultimately respectful' of individual autonomy?

Ecologist Dr. Amina Yusuf and colleagues investigated the nesting habits of the red-billed oxpecker (*Buphagus erythrorynchus*) in South African savannas. Because these birds are secondary cavity nesters—meaning they rely on existing cavities in trees to build their nests—their breeding distribution is thought to be limited by the availability of these shelters. Some biologists hypothesize that oxpeckers depend almost entirely on cavities excavated by primary cavity nesters, such as woodpeckers. Yusuf and colleagues, however, contend that oxpeckers primarily utilize cavities formed by natural wood decay and branch breakage, suggesting that oxpecker populations can persist in environments even when woodpeckers are absent. Which choice, if true, would most directly support Yusuf and colleagues' contention?

In 1947, archaeologist G. Lankester Harding led the excavation of the Qumran Caves, where his team discovered the first batch of the Dead Sea Scrolls. While most of these ancient manuscripts were written on parchment made from animal skins, a unique document called the Copper Scroll was engraved on thin sheets of metal. Additionally, though the majority of the manuscripts were written in Hebrew, a few were written in Aramaic and Greek.

According to the text, which statement is true about the Copper Scroll?

Ecologist Dr. Hiroshi Tanaka investigated the effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) on the foraging behavior of nocturnal moths, which serve as crucial pollinators for several wild flower species. While some researchers suggest that ALAN simply suppresses all nocturnal activity in moths, Tanaka hypothesized that light pollution reduces pollination efficiency specifically by altering host-plant selection rather than by reducing the moths' overall active foraging time. Which choice, if true, would most directly support Tanaka's hypothesis?

Marine archaeologists recovering wooden artifacts from shipwreck sites face a major challenge: when waterlogged wood dries, the cell walls collapse, causing severe warping and cracking. Historically, researchers attempted to prevent this degradation by slow-drying the wood in controlled humidity chambers, but this method often proved ineffective for highly degraded specimens. To address this issue, conservators introduced polyethylene glycol (PEG), a liquid polymer that replaces the water in the wood cells and solidifies to reinforce the structure. While PEG treatment is time-consuming and expensive, it has become the standard method for stabilizing marine timber, successfully preserving historical vessels like the Swedish ship *Vasa*.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Many plants form symbiotic partnerships with underground fungi known as mycorrhizae. These fungi grow around plant roots, effectively extending the root system into the surrounding soil. This connection allows the plant to absorb essential nutrients, such as phosphorus, far more efficiently than it could on its own. In return, the plant supplies the fungi with sugars produced during photosynthesis. This exchange is vital for both organisms' survival, particularly in nutrient-poor environments.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

For decades, neuroscientists classified astrocytes—a type of glial cell in the brain—as mere metabolic support structures, subservient to the signaling functions of neurons. This neuron-centric view relegated astrocytes to the role of cellular "glue," responsible only for maintaining extracellular chemical balance. However, recent studies have demonstrated that astrocytes actively modulate synaptic transmission by releasing chemical transmitters, known as gliotransmitters, in response to neuronal activity. This bidirectional communication, termed the "tripartite synapse," suggests that astrocytes are integral components of information processing in the central nervous system. By demonstrating that astrocytes participate in cognitive functions rather than simply maintaining physiological homeostasis, these findings have forced a fundamental shift in how researchers conceptualize brain computational networks.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

At the 1889 Paris Exposition, composer Claude Debussy encountered Javanese gamelan music, an experience that profoundly shifted his approach to musical architecture. Prior to this encounter, Western classical composition relied heavily on functional harmony and teleological development, where music builds toward a goal. Gamelan, with its cyclical structures and static pitch centers, offered Debussy an alternative model of temporal organization. Inspired by these non-Western scales, he began to integrate pentatonic and whole-tone scales into his compositions, as seen in his piece 'Pagodes.' This transition allowed him to evoke atmospheric moods rather than narrative progression, thereby laying the groundwork for musical Impressionism.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Complete the passage by entering the punctuation mark that correctly joins the two independent clauses.

Text 1
Many conservationists argue that offshore wind farms are highly detrimental to delicate marine ecosystems. They point out that the loud underwater noise generated during construction severely disrupts the communication patterns of marine mammals. Furthermore, they claim that the physical turbine foundations permanently alter local currents, thereby displacing native fish species from their natural feeding habitats. As a result, these conservationists advocate for suspending new offshore energy projects.

Text 2
While the initial construction of offshore wind turbines does temporarily disturb marine life, long-term ecological monitoring shows that the underwater structures quickly begin to function as artificial reefs. These artificial reefs attract a wide variety of fish and invertebrate species. Consequently, the presence of these turbines ultimately leads to a significant increase in local biodiversity. Therefore, the long-term ecological benefits of wind farms outweigh the short-term disturbances.

Based on the passages, is the statement that the author of Text 2 would respond to the claim in Text 1 that wind turbines permanently displace native fish by arguing that these turbines actually attract and support fish populations over time true or false?

Text 1
For decades, marine biologists have maintained that the primary evolutionary driver of bioluminescence in deep-sea anglerfish is prey capture. By dangling a glowing lure (the esca) in the pitch-black bathypelagic zone, the anglerfish draws smaller organisms directly to its jaws. Researchers argue this adaptation is a highly specialized feeding strategy essential for survival in a nutrient-scarce environment where meals are rare.

Text 2
Bioluminescence certainly assists in predation, but researcher Elena Vance suggests its role in reproductive isolation has been undervalued. Vance's team observed that different anglerfish species exhibit highly distinct flashing frequencies and esca morphologies. Since these species-specific visual signals allow individuals to locate and identify compatible mates in the vast, sparsely populated ocean depths, Vance argues that mate recognition, rather than feeding, is the primary evolutionary driver.

Based on the passages, how would the author of Text 2 most likely characterize the view of the marine biologists presented in Text 1?

In architectural conservation, researchers analyzed medieval stained glass windows to understand their durability. They found that glass containing high concentrations of sodium and calcium is highly susceptible to corrosion when exposed to atmospheric moisture, which reacts with sodium to form a silica-degrading alkaline film. However, glass composed primarily of potassium and lead shows almost no surface degradation under identical environmental conditions. Since potassium-lead glass does not readily react with moisture to form this alkaline film, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

In the field of cognitive psychology, researchers have long debated whether human memory operates like a digital recording or a reconstructed narrative. Recent neuroimaging studies support the latter view, showing that each time a memory is recalled, the brain actively reconstructs the event, integrating new sensory inputs. Thus, far from being an ________ record of past experiences, memory is a dynamic and highly malleable process.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In socio-linguistics, researchers studying phonetic convergence have observed that when two people engage in a conversation, they often unconsciously adjust their speech patterns to match each other's accents. In a series of experiments, linguist Clara Vance analyzed conversations between speakers of different dialects. She found that speakers who reported a strong desire to build rapport with their partner exhibited a high degree of phonetic convergence. Conversely, speakers who expressed indifference or antagonism toward their partner showed no phonetic convergence at all. Which choice most logically completes the text?

Mineral dust particles transported from arid regions play a complex role in polar climate systems. While light-colored dust typically increases the albedo of snow surfaces, high concentrations of iron-rich mineral dust can lower albedo, accelerating ice melt. Crucially, climatologist Dr. Elena Rostova's 2024 study of the Greenland Ice Sheet demonstrated that this melting is not uniform; rather, the dust particles aggregate in cryoconite holes—small water-filled depressions on the glacier surface. Rostova found that these cryoconite accumulations absorb solar radiation at a rate 15% higher than surrounding clean ice, creating localized thermal pockets that deepen the holes rather than spreading laterally across the ice sheet. Consequently, while regional albedo is altered, the primary physical degradation of the ice sheet occurs vertically within these distinct micro-structures.

Based on the text, why do iron-rich mineral dust accumulations deepen cryoconite holes rather than spreading laterally?

Some desert annual plants survive dry spells through a strategy known as seed dormancy. These plants produce seeds that can remain inactive in the soil for several years until a significant rainfall event occurs. Once the soil receives enough water, the seeds germinate rapidly, allowing the plants to complete their life cycle before the moisture evaporates. This adaptation ensures the species' survival in an environment with highly unpredictable precipitation.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

In urban environments, anthropogenic noise often overlaps with the low-frequency vocalizations of birds, potentially masking their communication. To investigate this, avian ecologist Dr. Elena Ruiz and her team analyzed song patterns of the house finch (*Haemorhous mexicanus*) across various city centers and rural habitats. They discovered that urban finches consistently sang at a higher minimum frequency than their rural counterparts. While previous studies hypothesized that this shift was a genetic adaptation, Ruiz's team demonstrated that individual birds actively adjusted their pitch in real-time response to fluctuating traffic volume. This suggests that the vocal modification observed in urban bird populations is a flexible behavioral response to immediate environmental noise rather than a permanent evolutionary shift.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

In the late nineteenth century, urban architects faced a severe constraint: traditional load-bearing masonry walls had to become thicker at the base to support taller structures, effectively limiting buildings to about ten stories. The development of steel-frame construction by pioneers like William Le Baron Jenney revolutionized this paradigm. By transferring the structural load to a skeleton of steel beams, architects could design skyscrapers with thin outer walls, allowing for taller structures and much larger window areas. Rather than simply celebrating this engineering feat, however, architectural historians emphasize that steel-framing fundamentally transformed the socio-economic organization of modern cities, paving the way for high-density commercial hubs and redefining urban workplaces.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?