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Question 41Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about Maya engineering. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that Maya engineering successfully addressed water scarcity, in what order should these sentences be placed?
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Answer
The logical order of the sentences is: the sentence establishing the general water scarcity problem, followed by the sentence introducing the reservoirs at Tikal, then the sentence detailing the canal connections to those basins, and concluding with the sentence stating the population supported by the system.
The paragraph begins with the general claim that Maya cities built far from rivers required sophisticated water management systems. It then provides the concrete example of the reservoirs at Tikal, which were lined with plaster. The next sentence builds on this detail by explaining how 'these plaster-lined basins' were filled using paved canals. Finally, the paragraph concludes with the result of this system—that it successfully supported tens of thousands of residents throughout the dry season.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the main claim or introductory statement of the paragraph.
The sentence stating that many ancient Maya cities were built far from natural rivers, forcing them to design sophisticated water systems, functions as the introductory claim.
Paragraphs typically begin with a broad claim or context before introducing specific examples and detailed evidence.
2
Locate the specific evidence that introduces the main example supporting the claim.
The sentence introducing the plaster-lined reservoirs at the city of Tikal provides the first concrete example of the water systems.
This sentence shifts the focus from a general claim about Maya cities to a specific, illustrative case study.
3
Use cohesive devices and pronoun references to connect the next detail to the example.
The sentence describing how 'these plaster-lined basins' were connected to paved canals must follow the introduction of the plaster-lined reservoirs.
The demonstrative phrase 'these plaster-lined basins' directly references the 'reservoirs... lined with plaster' mentioned in the previous sentence.
4
Identify the sentence that details the final outcome or result of the system.
The sentence starting with 'Consequently' describes the ultimate impact of the reservoirs (supporting tens of thousands of residents).
The transition word 'Consequently' signals a concluding result, which logically summarizes the effectiveness of the entire engineered system.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 42Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about forest ecology. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that trees support one another through fungal networks, in what order should the sentences be placed?
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Answer
The sentences should be ordered to introduce the network first, describe its function next, provide evidence of resource sharing third, and state the survival outcome last.
The paragraph starts with the opening claim that introduces the mycelium network. It then proceeds logically to describe how the network links roots, explains the action of resource sharing through these pathways, and finishes with the final result of this sharing on the survival of young trees.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Locate the introductory claim.
The sentence introducing the mycelium network is the first sentence.
It introduces the topic of the paragraph without requiring prior context.
2
Find the description of the network.
The sentence describing the 'Wood Wide Web' is the second sentence.
The phrase 'This subterranean network' refers directly back to the mycelium network introduced in the first sentence.
3
Identify the sentence providing supporting evidence.
The sentence explaining how mature trees share carbon and water with seedlings is the third sentence.
It explains the resource-sharing function of the newly described pathways.
4
Identify the consequence of the evidence.
The sentence detailing how young trees survive in the dark forest understory is the fourth sentence.
It uses the phrase 'As a result of this nutrient sharing' to show the outcome of the resource sharing established in the third sentence.
Key Concept
Supporting claims with evidence and logical sequence
Question 43Question →
The sentences below are from a draft of a scientific essay about marine camouflage. What is the most logical order for these sentences to ensure that the supporting evidence follows the main claim?
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Answer
The correct order of the sentences is: 'The Hawaiian bobtail squid employs a sophisticated method of camouflage...', followed by 'This technique relies on a symbiotic relationship...', then 'These bacteria produce a blue-green light...', and finally 'By matching the ambient light...'.
The correct sequence begins with the main claim about the squid's counterillumination camouflage, followed by the introduction of the symbiotic bacteria ('This technique...'), then the detail about how the bacteria produce light ('These bacteria...'), and concludes with the direct outcome of how this light matching prevents predation ('By matching...'). This ensures each sentence builds on the previous one, and the supporting details logically validate the initial claim.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that makes the main claim.
The sentence introducing the Hawaiian bobtail squid's use of counterillumination camouflage is the only one that does not rely on referring back to a previous concept, making it the logical start.
Establishing the main claim first sets the context for all subsequent details.
2
Look for transition words or referential pronouns that link sentences together.
The phrase 'This technique' links the second sentence directly to the 'counterillumination' technique in the first sentence, and 'These bacteria' links the third sentence to the 'bacteria' mentioned in the second sentence.
Referential pronouns require a previously introduced antecedent to be grammatically and logically coherent.
3
Connect the final outcome to the initial claim.
The sentence beginning 'By matching the ambient light' describes how the squid eliminates its shadow and prevents detection by predators, which directly supports the claim of evading predators introduced in the first sentence.
Concluding the paragraph with the ultimate function of the camouflage shows how the evidence supports the main claim.
Key Concept
Ordering sentences to ensure that supporting evidence logically builds upon and substantiates a central claim.
Question 44Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about organic chemist Percy Julian. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that Julian successfully refuted his rival's work, in what order should the sentences be arranged?
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Answer
The correct logical sequence starts with the introduction of Percy Julian's 1935 race to synthesize physostigmine, followed by the claim that his rival's structure was flawed. The paragraph then details the comparative testing process, presents the specific melting point evidence of 135∘C, and concludes with the significance of this thermodynamic measurement.
The correct order follows a clear progression from claim to method, evidence, and conclusion. The paragraph begins by introducing Percy Julian's 1935 race to synthesize physostigmine. It then introduces his career-defining claim: that Robert Robinson's published molecular structure was flawed. The transition 'To prove this' connects this claim to Julian's method of comparing physical properties. The next sentence provides the specific empirical detail—the melting point of 135∘C—that serves as the definitive proof. Finally, the concluding sentence begins with 'This precise thermodynamic measurement,' which refers back to the melting point data and explains the significance of the results.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that establishes the overall context.
The sentence introducing Percy Julian's 1935 effort to synthesize physostigmine.
It establishes the subject, compound, and timeline necessary for the paragraph's setting.
2
Locate the primary claim that requires supporting evidence.
The sentence asserting that Julian staked his career on Robinson's structure being flawed.
This sets up the conflict and the specific claim that the rest of the paragraph must support.
3
Find the transitional sentence describing the test of this claim.
The sentence beginning 'To prove this' describing the synthesis and comparison of physical properties.
The phrase 'To prove this' directly links back to the claim of a flawed molecular structure, and it outlines the method used to obtain evidence.
4
Identify the specific empirical details representing the evidence.
The sentence stating that Julian's synthetic crystals melted at exactly 135∘C while Robinson's did not.
This provides the concrete details from the comparison mentioned in the previous step.
5
Identify the concluding sentence explaining the outcome of the evidence.
The sentence starting with 'This precise thermodynamic measurement' establishing Julian's breakthrough.
The phrase 'This precise thermodynamic measurement' refers directly back to the melting point data and completes the logical progression.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 45Question →
A student is writing an essay about the unique adaptations of the glass frog. The student wants to organize the paragraph below to ensure that the claim regarding the frog's survival mechanism is followed by explanation and specific supporting evidence.
How should the student arrange these sentences to create the most logical progression of ideas?
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Answer
The correct order is to start with the sentence introducing translucency as a camouflage strategy, follow with the sentence detailing how light passes through the frog on a leaf, and conclude with the sentence explaining how this blurs the frog's silhouette to deter predators.
The paragraph is most logically organized when it begins with the broad claim about the frog's translucent camouflage, followed by the specific detail of how light passes through the skin, and ending with the final outcome of predator avoidance.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the main claim or introductory statement of the paragraph.
The statement introducing the glass frog's use of translucency as a survival mechanism is the starting point.
Paragraphs typically begin with a general claim before presenting supporting details.
2
Look for the sentence that describes the immediate mechanism or evidence of this claim.
The sentence explaining how light passes through the clear skin to match a leaf's hue follows the claim.
This provides the immediate physical explanation of how the general claim of translucency functions.
3
Locate the sentence explaining the result or ultimate effect of the mechanism.
The sentence describing how the blurred silhouette protects the frog from predators completes the sequence.
It offers the final supporting detail that links the physical mechanism back to the survival benefit.
Key Concept
Ordering sentences to ensure that supporting evidence and details logically follow a central claim.
Question 46Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about marine biology. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems rely on chemosynthesis, in what order should the sentences be placed?
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the general claim about chemosynthetic ecosystems, followed by the explanation of how specialized bacteria generate energy, then the specific example of giant tube worms, and concludes with the overall impact on the food web.
The paragraph flows logically from the general thesis about chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents, to the biological explanation of specialized bacteria, then to a specific species example (giant tube worms), and finally to the broader ecological conclusion.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the main claim of the paragraph.
The main claim is that hydrothermal vents support thriving ecosystems that depend on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis.
This establishes the topic and must be the opening sentence of the paragraph.
2
Find the explanation or evidence that defines the mechanism of chemosynthesis.
The sentence describing specialized bacteria oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to convert it into organic matter explains how chemosynthesis works in this environment.
This directly follows and supports the general claim by detailing the biological process.
3
Identify the concrete example that illustrates this relationship.
The sentence introducing giant tube worms (Riftia pachyptila) as relying on these bacteria inside a trophosome is a specific example.
An example must follow the general explanation of the concept it illustrates.
4
Find the sentence that summarizes the broader ecological impact.
The sentence beginning with 'Consequently' describes how the bacteria serve as the bedrock of the food web.
This serves as a logical conclusion, connecting the specific example of tube worms back to the wider community of crabs, shrimp, and fish.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 47Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about chemist Alice Ball. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that Ball's work solved a major clinical hurdle in treating Hansen's disease, in what order should the sentences be placed?
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Answer
The sentences should be ordered: first the description of the insolubility of chaulmoogra oil, followed by Alice Ball's chemical isolation of ethyl esters to overcome the obstacle, then the clinical evidence of patients being successfully treated, and finally the summary of how this technique transformed the treatment into a viable cure.
The correct order establishes a clear problem-solution-evidence-conclusion structure. First, the paragraph introduces the medical obstacle of insoluble oil. Second, it explains how Alice Ball's chemical isolation of ethyl esters solved 'this obstacle'. Third, it provides concrete evidence of success by detailing how the new formulation successfully cured patients. Finally, it concludes by summarizing the broader historical significance of her technique.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the initial claim or baseline problem.
The sentence describing physicians struggling to use insoluble chaulmoogra oil to treat Hansen's disease sets up the obstacle.
A logical paragraph must define the problem before explaining how it was solved.
2
Link the solution to the identified problem.
The sentence detailing Alice Ball isolating active ethyl esters to overcome 'this obstacle' directly follows the problem description.
The pronoun phrase 'this obstacle' requires the preceding sentence to have introduced the specific problem.
3
Find the evidence supporting the success of the solution.
The sentence showing that the soluble medicine allowed circulation in the bloodstream and successfully cured patients follows the chemical discovery.
Evidence of clinical success must follow the description of the development ('this breakthrough development') that made it possible.
4
Determine the concluding sentence.
The sentence summarizing the transformation of the treatment into a viable cure wraps up the paragraph.
A concluding statement logically follows the presentation of all evidence and details.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Question 48Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the discovery of the coelacanth. In what order should these paragraphs be arranged to create the most logical and cohesive transition of ideas?
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Answer
The correct sequence is to start with the paragraph establishing the coelacanth's presumed extinction, followed by the paragraph describing the 1938 trawler catch, and ending with the paragraph detailing the scientific identification of the specimen.
The correct order establishes a logical chronological and conceptual progression. The first paragraph sets up the baseline belief that the coelacanth was extinct. The second paragraph transitions using 'This long-held assumption' to describe the surprise catch of a live specimen. The final paragraph concludes the sequence by describing the examination and identification of that same specimen by the scientist mentioned at the end of the second paragraph.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that provides necessary context.
The paragraph about the coelacanth being believed to be extinct for 66 million years introduces the subject and historical belief.
This establishes the background needed to understand subsequent events.
2
Connect the paragraph containing the transition word or phrase pointing back to the introduction.
The paragraph starting with 'This long-held assumption was shattered' connects directly to the belief mentioned in the first paragraph.
The demonstrative adjective 'This' links the assumption back to the extinction belief.
3
Determine the concluding paragraph based on subsequent actions.
The paragraph about examining the specimen and confirming its identity logically follows the contact of a scientist at the end of the second paragraph.
The scientist cannot examine the specimen until after the curator contacts them.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 49Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about ancient maritime navigation. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that navigators could locate islands using ocean swells, what is the most logical order for these sentences?
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Answer
The correct sequence of sentences starts with the claim about Polynesian navigators, followed by the explanation of wave interference patterns, then the method of sensing these deviations, and finally the successful navigational outcome.
The paragraph flows logically from a broad claim to specific physical evidence, followed by the wayfinders' detection method, and finally the successful navigational result. The logical progression is reinforced by cohesive references: the wave interference patterns in the second sentence are referenced as 'these subtle deviations' in the third, which are then summarized as 'these distinct directional shifts' in the final sentence.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the topic sentence that establishes the main claim.
The sentence introducing the navigators' reliance on ocean swells to detect distant islands must be placed first.
It sets the context and states the central claim that the rest of the paragraph supports.
2
Find the explanation for the claim's physical mechanism.
The sentence explaining how islands disrupt open-ocean swells to create wave interference patterns should be placed second.
It provides the scientific basis of the claim and introduces the concept of wave disruption.
3
Connect the detection method to the physical mechanism using pronoun cues.
The sentence describing how navigators sensed 'these subtle deviations' must be placed third.
The demonstrative pronoun 'these subtle deviations' directly refers to the wave interference patterns introduced in the second sentence.
4
Determine the concluding sentence that shows the result of this method.
The sentence stating that wayfinders could determine an island's bearing by interpreting 'these distinct directional shifts' must be placed last.
It summarizes the outcome of the navigation technique and uses the phrase 'these distinct directional shifts' to refer back to the physical sensations described in the third sentence.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Question 50Question →
The following sentences are taken from a draft of an essay about animal navigation. To ensure that the paragraph logically develops its claim about how desert ants find their way and supports it with necessary details, what is the most logical order for these sentences?
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Answer
The most logical order of the sentences begins with introducing the main concept of path integration, followed by the requirement of tracking direction and distance, detailing the direction component, detailing the distance component, and concluding with how these two measurements are integrated to navigate home.
The correct order begins with the introduction of path integration as a navigation system. It then defines the two essential data points: direction and distance. Next, it details how the ant determines direction, followed by how it determines distance. Finally, it concludes by explaining how the ant integrates these two measurements to calculate its return vector.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory claim or topic sentence of the paragraph.
The sentence introducing the desert ant's reliance on path integration serves as the natural beginning because it establishes the central topic.
A logical paragraph must first state its main claim before explaining the mechanisms or details supporting it.
2
Link the central concept to its operational components.
The sentence starting with 'This system' refers back to 'path integration' and introduces the two key variables: direction and distance.
Transition words like 'This system' create a direct cohesive link to the preceding sentence, setting up the subsequent supporting evidence.
3
Order the detailed evidence explaining each component.
The sentence explaining the first component (direction) must precede the sentence explaining the second component (distance).
Presenting the details in the same order they were introduced (direction first, then distance) maintains paragraph unity and clear structure.
4
Identify the concluding sentence that synthesizes the details.
The sentence starting with 'By integrating these twin measurements' logically concludes the paragraph by showing the outcome of the two components described.
A conclusion should tie the supporting evidence back to the initial claim, showing how the ant successfully finds its way home.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 51Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about dendrochronology. To ensure that the paragraph logically builds its claim that tree-ring dating is a highly precise historical tool, in what order should the sentences be placed?
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Answer
The sentences should be ordered starting with the introduction to dendrochronology, followed by the explanation of how precision is achieved through ring growth, then the methodology of comparing patterns to build timelines, and finally the concrete example of the dated shipwreck.
The paragraph flows logically from a general definition and claim about precision, to the biological mechanism enabling that precision, to the archaeological application of the mechanism, and finally to a specific historical example demonstrating that precision in practice.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing dendrochronology and claiming it provides a precise timeline must come first.
It establishes the subject matter and key claim of the paragraph.
2
Connect the claim of precision to its scientific cause.
The sentence explaining how 'This high level of precision is achieved' via annual ring growth must come second.
The demonstrative pronoun 'this' directly links to the 'incredibly precise' claim in the first sentence.
3
Identify the logical link to larger scale applications.
The sentence describing how 'these distinctive patterns' are compared to wood samples to build regional timelines must come third.
It refers back to the patterns mentioned in the second sentence and explains how researchers use them to construct timelines.
4
Find the concrete supporting evidence.
The sentence starting with 'For example' about the shipwreck must come last.
It provides a specific real-world example that supports the general claims of precision and archaeological timeline construction established in the first three sentences.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Question 52Question →
The sentences below are from a draft of a biographical essay about inventor Mary Anderson. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order to show how Anderson's observations of a transportation hazard led directly to her development of a practical safety device.
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of Mary Anderson's streetcar ride, followed by the description of the driver's struggle with the open window, then the detail about Anderson's sketch of the rubber blade and lever, and ends with the evaluation of the device's success.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression: first, the setting and initial observation are established; second, the specific problem is detailed; third, the invention is designed to solve that problem; and fourth, the final success and legacy of the device are stated.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that establishes the setting and core subject.
The sentence introducing Mary Anderson in 1903 on a New York City streetcar must be placed first.
It provides the necessary background and introduces the driver's struggle, which is the starting point of the narrative.
2
Find the sentence that elaborates on the specific problem or hazard introduced in the first step.
The sentence beginning with 'Because the vehicle lacked any mechanism...' must be placed second.
It directly explains the cause of the driver's struggle and describes the resulting passenger discomfort and hazard.
3
Determine the sentence that describes the action taken to resolve the described problem.
The sentence starting with 'Determined to find a solution...' must be placed third.
It describes Anderson's design process, which is a direct response to the problem of the open window described in the preceding sentence.
4
Locate the sentence that evaluates the success and long-term impact of the invention.
The sentence starting with 'This manually operated device...' must be placed last.
The demonstrative adjective 'This' refers back to the device described in the third step, and the sentence provides a logical conclusion by noting the device's historical significance.
Key Concept
Logical sequencing of supporting details
Question 53Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of the typewriter. To make the passage most logical and cohesive, arrange the paragraphs in the correct sequence.
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Answer
The correct sequence of the paragraphs is: first, the paragraph describing the mid-nineteenth century office and manual copying; second, the paragraph introducing the typewriter to resolve the bottleneck; third, the paragraph detailing the rapid adoption of the machine and the hiring of female typists; and fourth, the paragraph concluding with the long-term impact on office demographics.
The logical flow of the passage moves chronologically and causally. It begins with the pre-typewriter era characterized by slow manual copying. Next, it introduces the typewriter to solve this bottleneck. It then discusses the widespread adoption of the typewriter and the resulting demand for women to operate the machines. Finally, it concludes with a summary of the long-term impact on office demographics.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph describing the mid-nineteenth century office and manual copying serves as the logical starting point because it establishes the historical status quo and the primary problem without referencing any pre-existing technology.
An effective passage opening must provide context and establish a baseline before introducing a change or invention.
2
Determine the paragraph that directly responds to the problem introduced in the first paragraph.
The paragraph starting with the transition to resolve this operational bottleneck introduces the typewriter.
The phrase 'this operational bottleneck' refers directly to the slow and costly manual copying system described at the end of the preceding paragraph, creating a smooth transition.
3
Find the paragraph that describes the consequences of adopting the new technology.
The paragraph starting with the rapid adoption of the machinery follows the introduction of the typewriter.
This paragraph explains the transition from the machine's invention to its widespread use and the resulting demand for female operators.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph that summarizes the overall impact.
The paragraph beginning with the word 'Ultimately' serves as the conclusion.
The transition word 'Ultimately' signals a conclusion, and the paragraph reflects on the broader historical significance of the typewriter.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Question 54Question →
The following paragraphs describe the historical evolution of chocolate. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The correct sequence starts with the origin and cultivation of cacao trees, followed by the harvesting and preparation of the bitter beverage by early agriculturalists, then the export of this beverage to Europe by Spanish explorers, and finally the nineteenth-century industrial transformation into solid chocolate bars.
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of cacao trees and their cultivation. The second paragraph transitions using 'These early agriculturalists' to refer back to the Olmec and Maya. The third paragraph transitions using 'this unusual beverage' to refer back to the bitter, frothy drink and advances the timeline to the sixteenth century. The final paragraph concludes the passage chronologically using 'Finally' and introducing the nineteenth-century solid chocolate bars.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph introducing cacao trees growing wild and the Olmec and Maya civilizations sets the historical context.
An introductory paragraph should establish the primary subject without referring back to previously introduced groups or pronouns.
2
Link the next step based on transitional pronouns and pronoun references.
The paragraph beginning with 'These early agriculturalists' connects directly to the Olmec and Maya civilizations.
The phrase 'These early agriculturalists' acts as a paragraph-level transition referring back to the Maya and Olmec agricultural activities.
3
Trace the chronological and thematic transition for the third paragraph.
The paragraph stating Spanish explorers brought 'this unusual beverage' to Europe follows the description of the bitter drink.
'This unusual beverage' refers back to the bitter, frothy drink described in the second paragraph, and it introduces the sixteenth century.
4
Place the final paragraph based on temporal markers and finality.
The paragraph beginning with 'Finally, in the nineteenth century' is placed last.
The word 'Finally' and the leap to the nineteenth century transition from the sixteenth-century timeline to the modern era of solid chocolate bars.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Question 55Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about ecologist Robert Paine's research. To make the essay most logical, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the paragraph introducing the prevailing historical consensus of bottom-up control, followed by the paragraph detailing Robert Paine's experiment to challenge that paradigm, followed by the paragraph describing the resulting mussel explosion, and concluding with the paragraph introducing the keystone species concept.
The correct logical order begins by establishing the historical consensus that ecosystems were structured 'from the bottom up.' The narrative then transitions to Robert Paine's attempt to challenge 'this dominant paradigm' by removing starfish. Next, the passage describes 'the consequences of this removal,' showing how the mussel population took over. Finally, the passage concludes by explaining how, 'based on these dramatic findings,' Paine formulated the theory of 'keystone species.'
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes background context without pointing backward.
The paragraph starting with 'For decades, the prevailing consensus...' is selected as the first paragraph because it contains no transition words or pronouns that require prior explanation.
An essay must begin with an independent introduction that sets the stage for the rest of the text.
2
Link the introduction to the paragraph that introduces the experiment designed to challenge the initial state.
The paragraph starting with 'To challenge this dominant paradigm...' is placed second because 'this dominant paradigm' directly references the bottom-up structuring consensus described in the first paragraph.
Transition words and demonstrative adjectives must have clear, immediate antecedents in the preceding text.
3
Determine the paragraph that details the results of the experimental intervention.
The paragraph starting with 'The consequences of this removal...' is placed third because 'this removal' refers to Paine's removal of the starfish described at the end of the second paragraph.
Chronological and causal relationships dictate that the results of an action must immediately follow the description of the action itself.
4
Locate the concluding paragraph that derives a theoretical framework from the results.
The paragraph starting with 'Based on these dramatic findings...' is placed fourth because 'these dramatic findings' refers to the biodiversity collapse outlined in the third paragraph, wrapping up the essay with a theoretical definition.
A scientific narrative concludes by generalizing experimental observations into a broader scientific theory.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Question 56Question →
For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered as: Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4.
The correct sequence begins with the ancient origin story of the marathon in 490 BCE, transitions to the first modern Olympics in 1896, continues describing the characteristics of that initial race, and concludes with the standardization of the distance in 1908. Pronoun and noun referents like 'this legend' and 'That inaugural Olympic race' align perfectly with their antecedents in this order.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph of the essay.
Paragraph 1 is placed first.
It begins the chronological timeline in 490 BCE and introduces the legend of Pheidippides, which is essential context for the rest of the text.
2
Identify the transition to the modern era.
Paragraph 2 is placed second.
It moves chronologically to the year 1896 and uses the phrase 'this legend' to refer directly to the story introduced in Paragraph 1.
3
Identify the logical continuation of the 1896 Olympic Games event.
Paragraph 3 is placed third.
It begins with 'That inaugural Olympic race', which links directly to the race established in Paragraph 2, and introduces the problem of a non-standardized distance.
4
Identify the resolution of the distance issue.
Paragraph 4 is placed fourth.
It moves forward to the 1908 Olympic Games, resolving the lack of standardization mentioned in Paragraph 3 by explaining how the permanent distance of 26.2 miles was set.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 57Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, in what order should the numbered paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered as: [1] introducing the experiment and the unexplained buzz, [2] detailing the efforts to eliminate this interference, [3] describing the theoretical work at Princeton that explained the Holmdel signal, and [4] concluding with the historical significance of this accidental discovery.
The correct order follows a clear logical progression: first, the problem is introduced; second, efforts to resolve the problem are detailed; third, a parallel theoretical discovery is linked to the problem; and fourth, the long-term impact of the discovery is summarized.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph starting in 1964 introducing Penzias and Wilson is identified as the opening paragraph.
It sets the context, introduces the key actors and the apparatus, and presents the initial problem (a persistent buzz) without relying on preceding transitions.
2
Link the initial problem to the troubleshooting efforts.
The paragraph beginning 'Determined to eliminate this interference' must immediately follow the introduction of the buzz.
The phrase 'this interference' serves as a direct pronoun-antecedent link to the 'persistent, low-frequency buzz' mentioned in the first paragraph, and details their steps to address it.
3
Find the explanation for the mystery signal.
The paragraph starting with 'Meanwhile, at nearby Princeton University' is placed third.
It introduces a simultaneous event ('Meanwhile') where Robert Dicke's team theorized about remnant radiation, and directly links their work to the 'Holmdel signal' (the unresolved noise registered in the second paragraph).
4
Determine the concluding paragraph summarizing the impact.
The paragraph starting with 'This accidental discovery' is placed last.
The phrase 'This accidental discovery' refers back to the identification of the cosmic microwave background in the third paragraph, and summarizes the scientific impact and awards that followed.
Key Concept
Paragraph Placement and Cohesion Clues
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 58Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of the bicycle. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a coherent essay.
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Answer
The correct paragraph order begins with the introduction of the penny-farthing bicycle, followed by the development of the safety bicycle, the subsequent bicycle craze, and finally the paragraph on its modern legacy.
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of early, dangerous penny-farthing bicycles in the mid-nineteenth century. This sets up the logical transition to the safety bicycle in the 1880s, which directly addresses those safety concerns. The safety bicycle's accessibility leads to the general public's bicycle craze. Finally, the essay concludes by transitioning to the present day, noting how the design remains unchanged.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph and establish the timeline.
The paragraph about mid-nineteenth-century 'penny-farthings' introduces the earliest chronological period and the initial problem (safety issues).
Establishing a starting point based on chronological order and general topic introduction is essential for organizing historical essays.
2
Look for transition words and cohesive links between paragraphs.
The paragraph starting with 'To address these safety concerns' logically follows the mention of 'dangerous occurrences' in the penny-farthing paragraph.
Pronouns and referring phrases ('these safety concerns') must immediately follow their antecedents to maintain cohesion.
3
Trace the subsequent effects or chronological progression.
The paragraph about the 'massive bicycle craze' logically flows from the safety bicycle's invention, as it explains the social consequences of making riding accessible to the public.
Social impacts and widespread adoption logically succeed the introduction of the technology that enabled them.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph by looking for modern transitions.
The paragraph beginning with 'Today' outlines the long-term legacy of the safety bicycle, bringing the historical narrative to the present day.
Transitioning to the present day is a standard way to conclude historical overviews.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 59Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about cartographer Marie Tharp's mapping of the ocean floor. To make the passage most logical and cohesive, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The paragraphs should be arranged in the order starting with the discovery of the rift valley, followed by the collaborator's dismissal, then the earthquake comparison to address the skepticism, and ending with the final correlation and publication.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. The first paragraph introduces Tharp mapping the ocean floor and finding a V-shaped valley. The second paragraph introduces collaborator Bruce Heezen's dismissal of 'this finding.' The third paragraph describes the comparison of the valley with earthquake epicenters to address 'this skepticism.' The final paragraph explains how 'this striking correlation' convinced Heezen, leading to their map's publication.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the main topic.
The paragraph starting with 'In the early 1950s...' must come first because it introduces Marie Tharp, her work mapping the ocean floor, and the discovery of the V-shaped valley.
It provides the essential context and the initial finding upon which subsequent actions are based.
2
Look for transition links referencing the initial finding.
The paragraph starting with 'Initially, her collaborator...' must come second because it refers to 'this finding,' which points directly back to the V-shaped valley discovered in the first paragraph.
This establishes the initial conflict and Heezen's skepticism regarding Tharp's data.
3
Identify the response to the conflict/skepticism.
The paragraph starting with 'To address this skepticism...' must come third because it uses the transitional phrase 'this skepticism' to refer back to Heezen's dismissive reaction in the second paragraph.
It details the scientific investigation conducted to verify or disprove the original findings.
4
Locate the conclusion of the narrative arc.
The paragraph starting with 'This striking correlation...' must come last because 'This striking correlation' refers directly to the earthquake-to-valley alignment shown in the third paragraph, and it finishes the story with the publication of the map.
It summarizes the ultimate acceptance of the theory and the resolution of the scientific debate.
Key Concept
Identifying paragraph-level transition words, phrases, and logical connections to arrange paragraphs in a coherent sequence.
Question 60Question →
The following paragraphs are taken from an essay about the decipherment of Linear B. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a coherent essay.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered as: first, the paragraph introducing the discovery of Linear B in 1900 and Evans's Minoan theory; second, the paragraph detailing Alice Kober's 1940s challenge to the Minoan paradigm; third, the paragraph explaining Michael Ventris's codebreaking approach using Kober's structural grids; and finally, the paragraph announcing the 1952 decipherment and its historical significance.
The most logical order progresses chronologically and structurally. The essay opens with the discovery of the tablets in 1900 and the initial belief in their Minoan origin. The second paragraph logically follows by challenging 'This paradigm of Minoan origin' in the 1940s and introducing Alice Kober's grammatical analysis. The third paragraph then builds upon 'these structural grids' established by Kober to describe Michael Ventris's codebreaking approach. Finally, the essay concludes in 1952 with Ventris's announcement of the decipherment and its lasting historical significance.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the main topic and timeline.
The paragraph starting with 'For nearly half a century' serves as the introduction, introducing the Knossos discovery in 1900 and Evans's initial Minoan hypothesis.
An essay must establish the subject and historical starting point before detailing subsequent challenges or breakthroughs.
2
Look for transition phrases connecting to the initial hypothesis.
The paragraph starting with 'This paradigm of Minoan origin' directly connects back to Evans's conviction of a Minoan tongue.
The demonstrative adjective 'This paradigm' requires a preceding referent, which is the Minoan theory introduced in the first paragraph. This also moves the chronological timeline to the 1940s.
3
Find the next logical link in the decipherment process.
The paragraph starting with 'Building upon these structural grids' links back to Kober's identification of word endings and inflection patterns (the 'grids').
Ventris's work builds on Kober's grammatical structures, making this the logical successor to the paragraph describing her work.
4
Determine the concluding paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'In 1952, Ventris officially announced' functions as the conclusion.
It presents the culmination of the research (the 1952 announcement) and discusses the long-term historical implications of the decipherment.
Key Concept
Logical paragraph flow in an essay depends on recognizing transitional words, demonstrative pronouns/adjectives that refer to preceding ideas, and chronological progression.
Estimated Time:2m 0s