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Question 121Question →

A client receiving an initial intravenous dose of ceftriaxone suddenly reports tightness in the throat and severe shortness of breath. The nurse observes facial angioedema and notes a precipitous drop in blood pressure to 82/48 mm Hg. Place the following emergency nursing actions in the correct order of priority, from first to last.

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Answer

The correct priority sequence is to stop the antibiotic infusion, assess the airway and provide oxygen, administer intramuscular epinephrine, elevate the lower extremities, and finally administer adjunctive medications.
In acute anaphylaxis, the priority framework relies on removing the inciting agent followed by ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Stopping the infusion prevents further antigen load. Securing the airway and applying oxygen addresses the most immediate threat to life (hypoxia). Intramuscular epinephrine is the priority pharmacological intervention to reverse shock and bronchospasm. Elevating the legs supports circulation (blood pressure), and administering secondary drugs like diphenhydramine resolves lingering symptoms and prevents recurrence.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Stop the intravenous antibiotic infusion immediately.
Further exposure to the allergen is halted.
Removing the trigger is the critical first step to prevent the reaction from worsening.
2
Assess airway patency and administer high-flow oxygen.
Oxygenation is supported while assessing for laryngeal edema.
Airway and Breathing (the 'A' and 'B' in ABCs) take immediate precedence over circulation and medication administration.
3
Administer intramuscular epinephrine into the anterolateral thigh.
Vasoconstriction and bronchodilation are induced.
Epinephrine is the definitive, life-saving medication for anaphylaxis and must be given as soon as airway/breathing are secured.
4
Elevate the client's lower extremities.
Venous return to the central circulation is increased.
This mechanical intervention helps treat the profound hypotension associated with anaphylactic shock.
5
Administer prescribed intravenous diphenhydramine and corticosteroids.
Secondary histamine receptors are blocked and inflammation is reduced.
These are second-line therapies meant to relieve associated symptoms (e.g., hives) and prevent biphasic reactions, not to treat the immediate life threat.

Key Concept

Management of acute anaphylaxis and physiological decompensation requires immediate removal of the trigger followed by adherence to the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) prioritization framework.
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 122Question →

During the administration of packed red blood cells, a client abruptly reports intense lower back pain, sudden chills, and difficulty breathing. To minimize further physiological injury, arrange the following nursing actions in the correct sequence of execution.

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first stop the transfusion, disconnect the blood tubing, initiate normal saline with new tubing, assess the client, and finally notify the provider and blood bank.
In the event of a suspected hemolytic transfusion reaction (indicated by lower back pain, chills, and dyspnea), the nurse's first action must always be to stop the transfusion to limit physiological damage. Next, the nurse must disconnect the blood tubing at the hub and replace it with new tubing primed with normal saline to keep the vein open for emergency drugs without pushing residual blood into the client. Once the line is secure, the nurse assesses the client's vital signs to determine the severity of the reaction. Finally, with the client stabilized and assessment data gathered, the nurse notifies the healthcare provider to obtain orders and contacts the blood bank to initiate a reaction investigation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Stop the transfusion
Prevents further exposure to the reactive blood product.
The priority in any acute allergic or hemolytic reaction is to remove the source of the insult.
2
Disconnect the blood tubing and attach new normal saline tubing
Secures patent intravenous access without flushing residual blood into the client.
Using the old tubing would push remaining incompatible blood into the circulation, worsening the reaction.
3
Assess vital signs and oxygenation
Gathers essential clinical data on the client's current status.
The provider will need accurate, up-to-date vital signs to prescribe appropriate emergency medications.
4
Notify the healthcare provider and blood bank
Initiates medical intervention and laboratory investigation.
Medical directives are required for further treatment, and the blood bank must analyze the remaining product for crossmatch errors.

Key Concept

Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Protocol
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 123Question →

A nurse is caring for a client admitted to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The client is lethargic with Kussmaul respirations, a blood glucose of 640 mg/dL, and an arterial blood pH of 7.18. Arrange the following nursing interventions in the priority order they should be implemented.

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first initiate fluid resuscitation, then verify a safe serum potassium level, followed by initiating a continuous insulin infusion, and finally adding dextrose to the fluids when blood glucose decreases to 250 mg/dL.
In the management of DKA, the immediate priority is to restore circulating volume and tissue perfusion with isotonic fluids. Next, because insulin therapy drives potassium into the intracellular space, the nurse must ensure the serum potassium is greater than 3.3 mEq/L to prevent fatal arrhythmias. Once confirmed, continuous regular insulin is initiated to correct the acidosis and lower blood glucose. Finally, to prevent hypoglycemia and cerebral edema, dextrose is added to the IV fluids when the blood glucose level drops to 250 mg/dL.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Initiate fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride.
Restores intravascular volume and organ perfusion.
Hypovolemic shock from osmotic diuresis is the most immediate life-threatening complication in DKA.
2
Review the initial serum potassium level.
Ensures the client's potassium is safely above 3.3 mEq/L.
Administering insulin before correcting severe hypokalemia can trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
3
Administer a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin.
Inhibits ketogenesis and slowly normalizes blood glucose.
Insulin is required to correct the underlying metabolic acidosis, but is only safe after fluids and potassium are addressed.
4
Add 5% dextrose to the maintenance intravenous fluids.
Prevents blood glucose from dropping below 150-200 mg/dL.
A rapid drop in blood glucose can cause fluid shifts leading to life-threatening cerebral edema.

Key Concept

Clinical Prioritization and Protocol Management in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 124Question →

While rounding on a medical-surgical unit, a nurse assesses a client admitted with chronic heart failure. The client suddenly exhibits profound respiratory distress, orthopnea, and severe anxiety. Assessment reveals an oxygen saturation of 82% on room air, diffuse bilateral crackles, and the expectoration of pink, frothy sputum. Arrange the following collaborative and independent nursing actions in the correct order of priority. All options must be used.

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Answer

The correct sequence of actions is: position the client upright with legs dangling, deliver high-flow oxygen, assess blood pressure and cardiac rhythm, inject the intravenous loop diuretic, and finally, place the indwelling urinary catheter.
This sequence adheres to the nursing process and the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) priority framework for acute decompensation. Immediate physical positioning facilitates lung expansion and reduces preload. Oxygenation directly treats the resulting severe hypoxemia. Hemodynamic assessment must precede the administration of potent preload-reducing medications to ensure adequate organ perfusion. Finally, catheter placement serves as the evaluative measure for the diuretic therapy, making it the final action in this emergency sequence.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Assist the client into a high Fowler's position with their legs dangling over the edge of the bed.
Decreases venous return to the heart and allows for maximum lung expansion.
Airway and breathing mechanics take immediate precedence. This action requires only seconds to perform and rapidly shifts fluid away from the central circulation.
2
Deliver 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather device to address hypoxemia.
Increases alveolar oxygen tension and forces oxygen across the fluid barrier in the lungs.
The client's oxygen saturation of 82% and pink, frothy sputum indicate acute pulmonary edema with severe gas exchange impairment. Immediate oxygenation is vital for survival.
3
Obtain a baseline blood pressure measurement and initiate continuous electrocardiogram monitoring.
Establishes a hemodynamic baseline and screens for life-threatening dysrhythmias.
Before administering medications that drastically reduce circulating volume and preload, the nurse must verify the client is not experiencing profound hypotension or cardiovascular collapse.
4
Inject the prescribed rapid-acting loop diuretic intravenously.
Removes excess fluid volume and relieves acute pulmonary congestion.
Diuretics are the definitive pharmacological treatment for acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acting to rapidly offload fluid from the lungs.
5
Place an indwelling urinary catheter to strictly monitor diuresis.
Facilitates accurate measurement of massive urine output and prevents bladder injury.
Intravenous loop diuretics cause rapid and substantial urine production. A catheter evaluates the medication's effectiveness, but it is an invasive procedure that ranks lowest in immediate life-saving priority.

Key Concept

In acute pulmonary edema, immediate nursing priorities follow the ABC framework: optimize breathing mechanics via positioning, deliver high-concentration oxygen, assess circulation (blood pressure), and finally intervene with pharmacological fluid offloading.
Question 125Question →

A nurse is preparing to administer a mixed dose of regular insulin and NPH insulin in a single syringe for a client with diabetes mellitus. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions? Arrange the steps in the correct chronological order from first to last.

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Answer

The correct sequence for mixing insulins is: Roll the NPH vial, inject air into the NPH vial, inject air into the regular insulin vial, withdraw the regular insulin, and finally withdraw the NPH insulin.
When mixing regular and NPH insulin, the sequence is specifically designed to prevent contaminating the regular (clear) insulin with the NPH (cloudy) insulin. The correct, safe process is to first gently roll the NPH vial to resuspend the particles, inject air into the NPH vial, inject air into the regular vial, draw up the regular insulin, and finally draw up the NPH insulin.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Roll the vial of NPH insulin between the palms of the hands.
The insulin suspension is mixed without creating air bubbles.
NPH insulin is a suspension that separates upon standing. Rolling mixes it evenly, whereas shaking creates bubbles that can lead to an inaccurate dose.
2
Inject a volume of air equal to the prescribed dose into the NPH insulin vial.
Air pressure in the NPH vial is equalized.
Injecting air prevents negative pressure within the vial, facilitating easier medication withdrawal later. This is done first for the NPH vial, being careful not to let the needle touch the liquid to avoid contaminating the needle before it enters the regular insulin vial.
3
Inject a volume of air equal to the prescribed dose into the regular insulin vial.
Air pressure in the regular insulin vial is equalized.
Air is injected into the regular insulin vial next. The needle is left in the vial, and the vial is inverted to prepare for immediate withdrawal of the medication.
4
Withdraw the prescribed dose of regular insulin from the vial.
The exact dose of regular insulin is drawn into the syringe.
Regular insulin (which is clear) must always be drawn up before NPH insulin (which is cloudy). This prevents accidental contamination of the rapid-acting regular insulin vial with the longer-acting NPH insulin.
5
Withdraw the prescribed dose of NPH insulin from the vial.
The exact dose of NPH insulin is added to the syringe, completing the mixed dose.
NPH insulin is drawn last. The nurse must carefully withdraw only the exact amount needed, as the syringe already contains the regular insulin and cannot be pushed back into the vial.

Key Concept

The principle of 'Clear before Cloudy' when mixing insulins to prevent cross-contamination of vials.
Question 126Question →

While performing a morning assessment on a client who underwent an open bowel resection 48 hours ago, the client experiences a sudden, forceful cough. The client states, "Something just gave way in my stomach." The nurse inspects the surgical site and observes that the wound edges have separated with intestinal loops visible outside the abdominal cavity. In what sequence should the nurse perform the following actions? (Arrange the steps in the correct order of priority.)

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Answer

The correct sequence of actions for an abdominal evisceration is to first call for help, then position the client to reduce abdominal tension, next cover the exposed organs with moist sterile dressings, and finally assess vital signs to monitor for shock.
Wound evisceration is a surgical emergency requiring rapid, sequential intervention to protect the exposed organs and prevent physiological decompensation. The correct sequence prioritizes immediate support without leaving the client, reducing mechanical tension on the abdomen, protecting visceral tissue viability, and initiating systemic monitoring for shock.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Call for immediate assistance and direct staff to contact the surgeon.
The rapid response team or additional nurses are alerted to gather necessary sterile supplies and notify the healthcare provider.
The primary nurse must remain at the bedside to monitor and support the client during this acute emergency.
2
Place the client in a low Fowler's position with the knees slightly flexed.
The client's abdominal muscles are relaxed.
Reducing tension on the abdominal wall prevents further evisceration of the internal organs.
3
Cover the exposed bowel with sterile dressings soaked in sterile normal saline.
The protruding intestinal loops are protected from the external environment.
Exposed viscera can quickly dry out and become necrotic. Sterile, moist environments preserve tissue viability and prevent infection.
4
Assess the client's vital signs and monitor for indicators of hypovolemic shock.
Baseline hemodynamics are established.
The client is at high risk for shock due to fluid loss and severe physiological stress. Monitoring guides further resuscitation efforts while the operating room is prepared.

Key Concept

Management of Abdominal Evisceration
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 127Question →

A nurse is caring for a client with a T4 spinal cord injury who suddenly reports a severe, pounding headache and blurred vision. The client's blood pressure is 215/115 mm Hg, heart rate is 52 bpm, and they have profound diaphoresis above the level of the injury. In what order should the nurse perform the following interventions? Arrange the actions from highest priority (first) to lowest priority (last).

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Answer

The correct sequence is: Place the client in a high Fowler's position, loosen any constrictive clothing, assess the bladder for distention, and finally administer the prescribed short-acting antihypertensive medication.
Autonomic dysreflexia is a neurologic emergency that occurs in clients with a spinal cord injury at or above the T6 level. It is caused by a noxious stimulus below the level of injury, leading to an uninhibited sympathetic response. The priority is to decrease the blood pressure immediately to prevent a stroke by elevating the head of the bed to a high Fowler's position. The next step is to remove any rapid external stimuli by loosening constrictive clothing. Then, the nurse must systematically assess for internal triggers, with bladder distention being the most common. Finally, if conservative measures and removal of the stimulus fail to reduce the blood pressure, the nurse should administer a prescribed short-acting antihypertensive medication.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the clinical emergency
The client is experiencing autonomic dysreflexia, characterized by severe hypertension, bradycardia, and diaphoresis above a T4 spinal cord injury.
Recognizing autonomic dysreflexia is critical because it is a life-threatening medical emergency requiring immediate, specific sequential interventions to prevent a stroke.
2
Determine the most immediate action to mitigate risk
The immediate priority is to place the client in a high Fowler's position.
This intervention rapidly utilizes orthostatic pressure changes to lower the blood pressure in the cerebral vessels, providing immediate protection while other causes are investigated.
3
Address external contributing factors
Loosening constrictive clothing or tight devices is the next step.
Any noxious stimulus below the level of injury can trigger or worsen the sympathetic response. Removing external restrictions is a rapid intervention that can be performed immediately.
4
Assess for and resolve internal triggering stimuli
Assess the bladder for distention and check the urinary catheter.
Bladder distention (e.g., from a kinked catheter or urinary retention) is the most common cause of autonomic dysreflexia. Resolving the trigger will halt the pathological reflex.
5
Identify indicated pharmacological interventions
Administer the prescribed short-acting antihypertensive medication as the final step in this sequence.
Medications are used if the cause cannot be rapidly found and removed, or if the blood pressure remains dangerously elevated despite nursing interventions.

Key Concept

Autonomic dysreflexia is a medical emergency in clients with spinal cord injuries at or above T6, requiring immediate positioning to lower blood pressure, followed by identification and removal of triggering stimuli.
Question 128Question →

A nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Fifteen minutes into the infusion, the client reports sudden, severe lower back pain and a feeling of impending doom. The client's heart rate is 124 beats per minute, blood pressure is 86/52 mm Hg, and the nurse observes dark, reddish-brown urine in the Foley catheter tubing. Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority sequence from first to last.

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Answer

The correct priority sequence is: 1. Stop the blood transfusion immediately. 2. Disconnect the blood tubing and initiate a normal saline infusion with new tubing. 3. Assess the client's cardiopulmonary status and obtain a complete set of vital signs. 4. Notify the healthcare provider and the blood bank of the reaction. 5. Collect required blood and urine specimens and send them with the blood bag to the laboratory.
Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions are life-threatening emergencies caused by ABO incompatibility. The absolute priority is to stop the offending agent immediately. Next, intravenous access must be maintained with new tubing and 0.9% sodium chloride to prevent hemodynamic collapse and maintain renal perfusion, while carefully avoiding flushing the incompatible blood currently in the old tubing into the client. Only after securing the line and stopping the blood should the nurse assess the client's status, notify the provider for further orders, and finally handle the diagnostic and laboratory follow-up.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the clinical presentation as an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction.
Recognize that severe lower back pain, hypotension, and dark urine are signs of hemolysis and impending shock.
Prompt recognition dictates the immediate emergency response to halt the reaction.
2
Prioritize the immediate cessation of the blood product.
The transfusion is stopped.
Removing the source of the ABO incompatibility prevents further destruction of red blood cells.
3
Establish a patent IV line with new tubing and 0.9% sodium chloride.
Intravenous access is secured for fluid resuscitation without administering the remaining incompatible blood.
Normal saline maintains vascular volume and renal perfusion, mitigating hypovolemic shock and acute kidney injury.
4
Evaluate the client's physiological status.
Cardiopulmonary assessment and vital signs are obtained.
Assessment data is necessary to determine the degree of physiological decompensation before contacting the provider.
5
Communicate findings and obtain laboratory confirmation.
The provider and blood bank are notified, and specimens are sent.
Medical interventions are prescribed based on the report, and the lab determines the exact cause of the reaction.

Key Concept

Management of Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
Question 129Question →

A nurse is assessing a client who is two days postoperative following an exploratory laparotomy. The client coughs unexpectedly and reports a sudden "popping" sensation in the abdomen. The nurse inspects the surgical site and observes that a loop of bowel is protruding through the incision. Arrange the following nursing actions in the priority order they should be performed.

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Answer

The correct priority sequence is to first call for help, then position the client to reduce abdominal tension, cover the exposed organs to prevent necrosis, assess vital signs for shock, and finally notify the surgeon.
When an evisceration occurs, the immediate physiological priority is to prevent further protrusion and protect the exposed organs while securing definitive surgical care. The nurse must first secure assistance without leaving the client, then immediately decrease abdominal pressure by placing the client in a low Fowler's position with knees flexed. Once positioned, the exposed bowel must be covered with sterile, moist dressings to prevent necrosis. Only after the wound is protected and vital signs are obtained to check for shock should the nurse notify the surgeon, providing them with a complete and accurate clinical picture.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Call for help and instruct the client to avoid coughing or straining.
Additional staff is summoned to gather sterile supplies while the nurse remains with the unstable client.
The nurse must never leave a client with an evisceration unattended. Straining increases intra-abdominal pressure, which directly worsens the protrusion.
2
Place the client in a low Fowler's position with the knees flexed.
Tension on the abdominal wall is immediately relieved.
Bending the knees and keeping the head of the bed slightly elevated (no more than 20 degrees) relaxes the abdominal muscles, mechanically preventing further evisceration.
3
Cover the protruding viscera with sterile, saline-moistened dressings.
The exposed bowel is protected from the outside environment.
Viscera can dry out quickly, leading to severe tissue necrosis. A sterile, moist environment preserves the tissue and minimizes infection risk.
4
Obtain the client's vital signs to assess for physiological instability.
The client's hemodynamic stability is determined.
Evisceration is a medical emergency that can lead to rapid fluid shifts and hypovolemic shock. Current vital signs are needed before notifying the provider.
5
Notify the surgeon to prepare for emergency surgical intervention.
Definitive surgical care is arranged.
After stabilizing the client and obtaining current assessment data, the surgeon must be informed immediately to take the client back to the operating room.

Key Concept

Management of Postoperative Evisceration
Question 130Question →

A nurse is preparing to administer an intravenous (IV) push medication through a client's established peripheral IV saline lock. Place the following nursing actions in the correct chronological sequence.

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first perform hand hygiene and don gloves, scrub the connector port, aspirate and flush the catheter, inject the medication over the recommended time, and finally flush the catheter again at the same rate.
The correct sequence prioritizes infection control, followed by assessment of catheter patency, safe medication administration, and proper line clearance. Hand hygiene and gloves must come first. Scrubbing the port prevents introducing pathogens. Aspirating and flushing confirms the line is in the vein and patent. The medication is then administered at a safe rate. Finally, the post-medication flush must be administered at the same rate as the medication to avoid rapidly bolusing the drug remaining in the dead space of the catheter.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves.
The nurse is prepared to safely access the IV line while maintaining infection control.
Hand hygiene and barrier protection are critical first steps to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
2
Scrub the needleless connector port with an antiseptic swab.
The access port is disinfected.
Scrubbing the hub removes microorganisms from the surface, preventing them from being pushed into the bloodstream.
3
Aspirate for a blood return and flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride.
Line patency and proper intravascular placement are confirmed.
Aspiration ensures the catheter is still in the vein, while flushing confirms the line is not occluded and prepares it for the medication.
4
Inject the medication over the prescribed amount of time.
The medication is safely delivered into the client's bloodstream.
Adhering to the recommended IV push rate prevents speed shock, a systemic reaction caused by rapid introduction of a foreign substance into the circulation.
5
Flush the catheter with 0.9% sodium chloride at the same rate used for the medication.
The medication remaining in the dead space of the catheter is cleared into the bloodstream safely.
Flushing too rapidly at the end will push the residual medication into the vein as a rapid bolus, negating the careful timing of the medication administration.

Key Concept

Safe administration of intravenous (IV) push medications via a peripheral saline lock requires strict aseptic technique, verification of line patency, and appropriately timed flushing techniques.
Question 131Question →

A client receiving intravenous fluids via a central venous catheter suddenly develops severe shortness of breath, chest pain, and lightheadedness. The nurse notes that the catheter's injection cap has fallen off and the lumen is open to room air. Suspecting an air embolism, in what order should the nurse perform the following actions to reduce the risk of further physiological compromise? Arrange the interventions from first to last.

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first clamp the central venous catheter, then place the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position, administer 100% oxygen, activate the rapid response team, and finally obtain a complete set of vital signs.
The priority in any acute complication is to stop the cause and prevent imminent physiological collapse. Clamping the line directly stops the air from entering. The left lateral Trendelenburg position immediately mitigates the mechanical threat of the air bubble. High-flow oxygen is then applied to treat hypoxia and shrink the bubble. Only after these immediate stabilization actions should the nurse take the time to activate the rapid response team and collect vital signs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Clamp the central venous catheter.
Stops additional air from entering the vascular space.
When an air embolism is suspected due to an open central line, eliminating the source of the embolism is the absolute first priority to prevent worsening of the condition.
2
Place the client in the left lateral Trendelenburg position.
Traps the air bubble in the right atrium.
This specific position uses gravity to keep the air bubble away from the pulmonary outflow tract, reducing the risk of a fatal pulmonary artery occlusion.
3
Administer 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
Treats hypoxemia and aids in gas reabsorption.
A high concentration of oxygen creates a diffusion gradient that helps reabsorb the nitrogen present in the air bubble, shrinking its size while addressing the client's severe shortness of breath.
4
Activate the rapid response team.
Summons advanced medical support.
Air embolism is a life-threatening emergency. Once initial mitigation steps are complete, additional resources and a healthcare provider must be mobilized immediately.
5
Obtain a complete set of vital signs.
Provides objective data on the client's hemodynamic status.
Assessment follows the immediate life-saving actions. Continuous monitoring of vital signs guides further medical interventions once the rapid response team arrives.

Key Concept

In the event of a suspected air embolism from a central venous catheter, the nurse's immediate priorities are to stop further air entry, position the client to trap the air, and provide oxygenation before seeking further assistance.
Question 132Question →

A client is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The client is lethargic, has a respiratory rate of 3232 breaths/minute with deep, rapid breathing, and a blood glucose level of 680680 mg/dL (37.737.7 mmol/L). Arrange the following nursing actions in the correct priority order of implementation.

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Answer

The correct sequence is: 1. Assess airway and respiratory status, 2. Administer rapid intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride, 3. Verify the client's initial serum potassium level, 4. Initiate a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin, 5. Add 5% dextrose to the maintenance intravenous fluids.
The correct sequence of actions for managing a client with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) follows the ABCs and standard emergency protocols. First, the nurse must assess the airway and respiratory status, as the client is lethargic and experiencing Kussmaul respirations. Second, reversing severe dehydration with isotonic fluids (0.9% sodium chloride) is the most critical physiological priority to prevent hypovolemic shock. Third, the nurse must verify the serum potassium level; insulin drives potassium into the cells, so administering insulin to a hypokalemic patient can cause lethal cardiac dysrhythmias. Fourth, a continuous regular insulin infusion is initiated to resolve the ketoacidosis. Finally, when the blood glucose approaches 250 mg/dL, 5% dextrose must be added to the intravenous fluids to prevent hypoglycemia and cerebral edema.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Assess the client's airway patency and respiratory status.
Airway is secured and Kussmaul respirations are closely monitored.
According to the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) prioritization framework, securing the airway is always the initial action for a compromised or lethargic client.
2
Administer rapid intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride.
Intravascular volume is expanded and tissue perfusion is restored.
Severe dehydration is the most immediate life-threatening metabolic issue in DKA; isotonic normal saline rapidly restores circulating volume.
3
Verify the client's initial serum potassium level.
Baseline potassium is confirmed to prevent severe hypokalemia.
Insulin shifts potassium into the intracellular space. The nurse must ensure the potassium level is adequate (typically >3.3 mEq/L) before starting insulin to avoid fatal dysrhythmias.
4
Initiate a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin.
Blood glucose levels begin to steadily decrease and ketone production stops.
Regular insulin acts to reverse the underlying ketoacidosis and cellular starvation.
5
Add 5% dextrose to the maintenance intravenous fluids.
Hypoglycemia and potential cerebral edema are prevented.
Once the blood glucose level drops to approximately 250 mg/dL, dextrose must be added to prevent a rapid hypoglycemic shift while insulin continues to be administered to clear ketones.

Key Concept

Prioritization and acute management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Question 133Question →

An assigned nurse is preparing to initiate an intermittent intravenous (IV) piggyback antibiotic for a patient receiving a continuous primary infusion of 0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride. The primary line is controlled by an electronic infusion device. After performing hand hygiene and verifying medication rights, how should the nurse sequence the setup steps?

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first verify compatibility, then spike and prime the secondary tubing, scrub the proximal Y-port, attach the tubing while lowering the primary bag, and finally open the clamp to start the infusion.
Administering a secondary infusion requires strict adherence to safety and infection control principles. The nurse must first ensure compatibility to prevent precipitation. Next, the equipment is prepared by spiking and priming the secondary line. Asepsis is maintained by scrubbing the access hub before connection. Proper physical setup requires lowering the primary bag so the pump pulls from the higher secondary bag. Finally, the clamps are opened and the pump is started.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Verify compatibility of the antibiotic with the primary solution
Confirmation that the solutions are safe to mix
Incompatible solutions can crystallize or cause loss of medication efficacy.
2
Spike the secondary bag and prime the tubing
Tubing is filled with medication and free of air
Removes air to prevent an air embolism from reaching the patient.
3
Scrub the proximal Y-port
The connection site is disinfected
Prevents the introduction of pathogens into the vascular system.
4
Attach the secondary tubing and lower the primary bag
The secondary line is connected and positioned properly
Lowering the primary bag allows the secondary fluid to exert higher hydrostatic pressure, causing it to infuse first.
5
Open the secondary roller clamp and start the infusion
The antibiotic begins to infuse into the patient
Initiates the actual delivery of the prescribed medication at the safe rate.

Key Concept

Intravenous Piggyback (IVPB) Administration Safety
Question 134Question →

A nurse is caring for a client with a T4 spinal cord injury who suddenly complains of a severe, throbbing headache. The nurse notes profuse diaphoresis above the level of the injury, flushing of the skin, and a blood pressure of 210/115 mmHg. Arrange the following nursing interventions in the correct order of priority from first to last.

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Answer

First, elevate the head of the bed. Second, loosen constrictive clothing. Third, assess the bladder for distention or catheter kinks. Fourth, administer a short-acting antihypertensive if symptoms persist. Finally, document the event and the client's response.
Autonomic dysreflexia is a medical emergency in clients with spinal cord injuries at or above T6. The correct prioritization focuses on immediately mitigating the most dangerous symptom (hypertension) followed by identifying and removing the trigger. Elevating the head of the bed lowers blood pressure via orthostasis. Loosening tight clothing and assessing the bladder (the most common cause) are the next steps to eliminate the noxious stimuli. If these measures fail, antihypertensives are necessary. Documentation is the final step after stabilization.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recognize the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a client with a spinal cord injury at or above T6.
The nurse identifies the throbbing headache, diaphoresis, flushing, and severe hypertension as a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Early recognition prevents life-threatening complications such as a stroke.
2
Prioritize interventions based on the immediate threat to life.
Elevating the head of the bed is chosen as the first action.
Sitting the client upright immediately takes advantage of orthostatic hypotension to lower the dangerous blood pressure, addressing the most critical threat.
3
Determine the sequence for eliminating potential triggers.
Loosening tight clothing is done quickly, followed immediately by assessing the most common internal trigger (bladder).
Removing external noxious stimuli is fast and non-invasive, while bladder assessment addresses the most statistically probable internal cause.
4
Determine the role of medication and documentation in the sequence.
Medication is given if non-pharmacological removal of stimuli fails, and documentation is performed last.
Antihypertensives are a secondary line of treatment if the underlying cause cannot be rapidly fixed. Documentation always follows stabilization.

Key Concept

Prioritization of care for Autonomic Dysreflexia
Question 135Question →

A nurse is preparing to withdraw a prescribed parenteral medication from a glass ampule. Arrange the following actions in the correct chronological order to ensure safe preparation. All options must be used.

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Answer

The correct sequence for safe ampule preparation is: tap the ampule, protect hands with a gauze pad, snap the neck away from the body, withdraw medication using a filter needle, and finally replace the filter needle with an administration needle.
The correct chronological sequence ensures both client and nurse safety when handling glass ampules. Fluid must first be displaced from the neck before breaking to ensure accurate dosing. The nurse's hands must be protected with gauze or an alcohol swab wrapper before snapping the neck away from the body to prevent lacerations. A filter needle is absolutely required to draw up the medication to trap any glass fragments that fall into the solution. Finally, the filter needle must be replaced with a standard needle prior to injection so that trapped glass is not forced into the client's tissues or bloodstream.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Tap the top of the ampule lightly.
Fluid moves out of the neck and into the lower chamber.
Prevents the medication from spilling or being wasted when the ampule is broken.
2
Place a sterile gauze pad around the neck.
The breakable neck is covered.
Protects the nurse's fingers from potential glass shards during the snapping motion.
3
Snap the ampule neck away from the body.
The ampule is safely opened.
Directs breaking glass away from the nurse's face and eyes.
4
Attach a filter needle and withdraw the medication.
Medication is drawn into the syringe while filtering out glass.
Traps any microscopic glass particles that may have fallen into the liquid during breaking.
5
Replace the filter needle with an appropriate administration needle.
The syringe is safely prepared for client administration.
Ensures that the trapped glass particles in the filter are discarded and not injected into the client's tissue.

Key Concept

Safe medication preparation from a glass ampule using a filter needle
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 136Question →

A nurse is caring for a client who is 3 days postoperative following an open exploratory laparotomy. The client coughs forcefully and reports a sudden "giving way" sensation in the abdomen. The nurse inspects the surgical site and observes that the incision has separated and a portion of the bowel is protruding. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions? Arrange the actions from first to last.

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Answer

The correct sequence is to first call for assistance, then position the client to reduce abdominal tension, cover the wound to protect the bowel, assess vital signs, and finally prepare for surgery.
Wound evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse's immediate priority is to secure assistance without leaving the client. Next, the nurse must intervene to prevent further evisceration by placing the client in a low Fowler's position with flexed knees. Once positioned, the exposed viscera must be protected from drying and necrosis by covering them with sterile, saline-moistened dressings. After the bowel is protected, the nurse assesses for signs of shock by obtaining vital signs. Finally, the client is prepared for emergency surgical repair.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Stay with the client and call for immediate assistance.
Assistance is secured without leaving the client unattended.
Wound evisceration is a medical emergency. The nurse must not leave the client alone but needs another staff member to notify the surgeon and bring sterile supplies.
2
Position the client in a low Fowler's position with the knees flexed.
Tension on the abdominal muscles and incision is minimized.
This positioning relaxes the abdominal muscles, preventing further protrusion of the abdominal contents while waiting for supplies.
3
Cover the exposed bowel with a sterile, saline-moistened dressing.
The protruding bowel is protected from drying and infection.
Exposed viscera can quickly become necrotic if allowed to dry. Covering them with sterile, moist dressings preserves tissue viability.
4
Obtain the client's vital signs.
A baseline is established to monitor for systemic complications.
Evisceration can lead to hypovolemic shock. Monitoring vital signs helps identify tachycardia, hypotension, and other signs of physiological deterioration.
5
Prepare the client for emergency surgery.
The client is readied for definitive surgical repair.
The only definitive treatment for wound evisceration is surgical closure. Preparing the client includes maintaining NPO status and ensuring patent IV access.

Key Concept

Management of Wound Evisceration
Question 137Question →

A nurse is evaluating a client who is two days postoperative following an exploratory laparotomy. The client suddenly reports a 'popping' sensation in the abdomen after a forceful cough. Upon inspection, the nurse observes that the surgical incision has separated and loops of bowel are protruding. In what order should the nurse perform the following interventions? (Arrange the actions from first to last)

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Answer

The correct sequence of interventions is: 1) stay with the client and call for help, 2) position the client in low-Fowler's with knees flexed, 3) cover the bowel with sterile saline dressings, 4) assess vital signs, and 5) prepare for emergency surgery.
Wound evisceration is a severe postoperative complication requiring immediate intervention. The sequence of actions is driven by the need to secure assistance, mechanically prevent further organ protrusion, protect the exposed tissues, monitor systemic perfusion, and definitively treat the complication in surgery.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recognize the evisceration, stay with the client, and call for help.
Assistance is secured without leaving the client in an unsafe, unmonitored state.
Evisceration is a life-threatening emergency requiring multiple simultaneous actions; the primary nurse must stay to stabilize the client.
2
Place the client in a low-Fowler's position with knees flexed.
Abdominal muscle tension is reduced.
Reducing intra-abdominal pressure prevents further protrusion of the bowel.
3
Cover the protruding organs with sterile, saline-moistened dressings.
The viscera are protected from drying and environmental contaminants.
Exposed bowel can quickly become necrotic or infected. Sterile saline maintains tissue viability.
4
Assess vital signs.
Baseline systemic status is established.
The client is at high risk for hypovolemic shock; monitoring blood pressure and heart rate guides further fluid resuscitation.
5
Prepare for immediate surgical intervention.
The client is readied for definitive treatment.
Surgical repair is the only definitive treatment for wound evisceration.

Key Concept

Management of Abdominal Wound Evisceration
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 138Question →

A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed intravenous (IV) push medication through a client's central venous catheter (CVC). The specific lumen to be used is currently capped and locked with a heparin solution. Place the following steps for administering the medication in the correct chronological order.

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Answer

The correct sequence follows the standard SASH protocol: Scrub the hub, flush with Saline (after aspirating), Administer the medication, flush with Saline again, and finally lock with Heparin.
The SASH (Saline, Administer, Saline, Heparin) method is the evidence-based standard of practice for administering medications through a capped central venous catheter. This sequence ensures infection control, confirms line patency, prevents drug incompatibilities, and maintains the line for future use.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Scrub the needleless connector.
Disinfects the access point.
Prevents Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI).
2
Aspirate for blood and flush with normal saline.
Confirms placement and clears the heparin lock.
Ensures the catheter is in the vein and patent, and prevents incompatibility between heparin and the incoming medication.
3
Administer the IV push medication.
Delivers the prescribed therapy.
Provides the required pharmacological treatment at a safe, controlled rate.
4
Flush with normal saline at the medication's administration rate.
Clears the medication from the catheter.
Ensures the full dose reaches the patient without inadvertently bolusing the residual medication left in the line.
5
Instill the heparin flush solution.
Locks the catheter lumen.
Maintains catheter patency and prevents blood clots from forming while the line is capped.

Key Concept

Central Venous Catheter Medication Administration (SASH Protocol)
Question 139Question →

A nurse is caring for a client who is two days postoperative following a right total knee arthroplasty. The client suddenly reports sharp, pleuritic chest pain, severe shortness of breath, and a feeling of impending doom. The client appears diaphoretic and highly agitated. Arrange the following nursing actions in the priority order they should be performed. (Place the first action at the top and the last action at the bottom.)

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Answer

The correct priority sequence is to first elevate the head of the bed, then apply oxygen, obtain vital signs, notify the rapid response team, and finally establish secondary intravenous access.
The correct sequence prioritizes immediate, non-invasive airway and breathing interventions (elevating the head of the bed and applying oxygen) because they take seconds to perform and immediately address the life-threatening hypoxia. Once the client's breathing is mechanically supported, the nurse must assess the client's physiological status (vital signs) to gather the necessary data before communicating with the rapid response team. Finally, preparing for advanced medical interventions (establishing IV access) is done once help is on the way.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recognize the clinical signs of a pulmonary embolism (sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain, impending doom) as an acute respiratory emergency.
The client is identified as requiring immediate life-saving interventions.
Failure to act promptly on signs of acute respiratory compromise can lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest.
2
Elevate the head of the bed to a high-Fowler's position.
The diaphragm drops, allowing for maximal chest expansion.
This is the most rapid intervention to decrease the work of breathing and improve ventilation mechanics.
3
Apply high-flow supplemental oxygen.
Alveolar oxygen concentration rapidly increases.
This treats the severe hypoxemia caused by the ventilation-perfusion mismatch associated with a pulmonary embolus.
4
Obtain a complete set of vital signs, including oxygen saturation.
Baseline physiological and hemodynamic data is established.
This quantitative data is required to determine the severity of the compromise and to accurately report the client's status to the provider.
5
Notify the rapid response team and healthcare provider.
Advanced medical support and specialized orders are obtained.
The client requires diagnostic testing and medical interventions (such as anticoagulation) that require a provider's order.
6
Establish a secondary peripheral intravenous access line.
A dedicated venous line is available for emergency administration.
The client will likely require fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, or continuous anticoagulation infusions to manage the crisis.

Key Concept

In an acute respiratory emergency, nursing priorities follow the airway, breathing, circulation (ABC) framework and the nursing process: intervene immediately to support airway/breathing, assess to gather data, communicate findings, and prepare for advanced medical management.
Question 140Question →

A nurse is preparing to discontinue a client's non-tunneled central venous catheter (CVC) from the internal jugular vein. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions to minimize the risk of complications? Arrange the steps in the correct sequence from first to last.

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Answer

The correct sequence is: position the client supine, remove the dressing and securements, instruct the client to perform the Valsalva maneuver, withdraw the catheter, and immediately apply a sterile occlusive dressing.
Removing a central venous catheter carries a high risk of air embolism. The proper sequence of actions is designed to manipulate intrathoracic and venous pressure to prevent air from entering the central circulation. The client must first be positioned supine to increase central venous pressure. After preparing the site by removing securements, the client performs the Valsalva maneuver to create positive intrathoracic pressure. The catheter must be withdrawn precisely during this maneuver, and the site is immediately sealed with an occlusive dressing to prevent air entry through the open tissue tract.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Position the client flat in a supine position.
Central venous pressure is increased in the upper body.
This is the initial critical step to create a pressure gradient that discourages air from entering the central circulation.
2
Remove the current dressing and release any securement devices.
The catheter is free and ready for removal.
Securements must be removed prior to having the client hold their breath, as the client should only hold their breath for a brief period.
3
Instruct the client to take a deep breath, hold it, and bear down.
Intrathoracic pressure is maximized.
This action (Valsalva maneuver) creates positive pressure inside the central veins, acting as a functional barrier against an air embolism.
4
Withdraw the catheter in a smooth, continuous motion.
The catheter is removed from the vein.
Pulling the catheter during the Valsalva maneuver ensures the vein is under positive pressure exactly when the tract is opened to the atmosphere.
5
Apply a sterile, occlusive dressing immediately over the insertion site.
The insertion tract is sealed.
An airtight seal prevents atmospheric air from traveling down the tissue tract into the vein after the catheter is completely out.

Key Concept

Safe removal of a central venous catheter requires meticulous technique focused on preventing air embolism, primarily achieved through supine positioning, the Valsalva maneuver, and immediate application of an occlusive dressing.
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