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13931 questions

Question 10221Question

According to Max Weber's typology, rational-legal authority derives its legitimacy primarily from public allegiance to the sacred customs and long-established traditions of a political community.

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Answer: False

Answer

The statement is False. Max Weber defined rational-legal authority as legitimacy derived from established laws, statutory regulations, and legal procedures, rather than traditional customs.
The statement incorrectly describes rational-legal authority using the definition of traditional authority. Rational-legal authority derives compliance from obedience to enacted laws and codified regulations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the defining source of legitimacy for rational-legal authority in Weberian typology.
Rational-legal authority is grounded in constitutionalism, impersonal statutory rules, and legal procedures.
Determining the foundational basis of legal-rational governance.
2
Compare this with the claim in the statement regarding sacred customs and long-established traditions.
Sacred customs and long-established traditions are the defining hallmarks of traditional authority, not rational-legal authority.
Evaluating whether the statement correctly matches the authority type with its corresponding source of legitimacy.

Key Concept

Max Weber's Typology of Authority (Rational-Legal vs. Traditional Authority)
Question 10222Question

Match each component of political culture and political socialization listed on the left with its corresponding definition or characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Cognitive Orientation
Affective Orientation
Evaluative Orientation
Primary Agent of Socialization

Matches

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Answer

Cognitive Orientation pairs with Knowledge, beliefs, and factual awareness regarding political institutions, leadership, and policies; Affective Orientation pairs with Emotional feelings, attachments, loyalty, or rejection toward political symbols, authorities, and state structures; Evaluative Orientation pairs with Moral judgments and critical opinions based on applying personal values to political decisions and system performance; Primary Agent of Socialization pairs with The family unit responsible for early, informal, and deeply rooted political attitude formation.
Each concept correctly aligns with its political science definition: Cognitive orientation covers factual awareness; Affective orientation covers emotional attachment or detachment; Evaluative orientation reflects value-based judgments; and the family acts as the primary agent introducing individuals to fundamental political values.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the components of political culture (cognitive, affective, evaluative) and agents of political socialization.
Identified the three psychological dimensions defined by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, along with the core primary agent.
Political culture consists of how citizens internalize politics through knowledge, feeling, and judgment, while socialization agents transmit these orientations.
2
Match Cognitive Orientation to its correct attribute.
Cognitive Orientation corresponds to knowledge, beliefs, and awareness of political facts.
'Cognition' relates directly to intellect, awareness, and factual understanding of political systems.
3
Match Affective Orientation to its correct attribute.
Affective Orientation corresponds to emotional feelings, loyalty, or alienation toward political structures.
'Affect' pertains to emotions and feelings of allegiance or detachment toward the state.
4
Match Evaluative Orientation to its correct attribute.
Evaluative Orientation corresponds to moral judgments and critical opinions on government performance.
'Evaluation' involves comparing political outcomes against normative criteria and values.
5
Match Primary Agent of Socialization to its correct attribute.
Primary Agent of Socialization corresponds to the family unit.
The family is the first, face-to-face institution imparting early social and political values.

Key Concept

Components of Political Culture and Agents of Political Socialization
Question 10223Question

Under the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution, which significant political and territorial adjustment was enacted to resolve inter-regional rivalry over the seat of national governance and strengthen Nigerian federalism?

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Answer: Lagos was separated from the Western Region and designated as a neutral Federal Territory.

Answer

Lagos was separated from the Western Region and designated as a neutral Federal Territory.
The correct option correctly identifies that the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution detached Lagos from the Western Region and constituted it as a neutral Federal Territory directly governed by the central federal legislature, resolving intense regional conflict.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical political conflict surrounding Lagos prior to 1954.
Under the 1951 Macpherson Constitution, Lagos was merged with the Western Region, which led to strong objections from Northern and Eastern political leaders who argued that the country's principal port and capital should not belong to a single region.
Understanding the political compromise is essential to evaluating constitutional reforms.
2
Identify the constitutional resolution introduced by the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution.
The London Constitutional Conference of 1953 and Lagos Conference of 1954 resolved to carve Lagos out of the Western Region, making it a neutral Federal Territory under central federal authority.
This structural change was vital for establishing genuine federalism in Nigeria.

Key Concept

Territorial and Administrative Restructuring under the Lyttelton Constitution
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 10224Question

A civil society organization conducted a survey revealing that majority of citizens hold strong emotional feelings of devotion towards the national pledge and anthem, yet possess minimal factual awareness of how bills become law in parliament. Which component of political orientation is primarily manifested in the citizens' emotional attachment?

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Answer: Affective orientation

Answer

Affective orientation
Affective orientation encompasses the emotional aspects of political culture, including feelings of attachment, patriotism, pride, or alienation towards political objects, symbols, and national institutions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key characteristics described in the scenario
Citizens show strong emotional feelings and attachment to national symbols despite low factual knowledge.
Understanding the nature of the citizen behavior helps categorize it within political orientation frameworks.
2
Map the observed behavior to Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba's three components of political orientation
Emotional attachment and feelings of loyalty represent the affective dimension of political orientation.
Cognitive orientation deals with knowledge/awareness, evaluative orientation deals with judgment/assessment, and affective orientation deals with feelings/emotions.

Key Concept

Components of Political Orientation (Cognitive, Affective, Evaluative)
Question 10225Question

Under the Macpherson Constitution of 1951, twelve Nigerian central ministers were appointed to the Council of Ministers. Which of the following best explains why this executive arrangement proved structurally defective in practice?

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Answer: Ministers were denied direct executive control and departmental responsibility over government ministries, acting primarily as spokespersons in the legislature.

Answer

Ministers were denied direct executive control and departmental responsibility over government ministries, acting primarily as spokespersons in the legislature.
Under the Macpherson Constitution of 1951, the twelve Nigerian central ministers were ministers without portfolios. They were tasked with explaining policy matters in the legislature, but administrative and executive control of departments remained firmly in the hands of British colonial officials.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine the executive provision of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951.
The constitution provided for a central Council of Ministers comprising the Governor, six official members, and twelve Nigerian ministers (four from each region).
Analyzing the constitutional setup helps evaluate its operational limits.
2
Assess the functional powers granted to the appointed ministers.
Ministers were responsible for introducing and taking charge of policy discussions regarding their assigned subjects in the legislature, but they possessed no executive authority over government departments.
British colonial official heads of departments retained executive administrative authority.
3
Identify the primary political consequence of this limitation.
Because ministers could not direct civil servants or enforce policy execution within departments, the executive organ lacked genuine cabinet responsibility and authority.
This structural flaw led to frustration among nationalist leaders and contributed to the constitutional crisis of 1953.

Key Concept

Executive Defects of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951
Question 10226Question

During a review of state expenditure, a legislative public accounts committee summons the Permanent Secretary of a ministry to account for unauthorized financial disbursements found in the annual audit report. Which mechanism of civil service control is being exercised in this scenario?

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Answer: Legislative control over public expenditure

Answer

Legislative control over public expenditure is demonstrated when a parliamentary public accounts committee interrogates administrative accounting officers regarding ministry financial audits.
Legislative control over public expenditure is demonstrated when elected lawmakers scrutinize how civil servants spend state funds. In democratic systems, the Permanent Secretary serves as the accounting officer of a ministry, and committees like the Public Accounts Committee exercise parliamentary oversight by reviewing audit reports and examining administrative spending.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the actor and institutional body conducting the control mechanism in the scenario.
The acting body is a legislative public accounts committee investigating financial disbursements.
Control mechanisms are classified primarily by the organ of government or institution exercising oversight over civil servants.
2
Match the institutional oversight function to its recognized category of civil service control.
Scrutinizing financial audit reports and questioning accounting officers falls under legislative power of the purse and parliamentary control.
The legislature holds constitutional authority to approve public budgets and ensure funds are spent strictly as appropriated.

Key Concept

Legislative control of the civil service
Question 10227Question

In analyzing external relations, political scientists distinguish between the foundational determinants that shape foreign policy decisions and the core objectives a nation strives to achieve internationally. Which of the following represents an internal determinant of Nigeria's foreign policy rather than a foreign policy objective?

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Answer: The nation's demographic composition and natural resource endowment

Answer

The nation's demographic composition and natural resource endowment is an internal determinant of Nigeria's foreign policy.
The option referring to the nation's demographic composition and natural resource endowment describes an internal determinant. Internal determinants are domestic realities—such as economic resources, population size, military capacity, and geography—that shape and constrain a nation's foreign policy options.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Differentiate between foreign policy determinants and foreign policy objectives.
Determinants are factors (internal like economy, geography, population, military capacity; external like global power structure, international law) that influence policy formation. Objectives are the targets or goals a state seeks to accomplish.
The question asks specifically for an internal determinant.
2
Evaluate each option against the definition of an internal determinant.
Demographics and natural resources are internal structural realities of the state that determine its capabilities and priorities.
Objectives such as eradicating colonialism, promoting world peace, or defending sovereignty are desired outcomes rather than conditioning factors.

Key Concept

Internal Determinants vs. Objectives of Foreign Policy
Question 10228Question

Arrange the following historical milestones concerning Nigeria's relation with the Commonwealth of Nations in correct chronological order from earliest to latest.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence of Nigeria's milestones in the Commonwealth of Nations is: (1) Nigeria joining the Commonwealth upon gaining independence in October 1960, (2) hosting the Lagos Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in January 1966, (3) the adoption of the Harare Commonwealth Declaration in October 1991, (4) Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth in November 1995, and (5) the full reinstatement of Nigeria's membership in May 1999.
The correct sequence follows the historical progression of Nigeria's Commonwealth engagement: joining upon gaining independence in October 1960, hosting the historic Lagos meeting on Southern Rhodesia in January 1966, the signing of the Harare Declaration establishing democratic norms in October 1991, the suspension of Nigeria's membership following human rights abuses in November 1995, and the restoration of full membership rights upon returning to civilian rule in May 1999.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the year Nigeria became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Nigeria joined upon independence on October 1, 1960.
Membership required full state sovereignty.
2
Determine the date of the Lagos Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.
The conference took place in January 1966.
It was convened specifically to address the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Southern Rhodesia.
3
Pinpoint the date of the Harare Commonwealth Declaration.
The declaration was issued in October 1991.
It established democracy, good governance, and human rights standards for member countries.
4
Determine the timing of Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth.
Nigeria was suspended in November 1995.
The decision was taken by Commonwealth leaders during the Auckland CHOGM in response to democratic and human rights violations.
5
Identify when Nigeria's Commonwealth suspension was officially lifted.
Full reinstatement occurred on May 29, 1999.
Reinstatement followed Nigeria's successful transition back to civilian democratic governance.

Key Concept

Chronological Trajectory of Nigeria's Diplomatic Relations and Status in the Commonwealth of Nations
Question 10229Question

In May 1967, General Yakubu Gowon abolished the existing four regions and divided Nigeria into twelve states. What was the primary political objective behind this structural reorganization of the Nigerian federation?

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Answer: To weaken the secessionist bid of the Eastern Region by separating non-Igbo minority areas into autonomous states

Answer

To weaken the secessionist bid of the Eastern Region by separating non-Igbo minority areas into autonomous states
General Yakubu Gowon promulgated the State Creation and Transitional Provisions Decree No. 14 of May 27, 1967, dividing Nigeria into 12 states to preemptively break up the Eastern Region's solidarity before its impending secession. By creating Rivers and South-Eastern States, he satisfied minority demands and severed the secessionists from oil-rich coastal areas.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical context of May 1967 in Nigerian political history.
Nigeria was on the brink of civil war, with Lieutenant Colonel C. Odumegwu Ojukwu preparing to declare the secession of the Eastern Region as the Republic of Biafra.
Understanding the immediate threat to national unity clarifies why General Gowon acted urgently.
2
Evaluate the geopolitical strategy behind Gowon's State Creation Decree No. 14 of 1967.
Gowon split the Eastern Region into three states: East Central State (Igbo heartland), Rivers State, and South-Eastern State (minority groups).
Giving self-determination to minority populations in oil-rich coastal areas detached them from the secessionist leadership.

Key Concept

Gowon's 12-State Creation of 1967 as a Political Strategy to Preserve the Federation
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10230Question

What was the primary objective behind the establishment of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975?

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Answer: To promote economic cooperation and regional integration among West African states

Answer

The primary objective behind the establishment of ECOWAS was to promote economic cooperation and regional integration among West African states.
The Treaty of Lagos (1975) established ECOWAS primarily to promote economic integration, free movement of goods, and collective self-reliance across West Africa.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recall the fundamental founding intent of ECOWAS.
ECOWAS was created on May 28, 1975, through the Treaty of Lagos specifically to foster economic self-reliance, harmonized trade policies, and regional development.
Distinguishing the core mandate of an international organization from peripheral or misinterpreted political and military goals.

Key Concept

Primary Objective of ECOWAS
Question 10231Question

What is the defining condition for a candidate to be declared victorious under the First-Past-The-Post electoral system?

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Answer: Obtaining the highest number of votes cast, even if it is less than an absolute majority

Answer

Obtaining the highest number of votes cast, even if it is less than an absolute majority
Under the First-Past-The-Post electoral system, the candidate who receives the highest number of valid votes wins the seat, regardless of whether that tally exceeds 50% of the total votes cast.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary principle of the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system.
FPTP operates on the principle of simple plurality.
Simple plurality determines a winner based on who gets more votes than any single competitor.
2
Compare simple plurality with absolute majority.
An absolute majority requires over 50% of total votes, whereas simple plurality requires only the highest relative tally.
Under FPTP, a candidate winning 35% of the vote can win if all other candidates individually receive less than 35%.

Key Concept

First-Past-The-Post Plurality Principle
Question 10232Question

According to the doctrine of separation of powers popularized by Baron de Montesquieu, the primary objective of dividing government powers into distinct legislative, executive, and judicial organs is to prevent tyranny and protect individual liberty. Is this statement true or false?

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Answer: True

Answer

The statement is True.
The statement is true because French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu emphasized in 'The Spirit of the Laws' (1748) that separating the functions of law-making, law execution, and law adjudication among distinct government branches is necessary to prevent authoritarianism and guarantee democratic freedoms.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core principle being tested
The statement describes the theoretical origin and objective of the doctrine of separation of powers by Baron de Montesquieu.
Understanding the fundamental motivation behind separating government organs is essential to constitutional law.
2
Evaluate the political theory rationale
Montesquieu advocated that liberty exists only when the legislative, executive, and judicial powers are separated to prevent abuse of power.
Concentration of power leads to oppressive and autocratic governance.
3
Determine the truth value of the statement
The statement accurately expresses the foundational purpose of the separation of powers doctrine.
The premise correctly reflects standard political science theory and constitutional principles.

Key Concept

Foundational rationale for the doctrine of Separation of Powers
Question 10233Question

During post-independence governance in Nigeria, how did military intervention primarily affect the structural operation of Nigerian federalism?

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Answer: It centralized power under a unified military command structure, giving the federal government supreme authority over the states.

Answer

Military intervention centralized power under a unified military command structure, giving the federal government supreme authority over the states.
Military intervention fundamentally altered Nigerian federalism by instituting a hierarchical, top-down command structure. Under military decrees, executive and legislative powers were concentrated at the national level, making state military governors subordinate to the Head of State and turning the federal system into a highly centralized unitarized structure.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the organizational structure of military regimes in Nigeria.
Military administration operated through a strict top-down, hierarchical chain of command headed by a central ruling council.
Understanding the military hierarchy explains its direct impact on political governance.
2
Evaluate how this military hierarchy altered federal-state relations.
State military governors were appointed by and directly accountable to the military Head of State, rendering state powers subordinate to central military decrees.
This structural relationship replaced constitutional regional autonomy with central command.
3
Determine the resulting nature of post-independence Nigerian federalism.
Federalism became highly centralized in practice, often described by political scientists as 'unitarized federalism'.
Identifies the core structural transformation brought by military intervention.

Key Concept

Impact of Military Rule on Centralization in Nigerian Federalism
Question 10234Question

Following the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election, General Ibrahim Babangida stepped down and handed power to an Interim National Government (ING) headed by Chief Ernest Shonekan. Which judicial ruling subsequently declared the ING unconstitutional and illegal, contributing to its eventual collapse?

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Answer: The Lagos High Court judgment delivered by Justice Dolapo Akinsanya invalidating Decree 61 of 1993

Answer

The decision of the Lagos High Court presided over by Justice Dolapo Akinsanya, which declared Decree 61 of 1993 null and void.
In November 1993, Justice Dolapo Akinsanya of the Lagos High Court delivered a landmark judgment declaring the Interim National Government (ING) unconstitutional and void because General Ibrahim Babangida had signed the enabling decree (Decree 61) after relinquishing executive president powers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key political event
The establishment of the Interim National Government (ING) under Chief Ernest Shonekan in August 1993.
General Ibrahim Babangida created the ING via Decree 61 of 1993 before stepping down as military President.
2
Analyze the legal challenge against the ING
Chief M.K.O. Abiola and his running mate filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the interim regime.
They argued that General Babangida had already relinquished executive authority when he signed Decree 61.
3
Determine the judicial outcome
Justice Dolapo Akinsanya of the Lagos High Court ruled in November 1993 that the ING was illegal and unconstitutional.
This legal void weakened Chief Shonekan's administration, facilitating General Sani Abacha's military coup shortly thereafter.

Key Concept

Third Republic Transition, June 12 Annulment, and the Interim National Government (ING)
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10235Question

In May 1967, on the eve of the Nigerian Civil War, General Yakubu Gowon issued a military decree dividing the country into twelve states to replace the existing four regions. Which of the following political objectives was General Gowon primarily attempting to achieve through this structural reform?

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Answer: Weaken the political cohesion and secessionist leverage of the Eastern Region while satisfying minority demands for autonomy

Answer

The primary political objective of General Yakubu Gowon's 12-state creation in May 1967 was to weaken the political unity and secessionist momentum of the Eastern Region while granting self-determination to ethnic minority groups within the region.
General Yakubu Gowon's division of Nigeria into twelve states on May 27, 1967, was a strategic masterstroke designed to undermine the impending secession of the Eastern Region. By granting minority ethnic groups in the Niger Delta and southeastern coast their own states (Rivers State and South Eastern State), the federal government gained their loyalty, severed the core Eastern leadership from vital coastal ports and oilfields, and broke the political monolith of the former Eastern Region.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical context of May 1967
The Eastern Region under Lt. Col. C. Odumegwu Ojukwu was on the verge of declaring secession due to post-1966 political crises.
Understanding the political tension between the Federal Military Government and the Eastern Regional Government clarifies why structural changes were enacted.
2
Evaluate the geopolitical impact of splitting the four regions into twelve states
The Eastern Region was divided into three states: East Central State, South Eastern State, and Rivers State.
Dividing the East separated non-Igbo coastal minorities (in Rivers and South Eastern states) from the main Igbo hinterland (East Central State).
3
Determine the strategic political outcome
Minority groups received political autonomy, securing their allegiance to the federal government and depriving the secessionist Eastern enclave of unified regional support and sole control over petroleum resources.
This structural division directly undermined the territorial and political integrity of the proposed Biafran republic.

Key Concept

State Creation as a Political and Military Strategy during the Nigerian Civil War
Question 10236Question

In democratic electoral administration, exercising the right of franchise requires completing specific administrative and procedural stages. Arrange the following steps in the execution of suffrage in their correct chronological sequence from start to finish.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence for exercising franchise begins with voter registration and compilation of the preliminary voters' register, followed by the public exhibition of the draft register for claims and objections, then verification and accreditation of registered voters on election day, and concludes with the casting of the secret ballot by accredited voters.
The exercise of suffrage begins administratively long before election day. Citizens must first be registered to establish an official voters' roll. Next, that preliminary register must be publicly displayed for verification and correction (claims and objections) to yield a certified voters' list. On polling day, registered voters undergo accreditation to verify identity and entitlement. Finally, accredited voters proceed to cast their secret ballots.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the initial legal step required to qualify a citizen to vote.
Voter registration and compilation of the preliminary voters' register is established as the first step.
Without prior registration, a citizen cannot legally exercise suffrage in an electoral system.
2
Determine the administrative review process that precedes election day.
Public exhibition of the draft voters' register for claims, objections, and certification is placed second.
The register must be sanitized, audited, and finalized before it can be used for polling.
3
Identify the mandatory pre-voting check required on election day.
Verification and accreditation of registered voters at the designated polling unit is placed third.
Accreditation confirms that the person attempting to vote is registered at that unit and prevents double voting.
4
Identify the ultimate action fulfilling the exercise of suffrage.
Casting of the secret ballot into the official election box is placed fourth.
Voting takes place only after eligibility and identity have been officially verified through accreditation.

Key Concept

Electoral Administration and Procedural Steps of Franchise Exercise
Question 10237Question

Match each Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or African Union (AU) institutional mechanism on the left with its correct primary mandate or operational function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

OAU Liberation Committee
Pan-African Parliament (PAP)
Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC)
African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)

Matches

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Answer

The correct matches pair the OAU Liberation Committee with coordinating anti-colonial support, the Pan-African Parliament with representing African citizens in governance, the Economic, Social and Cultural Council with integrating civil society perspectives into AU policy, and the African Peer Review Mechanism with voluntary governance self-monitoring.
Each mechanism is correctly paired with its designated mandate: the OAU Liberation Committee mobilized material and diplomatic support for decolonization movements; the Pan-African Parliament fosters popular citizen participation in governance; ECOSOCC integrates civil society organizations into AU decision-making; and the APRM functions as a voluntary peer-monitoring framework for democratic governance.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical role of the OAU Liberation Committee
The Liberation Committee was created during the founding of the OAU in 1963 to direct resources and training toward decolonizing Southern Africa.
Connecting historical OAU mechanisms to the anti-colonial struggle is essential for understanding early continental solidarity.
2
Examine the representative function of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP)
PAP serves to bring together national legislators across Africa to ensure citizen-level participation in continental decision-making.
Differentiating representative assemblies from executive organs clarifies AU legislative architecture.
3
Identify the mandate of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC)
ECOSOCC acts as the institutional bridge between African civil society groups (NGOs, professional bodies) and AU policy organs.
Civil society inclusion marks a key transition from elite state-centric OAU diplomacy to people-centered AU governance.
4
Determine the function of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)
APRM is a voluntary self-assessment process established under NEPAD/AU where participating nations review each other's governance performance.
Understanding peer review mechanisms is critical for evaluating contemporary AU governance and democracy enforcement.

Key Concept

Functions of historical OAU bodies and modern AU governance organs
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 10238Question

During the military administration of General Murtala Muhammed (1975–1976), Nigeria's foreign policy experienced a major transformation from conservative non-alignment to a dynamic, assertive Afrocentric posture. Which of the following diplomatic decisions most clearly demonstrated this shift in foreign policy direction?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The immediate recognition of and financial backing for the Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in opposition to Western pressure

Answer

The immediate recognition of and financial backing for the Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in opposition to Western pressure
General Murtala Muhammed's administration (1975–1976) transformed Nigeria's foreign policy by adopting a bold, activist Afrocentric position. The hallmark of this shift was Nigeria's diplomatic recognition of and substantial financial/military aid to the MPLA in Angola in late 1975. Murtala Muhammed famously rejected US President Gerald Ford's directive pushing for a coalition government that included South African-backed factions, declaring at the 1976 OAU Extraordinary Summit in Addis Ababa that 'Africa has come of age.'

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the foreign policy trajectory of Nigeria under General Murtala Muhammed (1975–1976).
Identify that Murtala Muhammed introduced an energetic, anti-colonial, and pro-African foreign policy stance known as radical Afrocentricity.
Regime changes in Nigeria often brought shifts in external orientation and policy execution methods.
2
Evaluate the key international crisis during Murtala Muhammed's regime.
In late 1975, following Portuguese decolonization in Angola, Nigeria openly rejected the United States' request to support a government of national unity and instead recognized the Marxist MPLA led by Agostinho Neto.
This move demonstrated Nigeria's willingness to directly challenge Western hegemony in defense of African liberation.
3
Distinguish Murtala's actions from foreign policy initiatives of other Nigerian regimes.
The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Pact abrogation belongs to Balewa (1962), ECOWAS formation to Gowon (1975), and the Technical Aid Corps to Babangida (1987).
Differentiating regime-specific policies is essential to historical and political accuracy in assessment.

Key Concept

Regime Change and Afrocentric Foreign Policy Shift under Murtala Muhammed
Question 10239Question

In pre-colonial Yoruba political systems, an Oba's executive authority was bound by constitutional checks from councils such as the Oyomesi. Which key alteration made by the British colonial administration under Indirect Rule disrupted this traditional balance of power in Western Nigeria?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Elevating the Oba to a 'Sole Native Authority' with unchecked executive powers

Answer

Elevating the Oba to a 'Sole Native Authority' with unchecked executive powers
In Western Nigeria, the colonial administration adapted Indirect Rule by designating traditional Obas as 'Sole Native Authorities'. This structural change concentrated executive powers in the Oba while eliminating or ignoring traditional institutional checks and balances (such as the Oyomesi and secret societies), making the Oba autocratic and accountable primarily to colonial district officers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the pre-colonial political structure of Yoruba kingdoms
In pre-colonial Yoruba kingdoms, governance was constitutional and monarchical, where the Oba's power was checked by chiefs, secret societies, and councils such as the Oyomesi.
Understanding pre-colonial governance provides the baseline for identifying colonial modifications.
2
Examine British indirect rule modifications in Western Nigeria
The colonial government established the Oba as the 'Sole Native Authority', giving rulers autocratic power directly accountable to British officers rather than traditional advisory councils.
This policy concentration weakened traditional checks and balances, leading to political friction.

Key Concept

Sole Native Authority in Western Nigerian Indirect Rule
Question 10240Question

Under the principle of separation of powers as formulated by Baron de Montesquieu, checks and balances dictate that the executive branch has the constitutional authority to override a judicial interpretation of the law by passing a new executive decree.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

False. The executive branch cannot override judicial decisions through executive decrees in a system of separation of powers with checks and balances.
The statement is false because under a constitutional democratic system with checks and balances, judicial rulings on the interpretation of the law cannot be overturned by executive decree. The judiciary retains independence and the power of judicial review to check both executive and legislative actions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core doctrine of separation of powers and checks and balances.
Separation of powers assigns distinct functions to three organs: Legislature (law-making), Executive (law enforcement), and Judiciary (law interpretation).
To prevent arbitrary power, no single branch can usurp the primary function of another branch.
2
Evaluate the role of executive decrees versus judicial rulings.
Judicial interpretation and review are exclusive powers of the judiciary to ensure actions conform to the constitution.
Allowing executive decrees to override judicial decisions would destroy judicial independence and lead to executive tyranny.

Key Concept

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
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