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Question 12141Question →

Meridian Manufacturing Ltd extracted the following inventory figures at the end of its financial year:
- Raw materials inventory: $\text{₦}120,000$
- Work-in-progress inventory: $\text{₦}85,000$
- Finished goods inventory (at market transfer value): $\text{₦}250,000$

Finished goods were transferred from the factory to the trading account at cost plus a $25\%$ mark-up. What is the total carrying amount of manufacturing inventories to be presented under current assets in the Statement of Financial Position?

₦320,000

₦405,000

₦455,000

₦505,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: ₦405,000

Answer

The total carrying amount of manufacturing inventories to be presented under current assets is ₦405,000.

The correct valuation of finished goods requires removing the unrealized profit component (₦250,000 × 25/125 = ₦50,000) to arrive at the actual cost of ₦200,000. Adding raw materials (₦120,000), work-in-progress (₦85,000), and net finished goods (₦200,000) gives total current asset inventory of ₦405,000.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the profit element (unrealized profit) included in closing finished goods.

Unrealized Profit = ₦250,000 × (25 / 125) = ₦50,000.

Since finished goods are recorded at cost plus a 25% mark-up, the transfer value represents 125% of cost, so profit is 25/125 (or 20%) of the transfer value.

Determine the net carrying value of finished goods for balance sheet presentation.

Net Finished Goods = ₦250,000 - ₦50,000 = ₦200,000.

Inventories must be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value; unrealized profit must be deducted from finished goods to show them at cost.

Sum all manufacturing inventory components (Raw Materials + Work-in-Progress + Net Finished Goods).

Total Inventories = ₦120,000 + ₦85,000 + ₦200,000 = ₦405,000.

All three inventory types are combined to determine the aggregate inventory figure reported under current assets.

Key Concept

Balance Sheet Presentation of Manufacturing Inventories and Deduction of Provision for Unrealized Profit

Question 12142Question →

A research station located at longitude $142^\circ\text{E}$ records a solar flare observation at $03:16\text{ PM}$ local solar time. At the exact same instant, an oceanographic vessel records the same solar flare at $07:48\text{ AM}$ local solar time on the same day. What is the longitude of the oceanographic vessel in degrees East?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 30

Answer

The longitude of the oceanographic vessel is

30^\circ\text{E}

The research station's local solar time is 15:16 and the oceanographic vessel's time is 07:48, giving a difference of 7 hours 28 minutes (448 minutes). Since

1^\circ

of longitude corresponds to 4 minutes of time, the longitudinal difference is

448 \div 4 = 112^\circ

. Because the vessel's local solar time is earlier than that of the research station, the vessel is located to the west of the research station (

142^\circ\text{E} - 112^\circ = 30^\circ\text{E}

Step-by-Step Solution

Convert both local solar times to 24-hour time format and subtract to determine the exact time difference

Research station time = 15:16, Vessel time = 07:48. Time difference = 7 hours 28 minutes (448 minutes).

Converting to 24-hour format simplifies direct subtraction to evaluate the total time delta between the two locations.

Convert the total time difference in minutes to angular longitudinal distance

448 minutes ÷ 4 minutes per degree = 112° difference in longitude.

Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours (1440 minutes), establishing a rate of 1° longitude change per 4 minutes of local time difference.

Evaluate direction of location and subtract angular distance from the station's longitude

Vessel time is behind station time, placing it west of the station: 142°E - 112° = 30°E.

Places located further west experience earlier local solar time. Subtracting 112° from 142°E yields 30°E.

Key Concept

Longitude and Time Calculations (converting solar time difference to longitudinal angular distance)

Question 12143Question →

In a demographic survey of a municipality in Nigeria, the total population was recorded as $120{}000$ . The survey revealed that $42\%$ of the population is under $15$ years of age, and $6\%$ is aged $65$ years and above. Calculate the total dependency ratio of the municipality (expressed as a percentage rounded to one decimal place).

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 92.3

Answer

The total dependency ratio of the municipality is 92.3%.

The total dependency ratio expresses the number of dependents (youth under 15 and elderly 65 and over) relative to the working-age population (15 to 64). Here, dependents constitute 48% (42% + 6%) of the population, leaving 52% (100% - 48%) in the working-age cohort. Dividing the dependents by the working age group gives (48 / 52) × 100 = 92.3%.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the dependent population percentage and working-age population percentage.

Dependent population percentage = 42% + 6% = 48%; Working-age population percentage = 100% - 48% = 52%.

Demographic dependents consist of youth under 15 years and elderly aged 65 years and above, while the active labor force consists of age groups between 15 and 64 years.

Substitute the cohort percentages into the standard dependency ratio formula.

Dependency Ratio = (48 / 52) × 100

The dependency ratio measures the economic burden carried by the productive segment of the population per 100 working-age individuals.

Compute the numerical value and round to one decimal place.

92.3%

Dividing 48 by 52 yields approximately 0.92307, which converts to 92.3%.

Key Concept

Dependency Ratio Calculation

Question 12144Question →

At the end of the financial year, a sole trader's trial balance showed total purchases of $₦520,000$ . An audit revealed that goods costing $₦35,000$ (with a selling price of $₦48,000$ ) taken by the proprietor for personal consumption were incorrectly credited to the sales account at selling price. What is the adjusted figure for purchases to be reported in the trading account?

₦472,000

₦485,000

₦520,000

₦555,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $₦485,000$

Answer

The adjusted figure for purchases to be reported in the trading account is

₦485,000

When a sole proprietor withdraws goods for personal consumption, the double entry requires debiting Drawings Account and crediting Purchases Account with the cost price of the goods. Subtracting the cost price (

₦35,000

) from the unadjusted purchases (

₦520,000

) yields the net purchases figure of

₦485,000

for the trading account.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the accounting rule for goods withdrawn by the proprietor

Goods taken for personal use must be recorded as drawings at cost price, reducing purchases.

The business entity concept dictates that personal withdrawals are not business operating expenses/purchases.

Determine the relevant value of goods withdrawn

Cost price =

₦35,000

Purchases are recorded at cost, so any reduction in purchases must be made at cost price, not selling price.

Calculate the adjusted purchases figure

₦520,000 - ₦35,000 = ₦485,000

Deducting cost price of goods withdrawn from trial balance purchases gives the net purchases for trading calculation.

Key Concept

Accounting Treatment of Goods Withdrawn by Proprietor

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 12145Question →

The northernmost mainland point of Africa, Ras ben Sakka, lies at approximately latitude $37^\circ\text{N}$ , while its southernmost point, Cape Agulhas, is situated at approximately latitude $35^\circ\text{S}$ . What is the total latitudinal extent of the African continent?

72^\circ

2^\circ

37^\circ

107^\circ

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $72^\circ$

Answer

The total latitudinal extent of the African continent is

72^\circ

Because Africa is bisected by the Equator, its total latitudinal span is calculated by combining its extent in the Northern Hemisphere (

37^\circ\text{N}

) with its extent in the Southern Hemisphere (

35^\circ\text{S}

), giving

37^\circ + 35^\circ = 72^\circ

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the extreme northern and southern latitude coordinates relative to the Equator (

0^\circ

Northernmost point (Ras ben Sakka) =

37^\circ\text{N}

; Southernmost point (Cape Agulhas) =

35^\circ\text{S}

The Equator (

0^\circ

) passes through the middle of Africa, dividing the continent between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Calculate the total angular distance across the Equator by adding the absolute latitude values.

37^\circ + 35^\circ = 72^\circ

When calculating total extent between two points located in opposite hemispheres, the angular distances from the Equator are added.

Key Concept

Latitudinal extent of Africa across the Equator

Question 12146Question →

Apex Maritime Services Plc extracted the following balances from its financial records at 31st December 2025:

Ledger Account	Amount (₦)
Ordinary Share Capital	$800,000$
Share Premium	$120,000$
Retained Earnings	$250,000$
Proposed Dividends	$50,000$
8% Debentures (2032)	$300,000$

What is the correct total value of Shareholders' Funds (Equity and Reserves) to be reported in the Statement of Financial Position?

₦1,050,000

₦1,170,000

₦1,220,000

₦1,470,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: ₦1,170,000

Answer

The correct total value of Shareholders' Funds to be presented in the Statement of Financial Position is ₦1,170,000.

Shareholders' Funds (Equity and Reserves) in a company Statement of Financial Position consists of paid-up share capital plus capital and revenue reserves. Here, Ordinary Share Capital (

₦800,000

), Share Premium (

₦120,000

), and Retained Earnings (

₦250,000

) sum up to

₦1,170,000

. Proposed dividends are current liabilities, and debentures are non-current liabilities.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the components of Shareholders' Funds (Equity and Reserves).

Components are Ordinary Share Capital (

₦800,000

), Share Premium (

₦120,000

), and Retained Earnings (

₦250,000

Shareholders' funds represent the owners' equity interest in the company, comprising paid-up share capital along with capital and revenue reserves.

Sum the equity and reserve items.

₦800,000 + ₦120,000 + ₦250,000 = ₦1,170,000

Share Premium is a non-distributable capital reserve and Retained Earnings is a revenue reserve, both of which belong under Shareholders' Funds.

Exclude items belonging to liabilities.

Proposed Dividends (

₦50,000

) are current liabilities and 8% Debentures (

₦300,000

) are non-current liabilities.

Debentures represent borrowed loan capital, while proposed dividends represent short-term payables.

Key Concept

Classification of Equity and Reserves in Company Statement of Financial Position

Question 12147Question →

An aircraft departs from City A located at longitude $35^\circ\text{W}$ at $08:45\text{ AM}$ local time on Tuesday for a non-stop flight to City B located at longitude $105^\circ\text{E}$ . If the total flight duration is 14 hours and 30 minutes, what is the local time and day of arrival at City B?

08:35\text{ AM}

on Wednesday

01:55\text{ PM}

on Tuesday

03:55\text{ AM}

on Wednesday

08:35\text{ PM}

on Tuesday

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $08:35\text{ AM}$ on Wednesday

Answer

08:35\text{ AM}

on Wednesday

The longitudinal difference between

35^\circ\text{W}

and

105^\circ\text{E}

140^\circ

, equivalent to a 9-hour 20-minute time difference. Since City B is east of City A, its time is ahead by 9 hours and 20 minutes, giving a local departure time at City B of

06:05\text{ PM}

Tuesday. Adding the 14-hour 30-minute flight duration brings the time to

08:35\text{ AM}

on Wednesday.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the total longitudinal difference between City A (

35^\circ\text{W}

) and City B (

105^\circ\text{E}

\text{Longitude difference} = 35^\circ + 105^\circ = 140^\circ

Because the two places are in opposite hemispheres (West and East), their longitudinal values must be added.

Convert the longitudinal difference into a time difference.

140^\circ \times 4\text{ minutes/degree} = 560\text{ minutes} = 9\text{ hours and } 20\text{ minutes}

Earth rotates

1^\circ

every 4 minutes.

Determine the local time at City B when the flight departs from City A.

08:45\text{ AM} + 9\text{ hours } 20\text{ minutes} = 06:05\text{ PM}\text{ (or } 18:05\text{)} \text{ on Tuesday}

Places to the East are ahead in time, so the time difference must be added to City A's departure time.

Add the flight duration to City B's departure time to find arrival time and day.

18:05 + 14\text{ hours } 30\text{ minutes} = 32:35 \Rightarrow 08:35\text{ AM} \text{ on Wednesday}

32:35

represents 8 hours and 35 minutes past midnight, which advances the calendar date by one day from Tuesday to Wednesday.

Key Concept

Calculation of time differences across eastern and western hemispheres considering flight duration and day change

Question 12148Question →

Along the southwestern coast of Africa, the Namib Desert experiences extremely arid conditions despite its direct proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Which of the following climatic factors is primarily responsible for suppressing rainfall while generating frequent coastal fogs in this region?

The presence of the cold Benguela Current, which chills lower atmospheric air masses and creates a stable temperature inversion that inhibits cloud formation

The seasonal southward migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, which draws dry continental air masses across the coast

The warming effect of the Mozambique Current, which raises coastal atmospheric temperatures and prevents water vapor condensation

The influence of moist South-East Trade Winds that lose all precipitation on the western flanks of coastal highland barriers

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The presence of the cold Benguela Current, which chills lower atmospheric air masses and creates a stable temperature inversion that inhibits cloud formation

Answer

The presence of the cold Benguela Current, which chills lower atmospheric air masses and creates a stable temperature inversion that inhibits cloud formation

The cold Benguela Current flowing northwards along Africa's southwestern coast cools the lower layer of the atmosphere. This produces a temperature inversion where cool air sits beneath warmer air, establishing intense atmospheric stability that prevents convective cloud formation and rain, while condensing water vapor into dense coastal fog.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the geographical region and ocean body

The Namib Desert lies on the Atlantic (western) coast of Southern Africa.

Ocean currents operating on the Atlantic side directly influence western coastal climates.

Analyze the oceanic current affecting the southwestern Atlantic coast of Africa

The cold Benguela Current flows northwards along the coast from Southern ocean waters.

Cold ocean currents lower sea surface temperatures and cool the overlying air layer.

Evaluate atmospheric temperature and precipitation response to cold ocean currents

Cooling of lower atmospheric layers creates a temperature inversion (cooler air below warmer air), preventing convection and convective rainfall while chilling moisture into fog.

Atmospheric stability suppresses precipitation while high relative humidity at low altitude produces dense fog.

Key Concept

Oceanic Current Influence on Coastal Desert Climates in Africa

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 12149Question →

Timber reserves in the rainforest belt of West Africa are classified as renewable resources, whereas iron ore deposits in the region are non-renewable. Which of the following statements best explains this classification?

Timber can naturally regenerate within a human timeframe through biological processes, whereas iron ore is formed through geological processes occurring over millions of years.

Timber reserves are inexhaustible regardless of the rate of human exploitation, whereas iron ore is completely depleted after a single extraction cycle.

Timber is derived from organic matter formed during ancient geological eras, whereas iron ore originates continuously from ongoing atmospheric chemical reactions.

Timber is classified as a non-exhaustible flow resource like solar radiation, whereas iron ore is classified as a recyclable organic compound.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Timber can naturally regenerate within a human timeframe through biological processes, whereas iron ore is formed through geological processes occurring over millions of years.

Answer

Timber can naturally regenerate within a human timeframe through biological processes, whereas iron ore is formed through geological processes occurring over millions of years.

The fundamental distinction between renewable and non-renewable resources is the speed at which they naturally regenerate relative to human exploitation. Timber is a biological resource capable of natural regeneration within years or decades through ecological processes, whereas metallic minerals like iron ore are formed by slow geological processes spanning millions of years, making their total supply fixed and finite on human timescales.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the primary scientific criterion used in environmental geography to classify resources into renewable and non-renewable categories.

Resource classification depends on the natural rate of replenishment relative to human consumption rates.

Renewable resources replenish through natural biological or physical cycles within human timeframes, whereas non-renewable resources take millions of years of geological formation.

Compare the formation and regeneration characteristics of timber and iron ore.

Timber is a biological (biotic) resource that regrows via photosynthesis and reforestation over years to decades, while iron ore is a mineral resource with a finite Earth stock.

Understanding these regeneration mechanisms explains why plant-based reserves are renewable while metallic ores are non-renewable.

Key Concept

Natural Resource Replenishment Rates and Classification

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 12150Question →

Two African capital cities, Accra (Ghana) located on the Greenwich Meridian ( $0^\circ$ ) and Mogadishu (Somalia) located at approximately $45^\circ\text{E}$ , are used to evaluate spatial and geopolitical positioning across the continent. If a live meteorological broadcast is transmitted from Accra at 08:00 AM local time, what is the corresponding local standard solar time in Mogadishu, and to which sub-regional economic bloc does Somalia belong?

11:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

05:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

11:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

05:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 11:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

Answer

11:00 AM, and Somalia is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

The time difference between Accra (

0^\circ

) and Mogadishu (

45^\circ\text{E}

) is

45^\circ \times 4\text{ minutes} = 180\text{ minutes}

(3 hours). Because Mogadishu is east of Accra, time is ahead, yielding 11:00 AM. Geopolitically, Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa and is a constituent member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the longitudinal difference between Accra and Mogadishu

Difference =

45^\circ\text{E} - 0^\circ = 45^\circ

Accra lies on the Prime Meridian (

0^\circ

) and Mogadishu lies at

45^\circ\text{E}

Convert longitudinal difference into time difference

45^\circ \times 4\text{ minutes per degree} = 180\text{ minutes} = 3\text{ hours}

The Earth rotates

15^\circ

per hour (

1^\circ

every 4 minutes).

Determine local solar time by applying the directional rule (East is ahead / add time)

Local time in Mogadishu = 08:00 AM + 3 hours = 11:00 AM

As one travels east from the Prime Meridian, local time gains (is ahead of GMT).

Identify the regional economic bloc for Somalia based on political divisions of Africa

Somalia belongs to the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

IGAD is the regional trade and development body for Horn of Africa states.

Key Concept

Longitudinal time calculation and sub-regional political groupings of Africa

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 12151Question →

A town is located at longitude $45^\circ\text{E}$ . If the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is 8:00 a.m., what is the local time in the town?

5:00 a.m.

11:00 a.m.

11:00 p.m.

2:00 p.m.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 11:00 a.m.

Answer

The local time in the town is 11:00 a.m.

Earth rotates from west to east, meaning places to the east experience solar noon earlier than places to the west. For every

15^\circ

of longitude moving eastward, time increases by 1 hour. Since the town is at

45^\circ\text{E}

, it is

45^\circ / 15^\circ = 3

hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (8:00 a.m.), making the local time 11:00 a.m.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the longitudinal difference between Greenwich Meridian (

0^\circ

) and the town (

45^\circ\text{E}

Longitudinal difference =

45^\circ - 0^\circ = 45^\circ

The longitudinal difference determines the total angular distance between the two locations.

Convert the longitudinal difference into time using the rate of

15^\circ = 1\text{ hour}

(or

1^\circ = 4\text{ minutes}

Time difference =

45^\circ \times 4\text{ minutes} = 180\text{ minutes} = 3\text{ hours}

Earth rotates

360^\circ

in 24 hours, which corresponds to

15^\circ

per hour.

Apply the rule 'East gain, West lose' relative to Greenwich Mean Time.

8:00 a.m. + 3 hours = 11:00 a.m.

Since the destination is east of the Greenwich Meridian, local time is ahead of GMT.

Key Concept

Longitude and Local Time Calculation

Question 12152Question →

Geophysical observations indicate that shear ( $S$ ) seismic waves cannot travel through the outer core, while the partially molten asthenosphere enables mechanical movement of the rigid outer shell above it. Which of the following statements accurately explains the physical properties and dynamic interaction of these internal and external structural layers of the Earth?

The asthenosphere exhibits ductile plastic flow that supports lithospheric plate motion, while the liquid state of the outer core absorbs shear stress and blocks

S

-wave transmission.

The sial layer continuously converts into metamorphic marble beneath the oceans to produce mantle convection currents within the solid inner core.

The barysphere undergoes in-situ chemical weathering to generate downslope mass wasting movements that form the Earth's atmosphere.

The oceanic crust consists of light granitic rocks that undergo sedimentary deposition inside the mesosphere to stop

P

-wave transmission.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The asthenosphere exhibits ductile plastic flow that supports lithospheric plate motion, while the liquid state of the outer core absorbs shear stress and blocks $S$ -wave transmission.

Answer

The asthenosphere exhibits ductile plastic flow that supports lithospheric plate motion, while the liquid state of the outer core absorbs shear stress and blocks

S

-wave transmission.

The asthenosphere's partially molten, ductile nature allows it to deform plastically, providing the lubricated substrate over which rigid lithospheric plates move. Furthermore, shear (

S

) waves cannot propagate through liquid media because liquids lack shear strength, which accounts for the

S

-wave shadow zone produced by the liquid metallic outer core.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the physical state and function of the asthenosphere and lithosphere.

The asthenosphere, situated in the upper mantle, exists in a semi-fluid or ductile state. This plasticity allows the cooler, rigid lithospheric plates floating above it to undergo movement.

Internal heat differential drives plastic flow in the asthenosphere, enabling plate tectonics.

Evaluate seismic wave behavior through liquid internal layers.

Transverse (

S

) waves require shear strength to propagate through a medium. Because liquids have zero shear strength,

S

-waves are completely blocked by the liquid outer core.

The boundary between the solid mantle and liquid outer core (Gutenberg Discontinuity) causes an

S

-wave shadow zone.

Key Concept

Physical state, seismic wave propagation, and dynamic interaction of Earth's internal layers (asthenosphere, outer core) and external lithosphere.

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 12153Question →

In West Africa, energy is generated from various natural resources. Which of the following resources used for power production is classified as a non-renewable natural resource?

Coal

Running water

Solar radiation

Wind power

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Coal

Answer

Coal is a non-renewable resource because it exists in finite amounts and takes millions of years to form.

Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from buried plant matter under extreme pressure and heat over geological time. Because human usage far outpaces its multi-million-year formation process, it is classified as non-renewable.

Step-by-Step Solution

Define renewable and non-renewable natural resources

Renewable resources naturally regenerate within human timeframes, whereas non-renewable resources exist in fixed quantities that exhaust with consumption.

Classification depends on rate of natural replenishment relative to consumption.

Evaluate each resource in the options

Running water, solar energy, and wind are naturally renewed by natural earth cycles, whereas coal deposits were accumulated over geological eras.

Coal cannot be naturally replaced once extracted and combusted.

Key Concept

Classification of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources

Question 12154Question →

Match each physical region or river feature of Nigeria listed on the left with its corresponding drainage or geographical characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

River Benue matches with its origin in the Adamawa Highlands joining the Niger at Lokoja; Jos Plateau matches with being a central highland watershed with radial drainage; Cross River matches with draining southeastern Nigeria into the Atlantic Ocean; Chad Basin matches with being a region of inland drainage into a landlocked lake.

Each feature is paired correctly: River Benue flows from the Adamawa Highlands to Lokoja; Jos Plateau is a central radial watershed; Cross River drains southeastern Nigeria into the Atlantic; and Chad Basin is an inland drainage area discharging into Lake Chad.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the primary source and confluence of River Benue.

River Benue originates from the Adamawa Highlands and meets the River Niger at Lokoja.

It is the major eastern tributary of the River Niger within Nigeria.

Determine the relief and drainage pattern of the Jos Plateau.

The Jos Plateau is a prominent highland area in central Nigeria with streams radiating outward.

Its elevated dome structure causes rivers to flow in a radial drainage pattern.

Identify the drainage area of the Cross River.

Cross River drains the southeastern region of Nigeria into the Atlantic Ocean.

It flows independently through the southeast lowlands directly to the coast.

Analyze the drainage characteristics of the Chad Basin.

The Chad Basin is an inland basin where rivers terminate in Lake Chad rather than reaching the ocean.

Surrounding high relief isolates the basin from sea-bound drainage networks.

Key Concept

Drainage systems and major physical regions of Nigeria

Question 12155Question →

In semi-arid regions such as Northern Nigeria, unsustainable land use triggers severe desertification. Arrange the following environmental degradation processes in their correct chronological sequence, from the initial cause to the final ecological outcome.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct order of desertification stages begins with the widespread removal of natural vegetation, followed by topsoil exposure and wind erosion, leading to a drastic reduction in soil organic matter and water infiltration, and concluding with sand dune encroachment and total loss of land productivity.

Desertification begins with human disturbances like overgrazing and tree felling. This exposes topsoil to wind erosion and solar heating, leading to loss of organic humus and soil water infiltration, and culminates in sand dune encroachment and permanent land degradation.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the initial trigger of desertification

Vegetation clearing from overgrazing and fuelwood extraction leaves ground bare.

Plant cover protects topsoil from direct exposure to sun and wind.

Determine the immediate physical response of the exposed surface

Intense solar radiation and strong winds erode the exposed topsoil layer.

Unprotected dry soil is easily carried away by dry wind currents.

Trace the subsequent soil degradation effect

The soil loses its organic content, nutrients, and ability to hold moisture.

Without topsoil and organic humus, soil structure collapses.

Identify the terminal outcome of the process

Active sand dunes form and spread, turning productive land into desert.

This is the final state of desertification where plant life can no longer be sustained.

Key Concept

Process and stages of desertification in semi-arid environments

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 12156Question →

During a five-year demographic survey period, a coastal region in Nigeria recorded an initial total population of $1,200,000$ . Over this period, total live births were $150,000$ and total deaths recorded were $70,000$ . At the end of the five years, a census established the total population at $1,340,000$ . Assuming no other vital statistics apply, calculate the net migration (the net gain of in-migrants over out-migrants) experienced by the region over this period.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 60000

Answer

The net migration for the region over the five-year period is 60,000 migrants.

According to the fundamental demographic balancing equation, total population change equals natural increase (births minus deaths) plus net migration. With an overall population growth of

140,000

and a natural increase of

80,000

, the remaining gain of

60,000

represents net inward migration.

Step-by-Step Solution

Calculate the total overall population growth (

\Delta P

)

\Delta P = 1,340,000 - 1,200,000 = 140,000

Total change in population is the final census figure minus the initial base population.

Calculate the natural increase (

NI

)

NI = \text{Births} - \text{Deaths} = 150,000 - 70,000 = 80,000

Natural increase measures population growth resulting purely from vital events (births and deaths).

Apply the demographic balancing equation to isolate Net Migration (

NM

)

NM = \Delta P - NI = 140,000 - 80,000 = 60,000

Any population growth beyond natural increase is attributed to net migration (in-migrants minus out-migrants).

Key Concept

Demographic Balancing Equation and Net Migration Calculation

Question 12157Question →

A government ministry completed a major public health infrastructure project within its allocated budgetary funds. Subsequently, a team of auditors was assigned to assess whether the project achieved its intended objectives with minimal waste, evaluating the three pillars of economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. Which type of audit procedure was conducted?

Performance audit

Regulatory audit

Special investigation audit

Internal pre-audit

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Performance audit

Answer

Performance audit

A performance audit evaluates public sector programs or projects based on the '3 Es': Economy (minimizing resource costs), Efficiency (maximizing output from given inputs), and Effectiveness (achieving target results). This directly matches the scenario described.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the primary objective described in the scenario

The audit focuses on evaluating whether the health infrastructure project achieved its goals by assessing the 3 Es: Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness.

Different government audit types serve distinct statutory and operational objectives.

Match the 3 Es framework to the correct public sector audit classification

The audit type that measures value for money via economy, efficiency, and effectiveness is a Performance Audit.

Standard financial and compliance audits only verify transaction accuracy and legal adherence, whereas performance auditing examines operational output and value delivered.

Key Concept

Performance Audit (Value for Money Audit) in Public Sector

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 12158Question →

Which of the following vegetation belts in Nigeria is specifically characterized by stilt-rooted trees adapted to saline and brackish water along coastal creeks and lagoons?

Mangrove Swamp Forest

High Rain Forest

Southern Guinea Savanna

Sudan Savanna

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Mangrove Swamp Forest

Answer

Mangrove Swamp Forest

The correct answer is Mangrove Swamp Forest because it forms a continuous ecological zone along Nigeria's Atlantic coastline, lagoons, and the Niger Delta where trees rely on specialized stilt roots for stability in muddy, saline estuaries.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the environmental conditions described in the question.

The habitat consists of coastal creeks, lagoons, and salty/brackish waters of southern Nigeria.

Nigeria's vegetation distribution follows a latitudinal pattern dictated by rainfall, proximity to the coast, and soil salinity.

Identify the vegetation belt matching these environmental adaptations.

The Mangrove Swamp Forest consists of species such as Rhizophora racemosa (red mangrove) equipped with stilt roots to anchor in muddy, saline tidal waters.

Stilt roots are a unique structural adaptation allowing plants to withstand wave action and soft mud in coastal ecosystems.

Key Concept

Vegetation Zonation and Adaptations in Nigeria

Estimated Time:45s

Question 12159Question →

Arrange the following steps involved in converting single-entry incomplete records into final accounts in their correct accounting sequence, from first to last.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct logical sequence is: (1) Prepare the Opening Statement of Affairs to determine opening capital, (2) Reconstruct Debtors and Creditors Control Accounts for credit sales and purchases, (3) Combine cash and credit figures for total sales and total purchases, (4) Draft the Trading, Profit and Loss Account to find gross and net profit, and (5) Draw up the closing Balance Sheet.

Converting single-entry records to double-entry final accounts follows a strict logical sequence: starting with opening capital via an Opening Statement of Affairs, reconstructing control accounts to extract credit sales and purchases, calculating total sales and total purchases by adding cash sales and purchases, compiling the Trading and Profit & Loss Account to determine period net profit, and concluding with the Balance Sheet.

Step-by-Step Solution

Determine the opening capital balance

Opening capital is derived using the Opening Statement of Affairs (Assets minus Liabilities at start of period)

Opening capital is necessary for establishing the opening balance in the capital account.

Calculate missing credit figures using control accounts

Credit sales from Sales Ledger Control Account and credit purchases from Purchases Ledger Control Account

Single-entry records usually lack summary accounts for credit transactions.

Aggregate cash and credit balances

Total Sales = Cash Sales + Credit Sales; Total Purchases = Cash Purchases + Credit Purchases

Trading Account requires complete turnover and total purchases for the period.

Compile the Trading and Profit & Loss Account

Determination of Gross Profit and Net Profit after accounting for accruals, prepayments, and depreciation

Net profit is needed to update the owner's capital account before financial position reporting.

Prepare the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)

Final accounting statement displaying closing assets, liabilities, and closing capital

Summarizes the financial status of the business at the close of the accounting period.

Key Concept

Procedure for Converting Incomplete Records to Final Accounts

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 12160Question →

A proposed high-voltage transmission line connecting a hydro-electric station to an urban sub-station measures $14.5\text{ cm}$ on a topographical map drawn to a scale of $1 : 50,000$ . If the map undergoes a photographic reduction such that its total surface area becomes $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original size, what is the actual ground distance, in kilometers, represented by a length of $5.8\text{ cm}$ measured on the newly reduced map?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 5.8

Answer

The actual ground distance represented by 5.8 cm on the reduced map is 5.8 kilometers.

Reducing the surface area of a map to one-fourth reduces its linear dimensions to one-half, because linear scale factor equals the square root of the area scale factor. With linear dimensions halved, each centimeter on the new map represents twice as much ground distance as before, changing the scale from 1 : 50,000 to 1 : 100,000. At a scale of 1 : 100,000, 1 cm represents 1 km. Therefore, 5.8 cm on the reduced map corresponds to an actual ground distance of 5.8 km.

Step-by-Step Solution

Determine the linear scale factor from the area reduction ratio

Linear factor = \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{1}{2}

Map area varies as the square of the linear scale factor. Reducing area to one-fourth reduces linear dimensions by half.

Calculate the Representative Fraction (R.F.) of the reduced map

New R.F. = 1 : (50,000 \times 2) = 1 : 100,000

Reducing the physical dimensions of a map by half doubles the denominator of its scale ratio, making it a smaller scale map.

Convert the new R.F. scale to kilometers per centimeter

1\text{ cm} = 100,000\text{ cm} = 1.0\text{ km}

Dividing the scale denominator (100,000) by 100,000 converts centimeters to kilometers.

Compute the ground distance for a map length of 5.8 cm

5.8\text{ cm} \times 1.0\text{ km/cm} = 5.8\text{ km}

Multiplying map distance by the ground equivalence per centimeter yields actual distance.

Key Concept

Linear vs Area Scale Conversion and Ground Distance Calculation

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