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Question 5321Question →

Pair each constitutional provision or concept associated with the Rule of Law on the left with its corresponding institutional mechanism or legal effect on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Fundamental Human Rights
State of Emergency
Judicial Review
Executive Immunity

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Fundamental Human Rights corresponds to enforceable legal entitlements shielding individuals; State of Emergency corresponds to a constitutional measure temporarily suspending civil liberties; Judicial Review corresponds to judicial authority to nullify unconstitutional acts; Executive Immunity corresponds to temporary exemption shielding specified heads of government.
Each concept accurately pairs with its legal application under democratic constitutionalism: Fundamental Human Rights safeguard citizens against state overreach; a State of Emergency acts as a recognized limitation on rights during crises; Judicial Review empowers courts to uphold constitutional supremacy; and Executive Immunity grants serving top executives procedural protection against court litigation during their period of governance.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine the constitutional safeguards listed in the left column.
Fundamental Human Rights protect individual liberty, and Judicial Review provides the legal mechanism for courts to enforce constitutional boundaries.
Safeguards exist to restrain government power and protect citizens.
2
Examine the constitutional limitations and exceptions listed in the left column.
State of Emergency limits liberties during national security threats, while Executive Immunity protects specific serving officers from court proceedings during their tenure.
Limitations balance governance stability and public order against absolute rights.
3
Match each term with its exact legal description.
Fundamental Human Rights matches protection from arbitrary interference; State of Emergency matches temporary suspension of liberties; Judicial Review matches court nullification of invalid laws; Executive Immunity matches tenure-bound exemption from litigation.
Proper matching requires distinguishing core safeguards from valid constitutional limitations.

Key Concept

Principles, Safeguards, and Limitations of the Rule of Law
Question 5322Question →

Read the excerpt below from Wole Soyinka's *The Lion and the Jewel*:

BAROKA:
"I do not hate progress, only its monotony.
Will week by week, month by month, time itemise an account of progress in the name of Lagos?"

In the context of the play's thematic conflict between tradition and modernity, what does Baroka's statement primarily demonstrate about his attitude towards modern civilization?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: He strategicially opposes rigid, uniform Westernization to preserve cultural autonomy and personal authority while selectively integrating modern innovations.

Answer

Baroka strategicially opposes rigid, uniform Westernization to preserve cultural autonomy and personal authority while selectively integrating modern innovations.
Baroka's speech illustrates his nuanced position on modernization. Rather than rejecting progress outright, he rejects the rigid, leveling uniformity of colonial modernity ('monotony') which threatens traditional Yoruba customs and his own feudal power. By selectively adopting modern elements under his control, he maintains cultural identity and authority.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the dramatic context and speaker's identity
The excerpt is spoken by Baroka, the Baale of Ilujinle, to Sidi while attempting to seduce her.
Understanding who speaks and to whom clarifies the speaker's true motivations and rhetorical tactics.
2
Deconstruct the key phrase 'I do not hate progress, only its monotony'
Baroka distinguishes between progress itself and the homogenizing, monotonous form of Western industrialization represented by Lagos.
This establishes that Baroka is not a mindless traditionalist opposed to change, but a shrewd leader who wants change on his own terms without losing indigenous identity.
3
Synthesize the overarching thematic conflict in *The Lion and the Jewel*
Baroka's philosophy contrasts with Lakunle's superficial and dogmatic mimicry of Western culture, enabling Baroka to win Sidi.
Connecting the quotation to the central theme confirms that Baroka's selective adaptation allows traditional authority to triumph over uncritical modernization.

Key Concept

Thematic tension between tradition and modernity in African drama
Question 5323Question →

Under the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria's Second Republic, which legislative check was established to limit the Executive President's authority when appointing Ministers of the Government of the Federation?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Confirmation of nominations by the Senate

Answer

Confirmation of nominations by the Senate
The correct answer specifies confirmation of nominations by the Senate. In accordance with the principle of checks and balances under the 1979 Constitution, the Executive President had to submit ministerial nominees to the Senate for confirmation prior to taking office.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional framework established in Nigeria in 1979.
The 1979 Constitution transitioned Nigeria from a Westminister-style parliamentary system to an executive presidential system.
Understanding the presidential structure clarifies how executive powers are constrained by checks and balances.
2
Examine the legislative checks on executive appointments.
Under Section 135 of the 1979 Constitution, presidential nominations for federal ministers required screening and confirmation by the Senate before formal appointment.
Senate confirmation prevents executive overreach and ensures legislative oversight over key cabinet appointments.

Key Concept

Executive Appointments and Legislative Checks in the 1979 Constitution
Question 5324Question →

How was fiscal administration conducted under the Indirect Rule system in Northern Nigeria? Arrange the following steps of the Native Treasury (Beit-el-Mal) tax revenue process in correct sequential order from initial assessment to final distribution.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence begins with the assessment of tax liabilities, followed by direct collection by village and district heads, deposition into the Native Treasury (Beit-el-Mal), and finally the statutory division of revenue between the colonial government and the Native Authority.
The fiscal framework of Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria operated in a strict sequential process: first, District Officers and Emirate officials assessed community tax capacity (Haraji on individuals and Jangali on livestock); second, traditional village and district heads collected these taxes directly from the people; third, all revenues were lodged into the Native Treasury (Beit-el-Mal); fourth, the funds were shared according to prescribed colonial ratios between the central administration and local Emirate maintenance.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial phase of fiscal management under Indirect Rule.
Taxation requires prior assessment of wealth and cattle (Haraji/Jangali) by colonial District Officers and local rulers.
Collection cannot take place without establishing the tax baseline.
2
Determine who collects the tax from the population.
Village Heads and District Heads collect the assessed sums directly from community members.
Indirect Rule relied on traditional administrative figures to collect revenue to prevent public resistance.
3
Trace the movement of collected funds.
Revenue is deposited into the Native Treasury (Beit-el-Mal).
The Native Treasury served as the institutional financial repository for the Emirate.
4
Identify the final disbursement process.
Funds are split between the colonial central government and local Emirate operational costs.
Lugard's financial system required Native Authorities to contribute a percentage of local revenue to the central colonial administration while funding local native administration.

Key Concept

Fiscal operation and Native Treasury (Beit-el-Mal) mechanics under Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria
Question 5325Question →

Despite frequent changes in political administration following democratic elections, government ministries continue their daily operations under non-elected career officials who retain their appointments. Which essential feature of the civil service guarantees this institutional continuity?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Permanence

Answer

Permanence
Permanence ensures that civil servants hold regular, pensionable career appointments with security of tenure. This allows the administrative bureaucracy to remain intact and operational regardless of political turnover.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core requirement of the question stem.
The stem describes institutional continuity of administrative staff across changes in political leadership.
Identifying the functional requirement allows matching it to the correct civil service characteristic.
2
Differentiate between civil service characteristics.
Permanence guarantees security of tenure for career officials irrespective of political shifts, whereas neutrality and anonymity govern partisan behavior and public accountability respectively.
Security of tenure is the specific mechanism ensuring stability in public administration.

Key Concept

Characteristics of the Civil Service (Permanence of Tenure)
Question 5326Question →

Under the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria, a key mechanism required the Executive President to seek Senate confirmation for ministerial nominees while ensuring at least one minister was appointed from each state of the federation. This procedure primarily reconciled which two fundamental political concepts?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Separation of powers through legislative checks and balances, and the federal character principle for equitable representation.

Answer

Separation of powers through legislative checks and balances, and the federal character principle for equitable representation.
The 1979 Presidential Constitution established an executive presidential system with strict separation of powers. Requiring Senate confirmation for ministerial nominees ensured legislative checks and balances on presidential appointments, while the requirement to select ministers from every state embodied the federal character principle to guarantee geopolitical equity.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the constitutional requirement of Senate approval for presidential nominees.
Senate confirmation acts as a mechanism of checks and balances under the separation of powers doctrine in a presidential system.
It prevents executive dictatorship by giving the legislature oversight authority over cabinet appointments.
2
Analyze the constitutional mandate for appointing at least one minister from every state.
This reflects the Federal Character principle enshrined in Section 14(3) of the 1979 Constitution.
It promotes national unity and prevents domination of government by specific ethnic or regional groups.
3
Synthesize the two requirements to identify the joint political principles.
The provision combines legislative checks and balances with federal character representation.
Both principles balance central executive power with legislative oversight and subnational inclusivity.

Key Concept

Executive-Legislative Checks and Balances and the Federal Character Principle under the 1979 Constitution
Question 5327Question →

Which two political parties were created by the military administration of General Ibrahim Babangida to operate the state-sponsored two-party system during Nigeria's Third Republic transition?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC)

Answer

Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC)
The military administration of General Ibrahim Babangida established a state-created two-party system in October 1989 after cancelling all independent political association applications. The two official parties created to participate in the Third Republic transition were the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the political party structure instituted during General Ibrahim Babangida's Third Republic transition program.
The military administration established a mandatory state-sponsored two-party system by decree.
Private political associations formed by political actors were disbanded and rejected by the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC).
2
Recall the names of the two government-created political parties.
The two official parties were the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC).
The SDP was designed to represent progressive ideology ('a little to the left') while the NRC represented conservative ideology ('a little to the right').

Key Concept

State-sponsored Two-Party System of the Third Republic
Estimated Time:45s
Question 5328Question →

Which of the following best describes the primary economic objective behind the creation of the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in Nigeria?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Promoting all-year-round crop production through irrigation infrastructure and water resource management

Answer

The primary objective of the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in Nigeria is promoting all-year-round crop production through irrigation infrastructure and water resource management.
The River Basin Development Authorities were instituted to construct dams, reservoirs, and irrigation channels across major natural hydrological basins in Nigeria. Their central goal is to foster multi-cropping and continuous all-year-round farming independent of seasonal rainfall variations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the mandate of River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs)
RBDAs were established in 1976 to manage surface and underground water resources across major river basins in Nigeria.
Understanding the specific operational focus of key Nigerian agricultural development institutions allows accurate differentiation from credit or marketing agencies.
2
Evaluate the core agricultural challenge addressed by RBDAs
Nigerian agriculture historically suffered from reliance on rainfall, causing seasonal food shortages.
Constructing dams, canals, and irrigation networks enables farming activities during dry seasons, fulfilling the primary objective of RBDAs.

Key Concept

River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) and Agricultural Development Policies in Nigeria
Question 5329Question →

Under standard competitive economic conditions, an increase in the market price of a commodity causes an outward shift of its supply curve to the right, ceteris paribus.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

The statement is False. A change in price causes a movement along the supply curve (change in quantity supplied), not a shift of the supply curve.
The correct answer is False because, according to the law of supply, a change in price leads strictly to an extension or contraction along the existing supply curve (change in quantity supplied). Non-price factors, such as weather, cost of production, or technological advancements, are required to shift the supply curve itself.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the cause stated in the proposition.
The specified factor is an increase in the price of the commodity itself.
Understanding the primary variable is necessary to categorize the resulting economic movement.
2
Distinguish between a change in quantity supplied and a change in supply.
Price changes result in movements along an established supply curve (expansion/contraction of quantity supplied). Shifts of the curve (change in supply) are caused by non-price determinants.
The law of supply establishes a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied along a given curve under ceteris paribus.
3
Evaluate the statement's claim.
The statement claims a price change causes a shift of the curve, which contradicts economic theory.
Since price changes cause movement along the curve rather than shifting it, the statement is false.

Key Concept

Distinction between a change in quantity supplied (movement along the curve) and a change in supply (shift of the curve)
Question 5330Question →

When a growing dicotyledonous seedling stem is exposed to light coming from a single direction (unilateral illumination), the stem curves towards the light source. Which physiological mechanism explains this directional growth response?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Auxin migrates away from the illuminated side to the shaded side, causing cells on the shaded side to elongate faster.

Answer

Auxin migrates away from the illuminated side to the shaded side, causing cells on the shaded side to elongate faster.
In stem tips, unilateral light induces the lateral transport of auxin to the shaded side. The higher concentration of auxin on the shaded side causes cells in that region to elongate more rapidly than those on the illuminated side, leading to differential growth that bends the stem toward the light.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the growth hormone responsible for shoot elongation in response to light stimuli.
Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) regulates cell elongation in plant shoot tips.
Shoot phototropism is driven by asymmetric distribution of plant growth substances.
2
Analyze how unilateral light alters the spatial distribution of auxin in the shoot apex.
Unilateral light causes auxin to move laterally from the lit side to the shaded side.
Phototropin photoreceptors detect light direction and trigger lateral auxin translocation.
3
Determine the effect of higher auxin concentration on the shaded side cells.
Higher auxin concentration accelerates cell elongation on the shaded side relative to the illuminated side.
Differential elongation rates cause the stem to curve toward the light source.

Key Concept

Phototropism and Auxin Redistribution in Plant Growth
Question 5331Question →

Match each sex determination system or sex-linked inheritance pattern on the left with its correct biological characteristic or organism example on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

XX-XO System
ZZ-ZW System
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
Y-linked (Holandric) Inheritance

Matches

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Answer

The correct pairings are: XX-XO System matches grasshoppers with XOXO males; ZZ-ZW System matches birds with heterogametic ZWZW females; X-linked Recessive Inheritance matches traits passed from carrier mothers to sons; Y-linked Inheritance matches traits passed exclusively from an affected father to all sons.
Each mechanism accurately corresponds to its characteristic biological model: XX-XO occurs in grasshoppers (XOXO males); ZZ-ZW occurs in birds where females are heterogametic (ZWZW); X-linked recessive traits pass from carrier mothers to sons; and Y-linked traits pass exclusively from fathers to sons.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the chromosomal structure of the XX-XO system.
Determine that males lack a Y chromosome (XOXO) while females have two X chromosomes (XXXX), which is characteristic of grasshoppers.
Distinguishing insect sex determination from mammalian systems.
2
Identify the heterogametic sex in the ZZ-ZW system.
Recognize that in birds, females are heterogametic (ZWZW) and males are homogametic (ZZZZ).
Reversing the standard male-heterogametic concept seen in humans.
3
Compare transmission pathways of X-linked versus Y-linked traits.
X-linked recessive conditions are passed from carrier females to sons, whereas Y-linked traits are passed strictly along the male line (father to son).
Applying rules of sex-linked pedigree analysis.

Key Concept

Sex Determination Systems and Sex-Linked Inheritance Patterns
Question 5332Question →

Match each feature of the Clifford Constitution of 1922 on the left with its corresponding historical detail on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

1922 Elective Principle
Elected Seats Allocation
Franchise Income Qualification
Territorial Jurisdiction

Matches

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Answer

The 1922 Elective Principle introduced elected African representation into the Legislative Council, allocating 3 seats to Lagos and 1 seat to Calabar, requiring a minimum annual income qualification of £100, and limiting the Legislative Council's jurisdiction to Southern Nigeria.
Each constitutional feature accurately aligns with its historical specification: the 1922 Constitution introduced the elective principle for legislative seats, assigned 3 seats to Lagos and 1 to Calabar, set a £100 annual income voting requirement, and limited council authority to Southern Nigeria.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary innovation of the Clifford Constitution of 1922
The elective principle was introduced, enabling elections for legislative representatives.
This was the first time democratic elections were introduced in British West Africa.
2
Determine the distribution of elected seats
Lagos received 3 elected seats and Calabar received 1 elected seat.
These coastal urban areas were considered advanced enough politically for municipal elections.
3
Verify the franchise eligibility requirement
Voters were required to have an annual income of at least £100.
The property/income qualification deliberately restricted voting rights to wealthy adult males.
4
Analyze the territorial limitation of the constitution
Legislative Council jurisdiction applied only to the Southern Provinces.
Northern Nigeria was excluded from the Legislative Council and governed directly by gubernatorial proclamation.

Key Concept

The Clifford Constitution of 1922 and Elective Principle
Question 5333Question →

A commercial bank receives an initial primary cash deposit of ₦200,000₦200,000. If the banking system consequently generates a net credit creation of ₦800,000₦800,000, what is the mandatory cash reserve ratio set by the central bank?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 20%20\%

Answer

The cash reserve ratio set by the central bank is 20%20\%.
Total deposits created by the banking system equal the initial primary deposit plus the net credit created (₦200,000+₦800,000=₦1,000,000₦200,000 + ₦800,000 = ₦1,000,000). Using the total deposit formula Total Deposits=Initial Deposit/Cash Reserve Ratio\text{Total Deposits} = \text{Initial Deposit} / \text{Cash Reserve Ratio}, we have 1,000,000=200,000/CRR1,000,000 = 200,000 / \text{CRR}, which simplifies to CRR=200,000/1,000,000=0.20\text{CRR} = 200,000 / 1,000,000 = 0.20 or 20%20\%.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate the total deposit expansion in the banking system
Total Deposits = Initial Deposit + Net Credit Created = ₦200,000+₦800,000=₦1,000,000₦200,000 + ₦800,000 = ₦1,000,000
Net credit created represents total secondary expansion excluding the original primary deposit.
2
Calculate the credit multiplier
Credit Multiplier = Total Deposit Expansion / Initial Deposit = ₦1,000,000/₦200,000=5₦1,000,000 / ₦200,000 = 5
The credit multiplier measures the factor by which deposits expand relative to the original cash injection.
3
Determine the cash reserve ratio (CRR)
Cash Reserve Ratio = 1/Credit Multiplier=1/5=0.20=20%1 / \text{Credit Multiplier} = 1 / 5 = 0.20 = 20\%
The credit multiplier is the reciprocal of the cash reserve ratio.

Key Concept

Credit Creation and Cash Reserve Ratio Relationship
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 5334Question →

Which institutional mechanism directly prevents the executive arm of government from arbitrarily dismissing judicial officers from office?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Security of tenure guaranteed by constitutional provisions

Answer

Security of tenure guaranteed by constitutional provisions
Security of tenure guarantees that judicial officers retain their posts until reaching a constitutionally mandated age or following a stringent removal process involving judicial councils and legislative confirmation. This prevents the executive from dismissing judges who rule against government actions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core principle being tested
The core principle is judicial independence and how judges are shielded from political control.
Judicial independence requires mechanisms that protect judges from executive influence or arbitrary punishment.
2
Evaluate the mechanism that specifically protects judges from arbitrary dismissal
Security of tenure ensures judges hold office until a mandatory retirement age or can only be removed through strict, independent constitutional procedures.
Without security of tenure, judges would fear executive dismissal when delivering judgments against government interests.

Key Concept

Judicial Security of Tenure
Question 5335Question →

Match each pre-colonial Nigerian women's socio-political title or group on the left with its correct traditional society and political function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Iyalode
Magajiya
Umuada
Erelu

Matches

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Answer

Iyalode matches with Yoruba market governance and council representation; Magajiya matches with Hausa female royal leadership; Umuada matches with the Igbo lineage assembly of daughters; and Erelu matches with female representation in the Yoruba Ogboni council.
Each title corresponds directly to its traditional society and governance function: Iyalode served as the voice of women in Yoruba municipal governance and trade; Magajiya led women's affairs in Hausa systems; Umuada exercised judicial power over lineage affairs in Igbo society; and Erelu held judicial-religious authority in the Yoruba Ogboni institution.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the Yoruba female titles and their constitutional functions.
Iyalode is the spokesperson for women and leader of market trade in the Oba's council. Erelu represents women within the Ogboni cult system.
Yoruba political structures incorporated dual-gender checks through council titles and secret societies.
2
Analyze the Hausa pre-colonial female political system.
Magajiya held executive authority over female affairs in Hausa city-states.
Hausa pre-Islamic political organization recognized official women titleholders with access to royal governance.
3
Analyze the Igbo segmentary governance mechanism for women.
Umuada functions as a collective assembly of women born in a patrilineage to enforce peace and settle inter-lineage disputes.
Igbo political organization relied on village assemblies, age grades, and lineage associations rather than centralized monarchs.

Key Concept

Political and Social Roles of Women Groups in Pre-Colonial Nigeria
Question 5336Question →

A newly adopted constitution grants regional governments the authority to enact laws on local healthcare and sanitation, but explicitly provides that the central parliament retains unilateral authority to amend, curtail, or revoke these regional legislative powers by ordinary statute at any time. Which of the following accurately classifies this constitutional arrangement?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: A unitary system featuring administrative devolution, because regional powers lack constitutional entrenchment and coordinate status.

Answer

The constitutional arrangement represents a unitary system with administrative devolution, as the central authority retains ultimate legal supremacy to alter or retract regional powers at will.
The correct answer identifies the arrangement as a unitary system with administrative devolution. A federal system strictly requires coordinate autonomy between tiers of government, established and protected by a rigid constitution. When a central parliament can alter or revoke regional powers through ordinary statutory law, the central government remains legally supreme, which is the defining characteristic of a unitary state.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core legal mechanism of power allocation in the stem.
Regional legislative powers can be altered or revoked unilaterally by ordinary statute by the central parliament.
Federalism requires coordinate authority where neither tier can unilaterally alter the constitutional boundary of powers of the other.
2
Distinguish federal power division from unitary devolution.
Because regional powers depend entirely on central statutory delegation rather than entrenchment in a rigid constitution, the system is unitary.
In unitary systems, central government retains supreme legal sovereignty and can delegate (devolve) or recall powers at discretion.

Key Concept

Essential Difference Between Federal Constitutional Power Sharing and Unitary Devolution
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 5337Question →

Public corporations in Nigeria are subjected to various institutional checks to maintain accountability and prevent executive abuse. Match each form of control over public corporations on the left with its corresponding mechanism of control on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Ministerial Control
Parliamentary Control
Judicial Control

Matches

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Answer

Ministerial Control matches with issuing general policy directives and approving major capital expenditures. Parliamentary Control matches with scrutinizing annual audited accounts and debating reports of public accounts committees. Judicial Control matches with adjudicating disputes when corporate actions violate statutory limits under the ultra vires doctrine.
Ministerial control refers to executive authority where the supervising minister guides overall policy and approves capital expenditure. Parliamentary control represents legislative oversight through budget approvals, audit reviews, and public accounts committee probes. Judicial control represents court oversight designed to nullify actions performed ultra vires (beyond statutory power).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the nature of Ministerial Control
Identified as an executive oversight function where the supervisory minister provides general policy guidelines, approves board appointments, and sanctions capital projects.
The executive minister exercises administrative oversight directly over corporate management.
2
Analyze the nature of Parliamentary Control
Identified as a legislative accountability function involving financial oversight, debate on annual reports, and committee investigations.
The legislature holds corporations accountable for public funds appropriated to them.
3
Analyze the nature of Judicial Control
Identified as legal oversight by courts to prevent illegal acts or enforcement beyond statutory authority (ultra vires).
The judiciary ensures that public corporations act within the exact boundaries of their establishing statutes.

Key Concept

Mechanisms of Institutional Control over Public Corporations
Question 5338Question →

Sodium metal reacts with excess oxygen gas at elevated temperatures to produce sodium peroxide (Na2O2\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2). What is the oxidation state of oxygen in sodium peroxide?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: −1-1

Answer

The oxidation state of oxygen in sodium peroxide (Na2O2\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2) is −1-1.
In sodium peroxide (Na2O2\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2), the two sodium ions contribute a total charge of +2+2. To maintain electrical neutrality, the two oxygen atoms balance this with a total charge of −2-2, giving each oxygen atom an oxidation state of −1-1.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Assign the known oxidation state for sodium in its compounds.
Sodium (Na\text{Na}) is an alkali metal (Group 1) and always has an oxidation state of +1+1 in compounds.
Alkali metals lose one valence electron to achieve a stable noble gas electron configuration.
2
Set up the oxidation state equation for the neutral molecule Na2O2\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2.
2(+1)+2(x)=02(+1) + 2(x) = 0, where xx represents the oxidation state of oxygen.
The algebraic sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound must equal zero.
3
Solve for xx.
+2+2x=0  ⟹  2x=−2  ⟹  x=−1+2 + 2x = 0 \implies 2x = -2 \implies x = -1.
Algebraic evaluation yields the oxidation number for each oxygen atom.

Key Concept

Oxidation Numbers of Oxygen in Alkali Metal Peroxides
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 5339Question →

Arrange the following ecological units in increasing order of structural complexity, starting from the simplest level of biological organization to the broadest global level.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence from simplest to broadest ecological level of organization is: individual organism, population, biotic community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
In ecology, levels of biological organization are arranged hierarchically according to increasing structural complexity: Organism (single living individual) → Population (group of same species) → Community (assembly of different populations) → Ecosystem (community plus abiotic environment) → Biosphere (global sum of all ecosystems).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the individual organism level
A single weaver bird represents an individual organism.
An organism is the fundamental individual unit of life.
2
Group organisms of the same species into a population
A flock of weaver birds of the same species forms a population.
A population consists of organisms belonging to the same species in a given area.
3
Combine distinct populations inhabiting the same area into a community
The weaver birds, acacia trees, locusts, and snakes form a biological community.
A community includes all biotic components (interacting species) in a habitat.
4
Integrate abiotic factors with the biotic community to form an ecosystem
The savanna organisms interacting with sunlight, soil, water, and air form an ecosystem.
An ecosystem includes both living organisms (biotic) and non-living physical components (abiotic).
5
Extend to the global scale to identify the biosphere
The total global ecosystem containing all life forms on Earth is the biosphere.
The biosphere is the highest ecological level encompassing all biomes and ecosystems.

Key Concept

Hierarchy of Ecological Organization
Question 5340Question →

Match each local government concept or term on the left with its correct definition or key characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

1976 Local Government Reform
Internally Generated Revenue (IGR)
Statutory Allocation
Executive Chairman

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

1976 Local Government Reform matches with 'Introduced a single uniform local government structure across Nigeria'; Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) matches with 'Revenue collected locally from tenement rates, market fees, and licenses'; Statutory Allocation matches with 'Mandatory financial grants disbursed directly from the Federation Account'; Executive Chairman matches with 'Political head responsible for executive administration of the local council'.
Each local government term correctly pairs with its fundamental definition: the 1976 Reform unified local administration nationwide, IGR represents local tax and rate collections, statutory allocation is the constitutional grant from federal revenue, and the Executive Chairman is the political head of council administration.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical significance of the 1976 Local Government Reform.
The 1976 reform replaced diverse regional systems with a uniform single-tier local government system nationwide.
This is a foundational reform in Nigerian local administration history.
2
Differentiate between internal local revenue and external statutory allocations.
Local fees and rates are Internally Generated Revenue (IGR), while direct Federation Account transfers are Statutory Allocations.
The Fourth Schedule of the 1999 Constitution defines exclusive local revenue sources separately from state/federal grants.
3
Identify the primary political leader of a local government council.
The Executive Chairman is the political leader heading the council administration.
Under the presidential model of council governance, the Chairman serves as the chief executive officer.

Key Concept

Local Government: System, Functions, Finance, and Reforms
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