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Question 61Question →
The sentences below are from a draft of an essay about gecko adhesion. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order to support the claim that geckos rely on microscopic structures and physical forces to climb smooth surfaces.
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Answer
The correct order of the sentences starts with the general introduction of setae on geckos' toes, followed by the description of how setae split into spatulae, followed by the explanation of how spatulae generate van der Waals forces, and concluding with the explanation of the cumulative strength of these forces.
The logical flow must progress from the general structure to the specific sub-structure, then to the physical force it generates, and finally to the overall result of that force. The sentence introducing setae must be first to set up the paragraph's claim. The sentence describing 'these setae' splitting into 'spatulae' must follow. Then, the sentence explaining the molecular forces generated by 'these spatulae' is positioned. Finally, the sentence summarizing the cumulative effect of these forces concludes the paragraph.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the topic sentence that establishes the central claim.
The sentence stating that geckos can climb smooth walls due to millions of microscopic hairs called setae on their toes is the topic sentence.
It introduces the main subject (geckos' climbing ability) and the primary mechanism (setae) without relying on prior context.
2
Find the sentence that details the structure introduced in the topic sentence.
The sentence explaining that 'Each of these setae splits into hundreds of even smaller, spatula-shaped tips called spatulae' follows next.
The pronoun phrase 'these setae' directly refers back to the 'setae' introduced in the first sentence, creating a logical transition and introducing 'spatulae.'
3
Locate the sentence explaining the function of the spatulae.
The sentence stating that 'When these spatulae come into close contact with a surface, weak electromagnetic attractions known as van der Waals forces are generated...' is placed third.
It uses the referent 'these spatulae' to build upon the definition in the second sentence and explains the physical force they generate.
4
Determine the concluding sentence showing the cumulative result.
The sentence beginning with 'Although an individual molecular bond is weak, the cumulative effect...' is placed last.
It refers to the 'individual molecular bond' (van der Waals forces from the third sentence) and concludes by demonstrating how this cumulative effect supports the gecko's weight, reinforcing the central claim.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Question 62Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphs. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered as follows: first, the paragraph describing the initial scholarly consensus that Mayan glyphs were not phonetic; second, the paragraph introducing Yuri Knorozov's breakthrough that challenged this deadlock; and third, the paragraph detailing the subsequent decipherment and legacy of this research.
The correct order establishes a logical progression: it starts with the historical consensus that glyphs were not phonetic, transitions to Yuri Knorozov breaking this scholarly deadlock in the 1950s, and ends with how other researchers built on Knorozov's breakthrough to read classic Mayan inscriptions today.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Analyze the opening sentences of each paragraph to identify transitional words or reference phrases.
One paragraph begins with 'Building on Knorozov's phonetic breakthrough', indicating it must follow a paragraph introducing Knorozov. Another paragraph begins with 'This scholarly deadlock', implying it must follow a paragraph describing a consensus or lack of progress.
Paragraph-level transitions rely on lexical and conceptual connections, such as pronouns, demonstrative adjectives, and chronological markers.
2
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the initial context.
The paragraph describing the long-held belief that Mayan glyphs were purely symbolic and could not be translated phonetically sets up the context of a rigid scholarly consensus.
This paragraph has no preceding references and introduces the topic, making it the logical start.
3
Match the transition phrases to connect the remaining paragraphs.
The paragraph starting with 'This scholarly deadlock' refers to the rigid consensus described in the first paragraph. The paragraph starting with 'Building on Knorozov's phonetic breakthrough' refers to the phonetic work established in the Knorozov paragraph.
Connecting these referring phrases ensures a logical flow from consensus, to breakthrough, to modern impact.
Key Concept
Identifying paragraph-level transition cues to arrange ideas in a logical sequence.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 63Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about a major marine science breakthrough. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order.
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Answer
The correct sequence of paragraphs is: the paragraph introducing the historical view of the ocean floor as a desert; followed by the paragraph describing how this view was challenged by the 1977 expedition; followed by the paragraph describing the explorers' surprise discovery of dense marine life; followed by the paragraph explaining that these creatures survived via chemosynthesis; and concluding with the paragraph detailing the landmark legacy of the discovery.
The correct order follows a clear logical progression: first introducing the initial scientific assumption, then introducing the event that challenged it, then describing the findings of the event, followed by explaining the mechanism of these findings, and finally detailing the legacy of the entire discovery.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the main topic and context without relying on preceding context.
The paragraph starting with 'For decades, oceanographers operated under the assumption...' is the only one that does not contain transition words, backward-looking pronouns, or references to prior events. It establishes the baseline assumption that the deep ocean floor is devoid of life.
An essay must begin with a clear introduction that provides necessary context for subsequent details.
2
Look for a paragraph that directly connects to the introductory assumption.
The paragraph starting with 'This prevailing view was dramatically challenged in 1977...' contains the demonstrative phrase 'This prevailing view,' which refers directly to the assumption that the ocean floor is a biological desert. This paragraph also introduces the 1977 expedition.
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives must immediately follow their antecedents to maintain cohesion.
3
Trace the narrative of the expedition introduced in the previous step.
The paragraph starting with 'Expecting to find only volcanic rocks...' refers to the scientists from the previous paragraph as 'the explorers' and describes what they found upon descending into the Galapagos Rift.
Chronological and narrative flow dictates that the arrival and immediate observations of the expedition must follow its introduction.
4
Find the paragraph that explains the details of the creatures discovered.
The paragraph starting with 'Rather than relying on solar energy, these unique creatures...' refers back to the giant tubeworms and blind crabs from the previous paragraph using the phrase 'these unique creatures.' It explains the chemical process (chemosynthesis) behind their survival.
Noun phrases like 'these unique creatures' require a clear, preceding referent to make logical sense.
5
Identify the concluding paragraph that summarizes the significance of the event.
The paragraph starting with 'This landmark discovery...' refers to the entire sequence of events and findings as 'this landmark discovery' and explains its long-term impact on marine biology and space exploration.
Concluding paragraphs typically synthesize the information presented and discuss its broader implications, often starting with summarizing references.
Key Concept
Using transition words, pronoun antecedents, and logical narrative progression to determine the correct order of paragraphs in a passage.
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 64Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse and the development of modern cement. To make the essay most logical and cohesive, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The paragraphs must be arranged in the sequence starting with the historical failures of wooden structures on the reef, followed by John Smeaton's transition to stone and the mortar issue, then the chemical experiments resulting in hydraulic lime, and ending with the completion of the lighthouse and the global legacy of modern cement.
The correct sequence flows from the historical background of the reef's hazards and early wooden failures, to John Smeaton's decision to use stone and his discovery of the mortar problem, to his subsequent experimental research creating hydraulic lime, and finally to the physical construction of the tower and its long-term impact on modern civil engineering.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph introducing the location (Eddystone Rocks) and the initial structural failures (wooden lighthouses being swept away) sets the historical context and must come first.
An essay must establish the setting and the primary problem before detailing individual efforts to solve it.
2
Find the bridge from timber failures to Smeaton's project.
The paragraph noting that John Smeaton sought a material 'far sturdier than wood: stone' directly picks up the thread of timber's inadequacy and introduces the chemical challenge of underwater mortar.
This paragraph explicitly references the wooden materials from the first paragraph and sets up the primary chemical conflict of the essay.
3
Locate the resolution to the mortar setting problem.
The paragraph beginning with 'To overcome this barrier' describes Smeaton's chemical experiments and his ultimate development of hydraulic lime.
The phrase 'this barrier' links directly back to the previous paragraph's concluding point about traditional lime mortar washing away before setting in water.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph and its transition.
The paragraph beginning 'Armed with this revolutionary binding agent' completes the narrative by describing the building's construction and its broader legacy.
The phrase 'this revolutionary binding agent' refers to the 'hydraulic lime' developed in the preceding paragraph, and the text shifts from the specific build to a broad, global historical summary.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Estimated Time:2m 30s
Question 65Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the decipherment of the ancient Maya hieroglyphic script. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The paragraphs should be ordered as follows: first, the paragraph establishing the historical mystery and early consensus; second, the paragraph introducing Knorozov's phonetic methodology; third, the paragraph detailing his testing of the hypothesis using Diego de Landa's manuscript; and finally, the paragraph describing the ultimate triumph and modern impact of his breakthrough.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. The passage begins with the paragraph establishing the historical mystery and the prevailing consensus that the Maya script was ideographic. The second paragraph transitions by referencing 'This scholarly consensus' and introducing Knorozov's counter-proposal of a phonetic script. The third paragraph transitions by stating 'To test this phonetic hypothesis,' detailing Knorozov's work with the Landa manuscript. The final paragraph concludes by showing how, 'Despite initial resistance,' the phonetic approach revolutionized the field and leads to the present-day status where epigraphers can read the majority of the texts.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'For centuries' introduces the ancient Maya script mystery and the early scholarly belief that the glyphs were ideographic. This sets up the context for the entire passage and must come first.
An introductory paragraph typically introduces the main subject and provides historical context without relying on preceding referents.
2
Connect the next paragraph using the referent 'This scholarly consensus'.
The paragraph starting with 'This scholarly consensus remained unchallenged' must follow the introduction, as it directly refers to the consensus of early scholars who believed the script was ideographic.
Transitions often rely on demonstrative pronouns ('this', 'these') that must refer to a noun or concept introduced in the immediate prior sentence or paragraph.
3
Connect the testing of the theory using the referent 'this phonetic hypothesis'.
The paragraph starting with 'To test this phonetic hypothesis' must follow the second paragraph, which ends with Knorozov's proposal that the script used 'phonetic signs representing individual syllables.'
The reference to 'this phonetic hypothesis' cannot logically occur until after the hypothesis itself has been explicitly introduced.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph detailing the outcome.
The paragraph starting with 'Despite initial resistance' describes the ultimate success of Knorozov's method and its modern-day results ('Today, because of this breakthrough...'). This provides a logical resolution to the narrative.
A concluding paragraph wraps up the discussion of a historical development by describing its long-term impact and present-day status.
Key Concept
Identifying logical relationships and cohesive transitions between paragraphs using cohesive devices, demonstrative referents, and chronological progression.
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 66Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of the chocolate chip cookie. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, in what order should the numbered paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The paragraphs should be arranged in the order: Paragraph [3], Paragraph [4], Paragraph [1], and Paragraph [2].
The correct order of the paragraphs is Paragraph [3], Paragraph [4], Paragraph [1], and Paragraph [2]. Paragraph [3] introduces the topic and the creator, setting the context. Paragraph [4] follows by detailing the specific accident of the invention. Paragraph [1] details the immediate aftermath and introduces Nestlé. Paragraph [2] concludes with the deal struck between Wakefield and Nestlé.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that provides the overall context for the essay.
Paragraph [3] is identified as the introduction.
Paragraph [3] introduces the central topic (the chocolate chip cookie) and the creator (Ruth Wakefield) while setting up the premise of an accidental invention.
2
Find the paragraph that explains the details of the accidental invention mentioned in Paragraph [3].
Paragraph [4] is identified as the second paragraph.
Paragraph [4] describes the specific details of the accident ('Wakefield had intended... Instead...'), which directly explains the accidental invention introduced in Paragraph [3].
3
Determine the paragraph that describes the immediate result of the cookies' creation and introduces the next logical topic.
Paragraph [1] is identified as the third paragraph.
Paragraph [1] details the immediate popularity of these new cookies and introduces the Nestlé chocolate company, preparing the reader for the final paragraph.
4
Identify the paragraph that describes the business deal made between Nestlé and Wakefield.
Paragraph [2] is identified as the final paragraph.
Paragraph [2] must follow Paragraph [1] because it begins by referencing Nestlé's recognition of a business opportunity, which builds directly on Nestlé's interest introduced at the end of Paragraph [1].
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Question 67Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the history of the potato in Europe. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a cohesive passage.
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Answer
The correct order of the paragraphs is: the introduction of the potato's arrival, followed by the paragraph describing initial European suspicion, and concluding with the paragraph explaining its eventual adoption as a staple crop.
The most logical order begins with the introduction of the potato's origin and arrival in Europe, continues with the paragraph describing the public suspicion that existed despite botanical interest, and concludes with the paragraph detailing its eventual acceptance as a staple crop due to famine and war.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph describing the Incas and the Spanish explorers introducing the potato to Europe is identified as the starting point.
It establishes the subject of the essay and provides the necessary context before any reaction to the crop is discussed.
2
Use transition words to link the next paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'Despite this botanical interest' is placed second.
The phrase 'this botanical interest' directly references the curiosity of European botanists mentioned at the end of the introductory paragraph.
3
Verify the logical conclusion of the passage.
The paragraph beginning with 'Over time, however' is placed last.
It explains how the initial fear and decorative use of the plant evolved into adoption as a staple food source, resolving the narrative.
Key Concept
Paragraph-Level Transitions
Question 68Question →
The sentences below are from a draft of an essay about historical preservation. To ensure the paragraph logically builds its claim that optical scanning technologies safely retrieve sound from fragile wax cylinders, arrange the sentences in the most logical order.
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Answer
The correct order of the sentences begins with the explanation of the fragile wax cylinders and traditional stylus wear, followed by the introduction of non-contact optical scanners, then the conversion of those visual scans into a three-dimensional digital model, and concludes with the software recreating the audio from the model.
The paragraph develops logically by first identifying the problem (stylus wear on fragile wax cylinders), introducing the technological solution (optical scanners), explaining the intermediate processing step (creating a three-dimensional model), and concluding with the final output (software recreating the audio).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence that sets up the context or claim.
The sentence describing the historical struggle to preserve wax cylinders due to physical stylus wear is the only logical start.
It introduces the topic and the central problem that the rest of the paragraph addresses.
2
Connect the problem to the proposed solution using cohesive transitions.
The sentence starting with 'In response to this preservation crisis' follows next, introducing the optical scanning method.
The phrase 'this preservation crisis' directly references the stylus damage described in the opening sentence.
3
Trace the step-by-step technological process.
The sentence about converting visual scans into a three-dimensional digital model follows the introduction of scanners.
The phrase 'These detailed visual scans' references the scans generated by the optical scanners in the second sentence.
4
Locate the concluding sentence that resolves the problem.
The sentence starting with 'Ultimately' comes last.
It uses the phrase 'this digital model' to refer to the model generated in the third step, and completes the explanation of how audio is safely retrieved.
Key Concept
Logical paragraph development and cohesive transitions supporting a claim with step-by-step details.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 69Question →
The paragraphs below are from a draft of an essay about the history of microbiology. To make the essay most logical and cohesive, in what order should the paragraphs be placed?
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Answer
The correct order of the paragraphs is Paragraph 2, followed by Paragraph 3, then Paragraph 4, and finally Paragraph 1.
The correct order is Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, Paragraph 1. Paragraph 2 introduces the historical setting and the challenge of finding a solid bacterial culture medium. Paragraph 3 follows logically by referencing 'these laboratory struggles' and proposing agar-agar as a solution. Paragraph 4 details the integration of 'this simple recommendation' and its immediate success in the lab. Finally, Paragraph 1 describes 'the subsequent transition' to agar-agar as a historical breakthrough and concludes by referencing its modern usage.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph that establishes the main topic and characters without relying on previous context.
Paragraph 2 is the only candidate that does not start with a transitional word or pronoun referring to earlier information. It introduces the core problem (the need for a solid medium) and the historical figure (Robert Koch).
An essay must begin by establishing its topic and context before referencing specific developments or individuals.
2
Trace the logical progression of Koch's struggle to find a solution by looking for transitional links.
Paragraph 3 begins with 'Observing these laboratory struggles,' which directly references the problems with potato slices and melting gelatin described in Paragraph 2. It introduces Fanny Hesse's suggestion of agar-agar.
Cohesive texts link paragraph openings to the specific details or ideas presented at the end of the preceding paragraph.
3
Link the introduction of the recommendation to its subsequent implementation or result.
Paragraph 4 begins with 'This simple recommendation,' which refers directly to the culinary alternative of agar-agar suggested by Fanny Hesse in Paragraph 3. It details the immediate positive results of Koch using this recommendation.
Demonstrative adjectives like 'this' require a clear, immediate antecedent in the prior sentence or paragraph.
4
Identify the paragraph that summarizes the long-term impact and concludes the passage.
Paragraph 1 refers to 'The subsequent transition,' which logically follows the testing described in Paragraph 4, and concludes with a modern perspective starting with 'Today.'
Concluding paragraphs often shift from historical narrative to present-day implications or broader summaries.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Question 70Question →
The following sentences are taken from a draft of an essay about marine biology.
[1] This glowing display helps the squid attract prey and communicate with potential mates in the darkness.
[2] Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
[3] For example, the firefly squid uses light-producing organs called photophores to illuminate the deep ocean.
The writer wants to organize the sentences in the paragraph so that it logically transitions from a general definition of bioluminescence, to a specific organism that uses it, and finally to the biological purpose of that light. What is the correct order of these sentences?
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Answer
The correct order of sentences is: 'Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism,' followed by 'For example, the firefly squid uses light-producing organs called photophores to illuminate the deep ocean,' and concluding with 'This glowing display helps the squid attract prey and communicate with potential mates in the darkness.'
The correct order logically builds from the general definition of bioluminescence to the specific example of the firefly squid, and then to the practical function of the squid's photophores. This sequence fulfills the rhetorical goal of transitioning from general definition to specific example, to biological purpose.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the sentence that defines the general concept to initiate the paragraph.
The sentence defining bioluminescence is identified as the opening sentence.
Establishing a general definition first provides the necessary context for subsequent details.
2
Locate the sentence that introduces a specific example using a transitional phrase.
The sentence introducing the firefly squid with the phrase 'For example' is placed second.
This transitions the reader from the general definition of the phenomenon to a concrete biological example.
3
Identify the sentence explaining the biological function that relies on preceding information.
The sentence detailing how the display helps the squid survive is placed last.
The phrase 'This glowing display' requires a prior mention of the light-producing organs, and explaining its purpose fulfills the final part of the writer's rhetorical goal.
Key Concept
Fulfilling Specific Rhetorical and Writing Goals
Question 71Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about Grace Hopper's pioneering work in computer science. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to create a coherent essay.
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the paragraph introducing the early days of computing and Grace Hopper's goal, followed by the paragraph detailing the skepticism toward this visionary proposal, then the paragraph explaining the method of constructing such a translator, and ending with the paragraph presenting the A-0 System as the culmination of this experimental linker.
The correct logical order begins with the paragraph introducing Grace Hopper's initial proposal to write code in English. This is followed by the paragraph describing the peers' skepticism toward 'this visionary proposal' and Hopper's decision to design a translation program. Next comes the paragraph detailing how 'such a translator' was constructed by linking subroutines. Finally, the paragraph describing 'this experimental linker' completing the A-0 System in 1952 represents the culmination of her efforts.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph of the passage.
The paragraph starting with 'In the early days of computing...' is the only one that establishes the overall context and introduces the subject, Grace Hopper, without relying on transition words or reference words.
An essay must begin with general context and introduction before introducing specific developments or counterarguments.
2
Connect the introduction to the next logical step using transition clues.
The paragraph beginning with 'However, this visionary proposal...' connects to the end of the first paragraph because 'this visionary proposal' refers back to Hopper's belief that programmers should write instructions in English.
Demonstrative pronouns must immediately follow their logical noun referents to maintain flow.
3
Determine the technical development sequence from the remaining paragraphs.
The paragraph starting with 'To construct such a translator...' must follow the proposal of a translation program at the end of the second paragraph, as 'such a translator' refers to that program.
Specific construction steps must follow the proposal of the tool being built.
4
Identify the concluding paragraph that resolves the sequence.
The paragraph starting with 'This experimental linker...' refers to the linking method described in the third paragraph and completes the timeline by introducing the finished A-0 System in 1952.
The final product and long-term impact serve as the culmination of the development process described in the preceding paragraphs.
Key Concept
Paragraph Reordering and Placement
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 72Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about avian migration. What is the most logical order of these sentences to support the central claim that physiological adaptations enable the bar-headed goose to fly at high altitudes?
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of the migration context, followed by the general claim about physiological adaptations, then the detail about hemoglobin, and finally the detail about capillaries.
The correct order follows a logical progression: first introducing the goose's high-altitude migration, then presenting the claim that physiological adaptations facilitate this flight, next providing the detail of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding ability, and finally describing how capillary density complements that oxygen-binding capacity.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the bar-headed goose and its migration over the Himalayas must come first.
It establishes the subject and the specific environmental challenge without relying on pronouns or transition words that require preceding context.
2
Locate the sentence stating the central claim.
The sentence asserting that the goose relies on physiological adaptations to fly in 'this thin air' must follow the introduction.
The phrase 'this thin air' refers directly back to the high altitudes introduced in the first sentence, and the statement sets up the general claim that the remaining sentences will substantiate.
3
Order the supporting evidence logically.
The sentence detailing the hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity must follow the claim, and the sentence about muscle capillaries must go last.
The hemoglobin sentence begins with 'Most notably,' indicating it is the first example of the physiological adaptations. The capillary sentence starts with 'This enhanced oxygen-binding capacity,' which directly references the hemoglobin adaptation, meaning it must come after it.
Key Concept
Supporting Claims with Evidence and Details
Question 73Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the discovery of pulsars. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, in what order should the paragraphs be arranged?
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Answer
The correct order of paragraphs is Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, and then Paragraph 4.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. Paragraph 1 establishes the setting (1967), the researcher (Jocelyn Bell), and the initial research (analyzing chart paper for quasars). Paragraph 2 follows logically as Bell examines 'these printouts' (referring to the chart paper), detects a pulsing signal, and her supervisor suspects 'man-made interference.' Paragraph 3 continues the narrative with 'To rule out this possibility of local interference,' explaining how she found more signals and proved they came from deep space. Paragraph 4 concludes the essay by referring to the deep-space signals as 'these mysterious cosmic beacons,' naming them 'pulsars,' and explaining their physical mechanism.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
Paragraph 1 is identified as the introduction.
Paragraph 1 sets up the narrative by establishing the context (1967, Cambridge), the researcher (Jocelyn Bell), and the goal of analyzing chart paper from a radio telescope to scan for quasars. None of the other paragraphs can begin the essay because they refer to pre-existing research or signals.
2
Determine the next logical step in the narrative.
Paragraph 2 follows Paragraph 1.
Paragraph 2 starts with 'While examining these printouts,' which directly links back to the 'chart paper' mentioned in Paragraph 1. It introduces the discovery of the anomaly and the supervisor's initial skepticism, labeling the pulses as 'man-made interference.'
3
Link the verification process to the initial skepticism.
Paragraph 3 follows Paragraph 2.
Paragraph 3 begins with 'To rule out this possibility of local interference,' directly responding to the supervisor's concern in Paragraph 2. It documents the discovery of additional sources that proved the signals originated in deep space.
4
Establish the concluding paragraph that names and defines the phenomenon.
Paragraph 4 follows Paragraph 3.
Paragraph 4 opens with 'These mysterious cosmic beacons,' referring back to the deep-space signals confirmed in Paragraph 3. It provides the final resolution by naming the beacons 'pulsars' and defining their astronomical nature.
Key Concept
Paragraph reordering relies on identifying cohesive transition words, pronoun references, and logical/chronological progression between paragraphs.
Question 74Question →
The following sentences are from a draft of an essay about ancient acoustics. Arrange the sentences to form a cohesive paragraph that logically transitions from introducing the Theater of Epidaurus to explaining the scientific basis for its unique acoustic properties.
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Answer
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of the Theater of Epidaurus, followed by the historical debate over its acoustics, the introduction of the 2007 research study, the findings of that study regarding the filtering effect of the limestone seats, and finally the practical impact of this filtering on the audience.
The correct paragraph order flows logically from general context to a specific mystery, then to a scientific study investigating that mystery, the specific findings of that study, and finally the real-world implication of those findings. Cohesive links such as 'this enduring mystery' pointing back to the debate, 'Their study' pointing to the researchers, and 'By filtering out' referencing the acoustic filter ensure a smooth, coherent progression.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the Theater of Epidaurus and its reputation for acoustic clarity must come first to establish the topic.
Readers require the subject to be introduced before exploring any mysteries or scientific investigations related to it.
2
Connect the introduction to the historical problem.
The sentence describing the centuries-long debate about how the actors' voices carry is placed second.
This establishes the central question or mystery that subsequent research will attempt to solve.
3
Identify the transition to modern scientific investigation.
The sentence introducing the 2007 study is placed third.
It uses the demonstrative phrase 'this enduring mystery' to refer directly back to the debate mentioned in the second sentence.
4
Determine the placement of the study's findings.
The sentence explaining how the limestone seats act as a filter is placed fourth.
It begins with 'Their study,' which uses a pronoun that must immediately follow the introduction of the researchers in the third sentence.
5
Establish the concluding impact.
The sentence describing the result of the acoustic filtering is placed last.
It begins with 'By filtering out,' which directly references the 'acoustic filter' mechanism established in the fourth sentence, summarizing the ultimate effect on the audience.
Key Concept
Fulfilling rhetorical goals of organization and cohesion requires arranging sentences so that each sentence logically connects to the preceding one through explicit transitions, pronoun referents, and topic development.
Question 75Question →
The following paragraphs are from a draft of an essay about the preservation of the Terracotta Army. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of this essay, arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order.
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Answer
The correct order of the paragraphs is: the introduction to the Terracotta Army, the explanation of the lacquer painting technique, the description of how exposure caused flaking, and the summary of the scientific treatment used to stop the degradation.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and causal progression: the introduction of the Terracotta Army, the description of how the lacquer base was applied to achieve that realism, the explanation of how this lacquer became a vulnerability during excavation, and finally the collaborative scientific solution to halt the degradation.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'In 1974, farmers...' is selected as the first paragraph.
It introduces the topic of the Terracotta Army and does not rely on any preceding transition phrases or pronouns.
2
Find the paragraph that transitions from the introduction's mention of vibrant colors.
The paragraph starting with 'To achieve this vibrant realism...' is placed second.
The transition 'this vibrant realism' refers directly to the colorful 'lifelike spectacle' described in the final sentence of the first paragraph.
3
Find the paragraph that explains the vulnerability mentioned at the end of the second paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'This vulnerability became apparent...' is placed third.
The opening words 'This vulnerability' refer back to the 'greatest vulnerability during modern excavation' introduced in the previous paragraph.
4
Place the paragraph containing the resolution.
The paragraph starting with 'Recognizing the urgency...' is placed fourth.
It refers to 'this rapid degradation' (referring to the flaking described in the third paragraph) and provides the scientific solution, bringing the essay to a logical conclusion.
Key Concept
Logical paragraph reordering using transition words, cohesive phrases, and pronoun-antecedent reference links.
Question 76Question →
The following sentences are from a paragraph about the history of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Arrange these sentences in the most logical sequence to form a cohesive, unified paragraph, ensuring that the introduction and conclusion are placed effectively.
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Answer
The correct chronological and logical order of the paragraph is: the discovery of the protein in the jellyfish, the realization decades later of its fusion capabilities and naming it GFP, the description of how expressing this tag allowed live cell visualization, the subsequent revolution of specific scientific fields, and the concluding summary of its global biotechnology legacy.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. It begins by introducing the discovery of the bioluminescent protein in 1962. It then transitions decades later to the formal naming of GFP and the discovery of its genetic fusion. Next, it explains the mechanism of expressing this tag to visualize cells. After that, it details the specific scientific fields revolutionized by this imaging breakthrough. Finally, it concludes with a summary of GFP's global legacy as a biotechnology powerhouse.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the initial 1962 isolation of the protein from the jellyfish is the only option that does not rely on prior context, establishing the subject of the paragraph.
An effective introduction must establish the topic and set the baseline context for subsequent sentences.
2
Establish the next chronological step using transitions.
The sentence starting with 'Decades later' transitions from the 1962 discovery to the formal naming of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the realization of its genetic fusion potential.
Logical flow relies on transitions that link ideas chronologically and introduce terms before they are referenced.
3
Find the sentence that elaborates on the mechanism of fusion.
The sentence starting with 'By successfully expressing this glowing tag' directly expands on the genetic fusion technique, explaining how it enables live visualization.
Paragraph unity requires details about a mechanism to immediately follow the introduction of that mechanism.
4
Identify the impact of the visualization technique.
The sentence starting with 'This non-invasive imaging breakthrough' names the specific fields (neurobiology and oncology) that were revolutionized by the live visualization technique.
Information should flow from general capability to specific real-world applications.
5
Determine the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Ultimately' provides a high-level summary of the entire transition from jellyfish discovery to biotechnological powerhouse.
A strong conclusion synthesizes the paragraph's details and emphasizes the overall significance of the subject.
Key Concept
Opening and Concluding Sentences
Question 77Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the origin of the ice cream cone. Arrange the paragraphs in the most logical order to make the essay cohesive.
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Answer
The logical order of the paragraphs is: first the introduction of Arnold Fornachou and the 1904 World's Fair setting; second, the description of Fornachou's dish shortage and the introduction of Ernest Hamwi; and third, the description of Hamwi rolling a waffle to create the ice cream cone.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression. The essay begins by introducing the setting of the 1904 World's Fair and the ice cream seller Arnold Fornachou. The second paragraph introduces a conflict (running out of dishes) using the contrasting transition 'However' and introduces the neighbor Ernest Hamwi. The final paragraph resolves this conflict by showing how Hamwi used his waffles to create the cone, referencing Hamwi by name and the waffles introduced previously.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph starting with 'In the summer of 1904...' is identified as the introduction.
It establishes the time, place, and main subject (Arnold Fornachou) without relying on any external references.
2
Find the paragraph that introduces a conflict or problem related to the introduction.
The paragraph beginning with 'However, Fornachou's success...' is placed next.
It uses the transition word 'However' to contrast Fornachou's success mentioned in the first paragraph with a new problem, and introduces Ernest Hamwi.
3
Locate the paragraph that resolves the conflict.
The paragraph starting with 'Hamwi rolled...' is placed last.
It references 'Hamwi' and 'his warm waffles' (which were introduced in the second paragraph) and describes the solution to the dish shortage.
Key Concept
Identifying logical transitions, chronological order, and clear pronoun/noun references between paragraphs to ensure cohesion.
Question 78Question →
The writer wants to organize the following sentences into a cohesive paragraph that introduces the Montreal Biosphere, details its physical structure, explains the engineering solution used to support it, and concludes with its modern significance. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to fulfill this goal.
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Answer
The paragraph should begin with introducing the dome, followed by its physical description, the mathematical solution to its weight distribution, and finally its modern significance.
The correct order begins by introducing the dome, describes its physical structure, explains the engineering principle used to support it, and concludes with its modern significance.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory sentence.
The sentence introducing the dome serves as the topic sentence.
A logical paragraph must first establish the subject (the Montreal Biosphere) before providing specific structural details.
2
Identify the sentence detailing physical structure.
The sentence describing the steel lattice and acrylic skin follows the introduction.
This details the specific construction of the geodesic dome mentioned in the introduction.
3
Identify the engineering solution.
The sentence about using interlocking triangles to support the vast space follows the structural details.
This explains how the physical structure (the geodesic dome) is mathematically supported without internal columns.
4
Identify the concluding sentence.
The sentence starting with 'Today' concludes the paragraph.
This provides a natural transition to the modern legacy of the Biosphere, wrapping up the paragraph's discussion.
Key Concept
Fulfilling specific rhetorical goals through logical paragraph organization.
Question 79Question →
The writer wants to arrange the sentences to logically explain the progression of Mary Anderson's invention from identifying the problem to developing and ultimately establishing the solution. Arrange the sentences in the most logical order to achieve this goal.
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Answer
The sentences should be ordered: first, the initial observation of the driver clearing sleet; second, the negative consequences of that method; third, the design of the hand-operated wiper; and fourth, the commercial rejection and eventual standard adoption.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and causal progression: first, Anderson observes the driver's problem in 1903; second, she reflects on the negative impacts of this manual clearing method; third, she designs a hand-operated wooden arm as a solution; and fourth, the design moves from initial rejection to standard adoption.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the sentence that introduces the primary setting and the initial problem.
The sentence about Mary Anderson's 1903 trolley ride introduces the setting and the problem of the driver clearing sleet.
A logical narrative paragraph must establish the context and problem before explaining any subsequent reactions or designs.
2
Find the sentence that details the immediate consequences of the identified problem.
The sentence describing how the manual clearing method chilled the passengers and obstructed the view connects directly to the sleet-clearing problem.
This maintains continuity by defining the specific issues that motivated Anderson to brainstorm a safer alternative.
3
Determine which sentence describes the development of the solution.
The sentence detailing her return to Alabama and the design of the hand-operated wooden arm with a rubber blade represents the creation of the solution.
This step logically follows the intention to brainstorm an alternative.
4
Locate the sentence showing the long-term resolution or ultimate outcome.
The sentence explaining that manufacturers initially rejected the patent but eventually made it standard equipment completes the narrative arc.
Historical outcome and future standard adoption naturally conclude the discussion of the invention's progression.
Key Concept
Sentence-level logic and narrative coherence in establishing a chronological progression from problem to solution.
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 80Question →
The following paragraphs are from an essay about the historic discovery of a rare fish. To make the essay most logical and cohesive, in what order should the paragraphs be placed?
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Answer
The paragraphs should be placed in the order starting with the discovery of the fish in South Africa, followed by the curation and sending of the sketch, then the scientist's identification of the specimen, and ending with the historic impact of the find.
The correct order follows a clear chronological and logical progression: introducing the initial discovery of the fish, attempting to identify the creature and sending a sketch, receiving the sketch and identifying the coelacanth, and finally discussing the modern significance of this discovery.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the introductory paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'In December 1938' is the introduction.
It establishes the timeline, key figure, and initial discovery without references to prior information.
2
Trace pronoun and noun references to find the second paragraph.
The paragraph beginning with 'Recognizing that the creature' is second.
It uses 'the creature' to refer back to the 'strange, bright blue fish' and introduces the action of sending a sketch.
3
Follow the sequence of events regarding the sketch.
The paragraph beginning with 'Upon receiving the sketch' is third.
It describes the receipt of the sketch that was sent in the previous paragraph.
4
Find the concluding summary.
The paragraph beginning with 'This dramatic discovery' is fourth.
It summarizes the significance of the event and transitions to the present using the word 'Today'.
Key Concept
Logical paragraph sequencing relies on tracking chronological events, identifying pronoun antecedents, and linking parallel transitions (like sending a sketch and receiving it) to ensure smooth rhetorical cohesion.
Estimated Time:1m 30s