Question

Difficulty: Very hardEvaluating Relevance for Adding or Deleting Content

The writer is considering adding the following sentence to the passage (placed after Sentence 3):

"Darwin, in particular, was deeply concerned that Kelvin's timeline did not allow enough time for natural selection to produce the Earth's diverse life forms."

Should the writer make this addition?

[1] In the mid-nineteenth century, the physicist Lord Kelvin attempted to calculate the age of the Earth by measuring its geothermal heat loss. [2] Assuming the Earth began as a molten sphere and had been cooling steadily, Kelvin estimated its age to be between 20 and 400 million years. [3] While this calculation was far longer than the biblical timeline accepted by many at the time, it was hotly contested by geologists and biologists, who argued that evolutionary and geological processes required billions of years. [4] Kelvin's calculations, though mathematically rigorous, were ultimately flawed because he was unaware of radioactivity, which releases heat within the Earth's interior and delays cooling. [5] The discovery of radioactive decay by Henri Becquerel in 1896 eventually provided the key to accurately dating the planet at 4.5 billion years.

  1. Yes, because it offers a specific, relevant example of a biologist whose theories were challenged by Kelvin’s timeline, supporting the general statement in Sentence 3.Answer
  2. B
    Yes, because it introduces the primary scientific evidence that was ultimately used to disprove Kelvin’s geothermal calculations.
  3. C
    No, because it introduces a discussion of evolutionary biology that is unrelated to the paragraph's focus on geological time.
  4. D
    No, because it deviates from the passage's primary focus on Lord Kelvin's contributions to the field of physics.

Answer

Yes, because it offers a specific, relevant example of a biologist whose theories were challenged by Kelvin’s timeline, supporting the general statement in Sentence 3.
The correct answer is the option indicating that the sentence should be added because it offers a specific, relevant example of a biologist whose theories were challenged by Kelvin’s timeline. Sentence 3 states that Kelvin's calculations were contested by biologists who argued that evolutionary processes required billions of years. The proposed sentence provides a concrete illustration of this point by naming Charles Darwin and his concern regarding the time needed for natural selection, thereby supporting the claim made in Sentence 3 and maintaining the paragraph's flow.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the main focus of the paragraph.
The paragraph outlines Lord Kelvin's attempt to calculate the age of the Earth, the opposition his timeline faced from other scientists (geologists and biologists), and how the discovery of radioactivity eventually resolved the debate.
Understanding the paragraph's main theme is essential to evaluate the relevance of any proposed addition.
2
Evaluate the content of the proposed sentence and its relationship to the surrounding sentences.
The proposed sentence states that Charles Darwin was concerned about Kelvin's timeline because it did not allow enough time for natural selection. This directly details the biological objections mentioned in Sentence 3.
This determines if the proposed sentence is relevant and where it logically fits in the narrative flow.
3
Evaluate the options to match the correct decision and justification.
Since the sentence is relevant and supports the previous sentence's general claim, it should be added. The option explaining that it offers a specific, relevant example of a biologist whose theories were challenged by the timeline is correct.
Only one option correctly identifies both the decision to add the sentence and the rhetorically sound justification for doing so.

Key Concept

Evaluating Relevance for Adding or Deleting Content
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