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Question 5341Question

Which poetic form is characterized by a fourteen-line structure organized into three quatrains followed by a final rhyming couplet, adhering to the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GGABAB\ CDCD\ EFEF\ GG?

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Answer: Shakespearean sonnet

Answer

The Shakespearean sonnet is defined by fourteen lines divided into three quatrains and a concluding rhyming couplet with the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
The Shakespearean (English) sonnet is defined by fourteen lines divided into three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a final two-line rhyming couplet, using the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural breakdown of the poem
The structure comprises 14 lines total: 3 quatrains (4 lines each = 12 lines) plus 1 couplet (2 lines).
Identifying line grouping is the first step in classifying sonnet structures.
2
Examine the rhyme scheme organization
The rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG shows three distinct, non-interlocking quatrains ending in a standalone rhyming couplet.
Different sonnet variants are distinguished by whether their rhyme schemes interlock or conclude with a separate couplet.
3
Match the structural properties to the correct subgenre
Three quatrains followed by a rhyming couplet with ABAB CDCD EFEF GG defines the English or Shakespearean sonnet.
This specific layout was popularized by William Shakespeare and represents the classic English sonnet form.

Key Concept

Sonnet Forms and Structures (Shakespearean vs. Petrarchan)
Question 5342Question

In a constitutional democracy operating a presidential system of government, which of the following mechanisms represents a legislative check on the judicial branch?

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Answer: Confirming the appointment of judicial officers and exercising impeachment powers

Answer

Confirming the appointment of judicial officers and exercising impeachment powers
In a presidential democracy, legislative oversight of the judiciary is principally exercised through the power of legislative confirmation of judicial nominees and the authority to institute impeachment proceedings against judicial officers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the target relationship
The question asks specifically for a check exercised by the Legislative branch over the Judicial branch.
Separation of powers endows each organ of government with specific constitutional mechanisms to limit the actions of other organs.
2
Evaluate the legislative checks over the judiciary
The legislature checks the judiciary by approving or confirming judicial appointments made by the executive and by holding the constitutional authority to impeach judges for gross misconduct.
This prevents judicial tyranny and ensures accountability of judges to elected representatives.

Key Concept

Legislative checks on the judiciary under the doctrine of separation of powers
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 5343Question

Organize the following processes in the sequential order in which food passes through and is processed in the alimentary canal of a domestic fowl (bird), starting from initial ingestion.

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Answer

The correct sequence of digestion in birds is: storage in the crop, chemical secretion in the proventriculus, mechanical grinding in the gizzard, enzymatic absorption in the small intestine, and egestion via the cloaca.
In the avian digestive tract, food follows a strict anteroposterior sequence: it is swallowed whole into the crop for softening, moves to the proventriculus for enzymatic chemical breakdown, enters the muscular gizzard for mechanical trituration with grit, proceeds through the small intestine for final digestion and absorption, and lastly exits via the cloaca.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial entry point after ingestion in birds.
Food travels down the oesophagus into the expanded crop for temporary storage and softening.
Birds lack teeth for mastication, so whole food is initially stored and moistened in the crop.
2
Trace food movement into the glandular stomach region.
Food enters the proventriculus where digestive juices containing acid and enzymes are secreted.
Chemical digestion begins in the proventriculus before physical pulverization.
3
Trace movement into the mechanical grinding organ.
Food is forced into the gizzard (ventriculus) where muscular contractions and grit grind the food particles.
The gizzard acts as the functional equivalent of teeth in birds.
4
Determine the site of primary nutrient absorption.
Finely ground food moves into the small intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients enter the bloodstream.
The small intestine contains intestinal enzymes and villi specialized for nutrient absorption.
5
Identify the terminal site of waste expulsion.
Undigested matter moves to the rectum and exits through the cloaca.
The cloaca is the common chamber for digestive waste and urinary excretion in birds.

Key Concept

Avian alimentary canal anatomy and sequence of digestive processing
Question 5344Question

Which structural modification under the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution formally transformed Nigeria from the quasi-federal system of the 1951 Macpherson Constitution into a true federal state?

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Answer: The statutory allocation of residual legislative powers exclusively to regional legislatures alongside a defined Exclusive Legislative List for the central government

Answer

The statutory allocation of residual legislative powers exclusively to regional legislatures alongside a defined Exclusive Legislative List for the central government.
The 1954 Lyttelton Constitution is recognized as the foundation of formal Nigerian federalism because it legally divided legislative responsibilities into three distinct lists: Exclusive (central government), Concurrent (shared), and Residual (reserved exclusively for regional legislatures). Under the preceding 1951 Macpherson Constitution, the central legislature could override regional legislation, making the arrangement quasi-federal. The 1954 reform eliminated central legislative supremacy over regional matters.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the constitutional transition between the 1951 Macpherson Constitution and the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution.
Identified that the 1951 Constitution created a quasi-federal arrangement where central legislation could override regional laws on any subject.
True federalism requires constitutional autonomy and defined jurisdictional boundaries between federal and regional tiers.
2
Examine the legislative power distribution established in 1954.
The 1954 Lyttelton Constitution demarcated powers into Exclusive (central government), Concurrent (both central and regional), and Residual lists (reserved strictly for regions).
Reserving residual powers to the regions ensured regional autonomy from central legislative dominance.
3
Evaluate the option choices against historical constitutional provisions.
The explicit provision granting residual powers to regions and exclusive powers to the central government is the decisive legal feature defining 1954 Nigerian federalism.
This structural division permanently ended the central government's override authority over regional matters.

Key Concept

Division of Legislative Powers in the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 5345Question

What is the correct chronological sequence of key transition milestones that led directly to the democratic election and inauguration of the executive leadership in Nigeria's Second Republic?

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence begins with the lifting of the political ban (September 1978), followed by party registration by FEDECO (late 1978), the conduct of the general elections (July-August 1979), and ends with the inauguration of the Executive President on October 1, 1979.
The transition to the Second Republic followed a strict legal sequence set by the military administration: first, unbanning political activity in September 1978; second, FEDECO's screening and registration of the five recognized parties (NPN, UPN, NPP, GNPP, PRP); third, conducting the series of general elections in July/August 1979; and finally, inaugurating the Executive President on October 1, 1979.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial political opening
The military regime unbanned political parties in September 1978 to permit political organizing.
Political parties could not operate or seek electoral validation until the formal prohibition was repealed.
2
Determine the party qualification stage
FEDECO evaluated applicant political groups and accredited five qualifying parties.
Under the transition rules, only FEDECO-registered political parties were permitted to field candidates.
3
Identify the electoral execution step
General elections took place in July and August 1979.
Elections provided the constitutional democratic mandate for incoming civilian leaders.
4
Locate the final constitutional transfer of power
The elected Executive President was inaugurated on October 1, 1979.
This marked the official operational start of the 1979 Constitution and the Second Republic.

Key Concept

Chronological progression of political party formation, electoral accreditation, and democratic transition under the 1979 Constitution
Question 5346Question

A firm operating in an imperfect market sells 1010 units of a commodity at 15\text{₦}15 per unit. To expand its sales to 1111 units, it reduces the price to 14\text{₦}14 per unit. What is the marginal revenue obtained from selling the 11th11\text{th} unit?

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Answer: 4\text{₦}4

Answer

4\text{₦}4
The addition to total revenue from selling the 11th11\text{th} unit is found by subtracting the total revenue derived from 1010 units (150\text{₦}150) from the total revenue derived from 1111 units (154\text{₦}154). This yields 4\text{₦}4.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate Total Revenue (TR1TR_1) for 1010 units
TR1=10×15=150TR_1 = 10 \times \text{₦}15 = \text{₦}150
Total revenue is computed as output quantity multiplied by unit price (TR=P×QTR = P \times Q).
2
Calculate Total Revenue (TR2TR_2) for 1111 units
TR2=11×14=154TR_2 = 11 \times \text{₦}14 = \text{₦}154
Finding the new total revenue after price reduction and output increase.
3
Calculate Marginal Revenue (MRMR) of the 11th11\text{th} unit
MR=TR2TR1=154150=4MR = TR_2 - TR_1 = \text{₦}154 - \text{₦}150 = \text{₦}4
Marginal revenue is the additional revenue generated by producing and selling one extra unit (MR=ΔTR/ΔQMR = \Delta TR / \Delta Q).

Key Concept

Calculation of Marginal Revenue in Imperfect Competition
Question 5347Question

Match each civil service control mechanism or bureaucratic issue on the left with its correct institutional role, mechanism, or definition on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman)
Public Accounts Committee
Judicial Control (Writ of Mandamus)
Red Tape

Matches

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Answer

The Public Complaints Commission pairs with administrative oversight against inefficiency; the Public Accounts Committee pairs with legislative financial audit; Judicial Control (Writ of Mandamus) pairs with a court order compelling public duty; Red Tape pairs with excessive adherence to rigid procedural rules.
Each administrative control mechanism or problem is accurately linked to its defining institutional role or operational definition: Ombudsman for public petitions, Public Accounts Committee for parliamentary budget oversight, Mandamus for judicial enforcement of official duties, and Red Tape for rule-bound bureaucratic delay.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify administrative control mechanisms.
The Public Complaints Commission acts as the Ombudsman handling public grievances against civil service administrative excesses.
It acts independently to address citizen petitions regarding maladministration.
2
Identify legislative control mechanisms.
The Public Accounts Committee evaluates audit reports of ministerial spending.
Parliament exercises financial control over the executive branch and public service through audit oversight.
3
Identify judicial control mechanisms.
A Writ of Mandamus is a judicial court order requiring a public servant to carry out a designated public responsibility.
Courts control civil servants when their actions exceed statutory authority or when they fail to perform legal duties.
4
Define the bureaucratic problem of Red Tape.
Red Tape represents procedural bottlenecks resulting from obsessive adherence to routine rules.
Administrative rigidity hinders speed, efficiency, and responsiveness in governance.

Key Concept

Control of Civil Service and Bureaucratic Problems
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 5348Question

Arrange the following political and electoral events of Nigeria's Fourth Republic in chronological order from earliest to most recent:

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence is: first, the 1999 handover from military rule to civilian government; second, the 2007 civilian-to-civilian executive transition; third, the 2015 electoral victory of an opposition candidate over an incumbent president.
The correct chronological order places the return to democratic governance in May 1999 first, followed by the first civilian-to-civilian transition of power in May 2007, and concludes with the historic defeat of an incumbent president by an opposition candidate in 2015.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the date of the military-to-civilian handover that launched the Fourth Republic.
Nigeria returned to democratic governance on May 29, 1999, marking the inauguration of the Fourth Republic.
The Fourth Republic formally began with the swearing-in of an elected civilian administration in 1999.
2
Identify the milestone date of the first civilian-to-civilian presidential handover.
In May 2007, President Olusegun Obasanjo completed his second term and handed over power to President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.
This was the first time in Nigeria's political history that an elected civilian leader successfully handed executive power to another elected civilian.
3
Identify the year of the opposition party winning the presidency against an incumbent.
In March 2015, opposition candidate Muhammadu Buhari defeated incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan.
This landmark event occurred eight years after the 2007 democratic handover, representing the first peaceful party turnover of the presidency in the Fourth Republic.

Key Concept

Key democratic milestones and chronological progression of Nigeria's Fourth Republic from 1999
Question 5349Question

Although the crude petroleum sector accounts for over 80 percent of Nigeria's foreign exchange earnings, its direct contribution to the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) typically remains under 10 percent.

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Answer: True

Answer

True. While crude oil generates the vast majority of Nigeria's foreign exchange revenues, its direct contribution to real Gross Domestic Product is typically below 10 percent due to its capital-intensive, enclave nature.
The statement is correct because Nigeria's oil sector operates as an enclave industry with high capital intensity and limited direct employment, resulting in non-oil sectors driving the majority of total GDP output despite oil's overwhelming share of export revenue.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine foreign exchange earnings contribution
Crude oil exports account for roughly 80 to 90 percent of total foreign currency inflows into Nigeria.
Nigeria's export structure is mono-product, relying overwhelmingly on crude petroleum sales abroad.
2
Examine real GDP output contribution
The oil and gas sector contributes between 5 and 9 percent of Nigeria's total real Gross Domestic Product.
Non-oil sectors—including agriculture, wholesale/retail trade, and telecommunications—generate the bulk of domestic value added.
3
Evaluate the statement's validity
The statement correctly distinguishes between export revenue dominance and domestic output share.
A high share of export earnings does not automatically imply a high share of total domestic production.

Key Concept

Structural Composition of Nigeria's Economy (GDP Share vs. Export Earnings)
Question 5350Question

During the transition program leading up to Nigeria's June 12, 1993 presidential election, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) implemented a specific polling technique designed to eliminate queue-based intimidation while retaining public transparency. Which voting method was utilized on election day to achieve this balance?

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Answer: The Open-Secret Ballot System

Answer

The Open-Secret Ballot System
The correct answer identifies the Open-Secret Ballot System (OSBS). Introduced by the National Electoral Commission under Professor Humphrey Nwosu for the June 12, 1993 election, OSBS combined elements of secret voting (marking choices inside a private booth) with open oversight (dropping folded ballots into transparent boxes in public view and counting votes openly at the polling station).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Distinguish between candidate nomination procedures and election-day voting methods in the Third Republic transition.
Identify that Option A4 was used specifically for party candidate nomination from ward to national level.
Option A4 determined party flagbearers prior to the general election.
2
Analyze the evolution of National Electoral Commission (NEC) polling techniques under Professor Humphrey Nwosu.
Recognize that the initial Open Ballot System (queuing behind candidate portraits) was modified into the Open-Secret Ballot System for the 1993 election.
The modification ensured secret marking of ballots to protect voter privacy while retaining public deposition and counting of votes in the open to prevent rigging.

Key Concept

Voting Systems and Electoral Administration of the Third Republic
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 5351Question

Match each monetary policy tool employed by the central bank with its primary operational mechanism or macroeconomic function.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Open Market Operations (OMO)
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Bank Rate (Discount Rate)
Moral Suasion

Matches

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Answer

Open Market Operations matches with purchasing or selling government securities; Cash Reserve Ratio matches with setting the minimum percentage of total customer deposits commercial banks must hold; Bank Rate matches with adjusting the official interest rate at which the central bank rediscounts bills; Moral Suasion matches with employing informal requests and persuasion to influence commercial bank credit policies.
Central banks regulate money supply and credit conditions using quantitative policy tools (Open Market Operations, Cash Reserve Ratio, and Bank Rate) and qualitative policy tools (Moral Suasion). Open Market Operations adjust liquidity via security sales or purchases; Cash Reserve Ratio mandates deposit holdings at the central bank; Bank Rate sets lender-of-last-resort borrowing costs; and Moral Suasion relies on informal policy guidance to direct credit expansion or restraint.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the quantitative market-based monetary policy instrument.
Identify Open Market Operations as the purchase or sale of government securities to influence bank reserves.
Buying securities injects money into the economy, while selling securities absorbs excess market liquidity.
2
Analyze statutory liquidity and reserve requirements.
Identify Cash Reserve Ratio as the mandatory deposit proportion kept with the central bank.
Raising the CRR reduces the credit creation capacity of commercial banks, whereas lowering it expands lending power.
3
Analyze interest rate signaling tools.
Identify Bank Rate as the central bank lending/discounting rate.
Changes in the central bank discount rate transmit directly to commercial bank lending rates.
4
Analyze qualitative and non-statutory credit controls.
Identify Moral Suasion as informal persuasion and non-binding directives.
Unlike legal ratio requirements, moral suasion relies on voluntary cooperation of commercial banking executives.

Key Concept

Central Bank Monetary Policy Instruments and Functions
Question 5352Question

In the pre-colonial Yoruba political system, women held recognized constitutional positions that allowed them to participate directly in state decision-making. Which of the following best describes the primary political role of the Iyalode?

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Answer: Representing women's interests in the council of chiefs and participating in governance decisions and conflict resolution

Answer

The Iyalode represented women's interests in the council of chiefs and participated in governance decisions and conflict resolution.
In pre-colonial Yoruba kingdoms, governance operated partly on a dual-sex system. The Iyalode was a designated chief of high status who represented women's interests, managed economic activities among female traders, and sat in council to advise the Oba and council of chiefs on state affairs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the political institution and title mentioned in the question.
The target title is the Iyalode in the pre-colonial Yoruba governance system.
Understanding traditional titles is crucial to analyzing how political power was structured across gender lines.
2
Examine the specific authority and functions attached to the Iyalode title.
The Iyalode served as the spokesperson for women, held a seat in the council of chiefs, and participated in political, economic, and judicial deliberations.
Pre-colonial Yoruba society utilized a dual-sex political system where women had institutionalized political representation alongside male chiefs.

Key Concept

Political and Social Roles of Women Groups in Pre-Colonial Nigeria
Question 5353Question

Match each feature of a presidential system of government on the left with its corresponding constitutional function or governance effect on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Single Executive Headship
Separation of Powers
Fixed Tenure of Office
Checks and Balances

Matches

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Answer

Single Executive Headship matches with combining ceremonial and executive duties in one official; Separation of Powers matches with allocating state functions to distinct organs; Fixed Tenure of Office matches with ensuring political stability by protecting elected officers from arbitrary dissolution; Checks and Balances matches with granting statutory powers to oversee and restrain competing branches.
Single Executive Headship corresponds to unifying Head of State and Head of Government responsibilities; Separation of Powers corresponds to dividing governance functions across distinct organs; Fixed Tenure of Office corresponds to guaranteed term limits providing institutional stability; and Checks and Balances corresponds to constitutional tools of mutual branch oversight.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Single Executive Headship
Determined that the President holds both ceremonial and administrative leadership.
Unlike parliamentary systems, presidential executive authority is unified in one person.
2
Analyze Separation of Powers
Identified the structural division of governmental functions among organs.
Organizing functions independently prevents monopolization of state authority.
3
Analyze Fixed Tenure of Office
Linked term limits to systemic stability.
Officeholders serve set terms without fear of votes of no confidence dissolving the government.
4
Analyze Checks and Balances
Recognized the active constitutional mechanisms of restraint.
Separation alone is insufficient; branches require active oversight tools over one another.

Key Concept

Core structural features and operational principles of the Presidential System of Government
Question 5354Question

In colonial Southern Nigeria, the primary structural factor that led to the breakdown of Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria was the widespread conversion of traditional rulers to Christianity, which stripped them of their indigenous spiritual legitimacy.

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Answer: False

Answer

False. The collapse of Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria was caused by the institutional mismatch of imposing autocratic Warrant Chiefs on decentralized (acephalous) societies and widespread opposition to direct taxation, not by Christian missionary conversions.
The statement is false. The breakdown of Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria was caused by structural incompatibility: the British attempted to introduce centralized autocratic authority through Warrant Chiefs into segmentary, acephalous societies that lacked traditional monarchs. Popular resistance, such as the Aba Women's War of 1929, was sparked by corrupt colonial administration and direct taxation, not by Christian missionary conversion of traditional leaders.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the pre-colonial political structure of Eastern Nigeria.
Societies in pre-colonial Eastern Nigeria (e.g., Igbo, Ibibio) were organized into acephalous, decentralized political units without centralized kings or autocrats, relying on village councils, title societies, and age grades for consensus decision-making.
Establishing the indigenous baseline structure is necessary to understand why colonial policies failed.
2
Examine the British colonial policy of Warrant Chiefs.
To implement Indirect Rule where centralized monarchs did not exist, the British colonial government created artificial positions called 'Warrant Chiefs' endowed with unprecedented judicial and executive powers.
Identifies the specific administrative mechanism introduced by the colonial government.
3
Identify the actual causes of public hostility and system failure.
The Warrant Chiefs acted oppressively and corruptly without traditional checks, and their attempt to enforce direct taxation led directly to major resistance movements, most notably the Aba Women's War of 1929.
Distinguishes actual institutional and financial grievances from false assertions regarding religious conversion.

Key Concept

Failure of Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria due to Acephalous Structure and Warrant Chief System
Question 5355Question

Match each type of supply in Column A with its corresponding economic description in Column B.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Joint (Complementary) Supply
Competitive Supply
Composite Supply
Derived Supply

Matches

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Answer

Joint (Complementary) Supply pairs with the simultaneous production of goods from the same source; Competitive Supply pairs with the scenario where resource allocation to one good reduces the output of an alternative good; Composite Supply pairs with total market supply gathered from multiple independent sources; and Derived Supply pairs with the supply of an input driven by demand for a finished commodity.
Joint supply involves simultaneous creation of main products and byproducts from one source. Competitive supply arises when goods compete for identical limited production resources. Composite supply represents total market supply coming from various distinct sources. Derived supply is determined by demand for the end product requiring that input.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Joint (Complementary) Supply
Identify that producing one good automatically yields a byproduct or secondary good from the same process.
By definition, joint supply items share a common origin of production.
2
Analyze Competitive Supply
Identify that producing more of one good requires diverting resources away from producing another good.
Scarce inputs create an inverse supply relationship between substitute outputs.
3
Analyze Composite Supply
Identify that total supply is the aggregate of multiple distinct production sources.
When a single consumer need can be satisfied by different sources, their combined output constitutes composite supply.
4
Analyze Derived Supply
Identify that supply of an intermediate input depends directly on final consumer demand.
Factors of production are supplied because final products are demanded.

Key Concept

Classification and distinguishing features of types of supply
Question 5356Question

Sequence the following procedural steps involved in passing an ordinary bill into law under the 1979 Presidential Constitution of Nigeria, from the initial legislative introduction to final enactment.

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Answer

The correct sequence for enacting a law under the 1979 Presidential Constitution begins with formal introduction and first reading in either chamber, followed by standing committee scrutiny, reconciliation of conflicting versions by a Joint Conference Committee, and finally transmission to the Executive President for assent.
Under the 1979 Presidential Constitution of Nigeria, the legislative process follows a structured sequence: introduction and first reading in either chamber of the bicameral National Assembly, detailed evaluation by a standing committee, reconciliation of divergent versions passed by the Senate and House of Representatives via a Joint Conference Committee, and finally submission to the Executive President for assent.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initiating legislative procedure.
Formal introduction and first reading of the bill in either chamber of the National Assembly is the first step.
Legislative proposals must first be formally introduced on the floor of either the Senate or the House of Representatives.
2
Determine the committee review stage within the originating chamber.
Detailed scrutiny, public hearings, and clause-by-clause amendments by the appropriate Standing Committee comes second.
Bills are committed to specialized standing committees for detailed examination after general debate.
3
Identify the bicameral harmonization process.
Reconciliation of conflicting amendments between the Senate and House of Representatives by a Joint Conference Committee is the third step.
Under the 1979 bicameral system, both houses must concur on identical text; differences are resolved by a joint conference committee.
4
Determine the final executive action required for enactment.
Transmission of the harmonized bill to the Executive President for presidential assent or potential veto is the fourth and final step.
Under the 1979 presidential system, executive assent is required to convert a passed bill into an Act, unless overridden by a two-thirds legislative majority.

Key Concept

Legislative Law-Making Process under the 1979 Presidential Constitution
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 5357Question

Which major administrative and constitutional change was introduced in Nigeria by the Richards Constitution of 1946?

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Answer: The division of the country into Northern, Western, and Eastern regions

Answer

The division of the country into Northern, Western, and Eastern regions
The Richards Constitution of 1946 officially introduced regionalism by dividing Nigeria into three administrative regions (Northern, Western, and Eastern), establishing Regional Houses of Assembly to deliberate on local matters while maintaining a single central government.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary constitutional feature introduced under Governor Arthur Richards in 1946.
The 1946 Richards Constitution formally established regionalism in Nigeria.
It created three administrative regions (Northern, Western, and Eastern) to reflect Nigeria's diverse social and political structure while keeping central authority unified.
2
Distinguish regionalism (1946) from true federalism (1954).
The regional councils created in 1946 were mainly advisory and subordinate to the central Legislative Council.
Constitutional federalism with autonomous legislative powers for regions was later instituted by the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954.

Key Concept

Introduction of Regionalism under the Richards Constitution of 1946
Estimated Time:45s
Question 5358Question

In a constitutional presidential system of government, the doctrine of checks and balances grants the judiciary the power of judicial review to declare acts of the legislature or actions of the executive null and void if they violate the constitution.

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Answer: True

Answer

The statement is True. Judicial review is an established constitutional power of the judiciary designed to check both the legislative and executive branches.
The statement is correct because judicial review is the principal mechanism by which the courts ensure that neither the law-making body nor the executive organ exceeds its constitutional powers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core constitutional mechanism described in the statement.
The statement describes judicial review as exercised within a system of checks and balances.
Understanding the function of judicial review is necessary to determine which branch holds the power and against whom it is directed.
2
Analyze which organ of government holds the power of judicial review and its operational scope.
The judiciary holds this power to review and potentially invalidate unconstitutional acts of both the legislative and executive branches.
Checks and balances ensure that no single branch operates without oversight from another branch.
3
Evaluate the accuracy of the statement based on constitutional principles.
The statement accurately depicts the role of judicial review in maintaining constitutional supremacy and preventing usurpation of power.
The statement is confirmed to be True.

Key Concept

Judicial Review as a Mechanism of Checks and Balances
Question 5359Question

A mixture of starch and protein was treated with pancreatic juice in a test tube maintained at 0C0^\circ\text{C} and optimal pH\text{pH} for two hours, resulting in no breakdown of either substrate. When the temperature of the mixture was subsequently raised to 37C37^\circ\text{C}, rapid digestion of both starch and protein was observed. Which of the following best explains why digestion occurred after the mixture was warmed?

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Answer: Low temperatures temporarily render enzymes inactive without destroying their structural integrity, allowing activity to resume upon warming.

Answer

Low temperatures temporarily render enzymes inactive without destroying their structural integrity, allowing activity to resume upon warming.
At 0C0^\circ\text{C}, enzymes like pancreatic amylase and trypsin lose kinetic energy, reducing the rate of effective collisions with substrate molecules. Because low temperature does not disrupt tertiary protein structure, the enzyme is merely inactivated, not denatured. Restoring the temperature to 37C37^\circ\text{C} restores kinetic motion and catalytic capability.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the effect of low temperature (0C0^\circ\text{C}) on enzyme molecules.
Enzymes experience reduced kinetic energy, drastically lowering substrate collision frequency without altering their active site conformation.
Temperature affects molecular velocity, but low temperatures do not break the covalent or hydrogen bonds maintaining enzyme tertiary structure.
2
Evaluate the effect of raising the temperature to the optimal level (37C37^\circ\text{C}).
Kinetic energy increases, leading to frequent effective collisions between active sites and substrate molecules.
Since the enzymes remained intact during the cold phase, warming restores catalytic function instantly.

Key Concept

Effect of Temperature on Digestive Enzyme Activity and Reversibility of Low-Temperature Inactivation
Question 5360Question

An administrative officer in a government ministry consistently delays official files and demands informal payments before processing routine applications. Which institutional mechanism of civil service control is specifically established to investigate such grievances and redress administrative injustice faced by citizens?

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Answer: The Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman)

Answer

The Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman) is the body specifically empowered to investigate administrative injustice, corruption, and red tape in the civil service.
The Public Complaints Commission serves as Nigeria's Ombudsman, specifically created to investigate citizen complaints against unfair treatment, administrative delays, abuse of power, and corruption by civil servants.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the nature of the bureaucratic problem described in the scenario.
The scenario depicts red tape, corruption, and administrative abuse of office in the civil service.
Identifying the nature of the grievance helps determine the specific regulatory body intended to address it.
2
Evaluate the statutory mandate of institutional control bodies.
The Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman) is designed as a redress mechanism for members of the public affected by administrative errors, oppression, or inefficiency.
Differentiating between internal administrative bodies and external oversight commissions ensures accurate mapping of functions.

Key Concept

Ombudsman / Public Complaints Commission as a mechanism of administrative control over the civil service.
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