Tüm alıştırma soruları

Read the following letter written by Dr. Gabriela Rios to Isabella Fuentes, the President of the Municipal Heritage Preservation Board:

"Dear Ms. Fuentes,

I am writing to share my professional assessment regarding the municipal board's recently published plan for the renovation of the historic San Sebastian Plaza. As an independent researcher specializing in colonial architecture, I sincerely appreciate the board's initiative to address the structural degradation of the plaza’s central fountain and surrounding walkways, which have long been in need of repair.

However, after reviewing the detailed blueprints, I must express my deep concern regarding the proposal to replace the original 18th-century hand-carved stone tiling with modern synthetic composites. While the administrative report asserts that this substitution will significantly lower future maintenance costs, executing this plan would irreversibly compromise the historical integrity and authentic character of one of our city's oldest landmarks.

The heritage of our community should not be sacrificed for short-term financial convenience. I strongly urge the board to reconsider the materials selected for the plaza floor. I suggest exploring specialized cultural conservation grants, which could help cover the costs of using authentic, locally sourced stone. I remain at your disposal to discuss alternative preservation strategies that protect our history while remaining structurally viable.

Sincerely,
Dr. Gabriela Rios"

Based on the letter, what is Dr. Rios's attitude toward the proposed renovation of San Sebastian Plaza?

An advertisement distributed in Cusco, Peru, contains the following information:

Workshop on Ancestral Andean Medicine

Are you looking to expand your community health toolkit? Join us for an intensive weekend workshop led by traditional healers from the Sacred Valley. Participants will study the therapeutic uses of native plants such as muña and wira-wira, learn ancient preparation techniques for infusions, and develop practical skills in crafting natural ointments. This workshop is specifically designed for local health practitioners, social workers, and community educators seeking to incorporate indigenous wellness traditions into their grassroots outreach.

* Registration fee: $40 USD (All proceeds will fund the construction of communal greenhouses in high-Andean villages).
* Note: This is an interactive training session; it does not offer certifications for commercial manufacturing or scientific research.

Who is the primary target audience for this workshop?

Read the following excerpt from a journalistic article about urban planning in Colombia:

In the early 2000s, the municipal government of Medellín, Colombia, implemented the Metrocable, a transit system of cable cars designed to connect the city's informal settlements on steep hillsides with the central metro network. Before this intervention, residents of these marginalized neighborhoods faced hours of arduous commuting and high transit costs, which severely limited their employment opportunities and social mobility. Academic studies conducted a decade after the system's launch reveal that while the Metrocable did not completely eradicate urban poverty, it significantly reduced transit times by up to sixty percent and led to a marked decline in local crime rates, primarily due to the increased municipal presence and public infrastructure investments that accompanied the transit lines. Critics originally argued that the high capital expenditure would be better spent on direct housing subsidies. However, the subsequent integration of public libraries, parks, and schools around the Metrocable stations demonstrated that transit-oriented development could serve as a catalyst for broader civic engagement and community pride, transforming previously isolated areas into vibrant urban hubs.

Based on the passage, what conclusion can be drawn about the primary impact of the Metrocable system on the communities it serves?

Read the following excerpt from an essay regarding socioeconomic changes in rural Spain:

"In recent years, the phenomenon of digital nomadism has emerged as a potential savior for the depopulated rural regions of Spain, commonly referred to as 'España Vaciada.' Proponents argue that the influx of remote workers will revitalize local economies, inject capital into stagnant service sectors, and reverse decades of demographic decline. Indeed, municipal governments have rushed to install high-speed fiber-optic cables and establish co-working spaces in medieval villages, hoping to attract international tech professionals.

However, this digital transformation is not without its complications. Critics point out that the sudden arrival of higher-income residents frequently drives up housing costs, displacing local families who can no longer afford historical properties. Furthermore, the economic benefits remain largely superficial, as most nomads contribute little to local tax bases while placing additional demands on municipal infrastructure and healthcare services. Therefore, rather than a magic bullet for rural revival, digital nomadism may instead exacerbate regional inequalities unless carefully managed through targeted zoning and tax policies."

What is the primary rhetorical function of the transition word 'However' at the beginning of the second paragraph?

Read the following excerpt from the English translation of the short story "You Don't Hear the Dogs Barking" ("No oyes ladrar los perros") by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo:

"You who are up there, Ignacio, tell me if you can hear anything or see any light anywhere."
"I don't see anything."
"We must be getting close."
"Yes, but I don't hear anything."
"Look carefully."
"I don't see anything."
"Poor you, Ignacio."

The shadow of the long, dark figure of the men moved up and down, climbing over rocks, diminishing and growing as it crossed the edge of the stream. It was a single, staggering shadow. The moon rose from the earth like a round, red flare.

"We should be arriving at that town, Ignacio. You, with your ears uncovered, try to hear if dogs are barking. Remember they told us Tonaya was just beyond the mountain, and we crossed the mountain hours ago. Remember, Ignacio?"
"Yes, but I don't see any sign of it."
"I am getting tired."
"Put me down."

The father spoke in a low voice. He walked slowly, his body bent forward, under the heavy weight of his son, whose hands were locked around his neck, and whose feet clung to his waist.

Which of the following best describes how the author uses point of view and narrative focus in this passage to develop the characters' relationship?

Read the following excerpt from the English translation of the short story 'Don't You Hear the Dogs Barking?' ('¿No oyes ladrar los perros?'), written in 1953 by the Mexican author Juan Rulfo:

'You who are up there, Ignacio, tell me if you can hear anything or if you see any light anywhere.'
'I don't see anything.'
'We must be near.'
'Yes, but I don't hear anything.'
'Look hard.'
'Nothing.'
'Poor you, Ignacio.'
The shadow of the long, dark mountain fell over them, sliding down the rocks. The father carried his son on his shoulders, stumbling, stepping sideways, climbing up and down. His feet sank into the sand, then slipped on the stones. The son's body pressed down on him, his hands clasped around his neck, his feet hooked in his belt. Ignacio's weight felt heavier as the hours went by, and his knees seemed to dig into his father's chest.
'I'm tired,' the father said.
He let himself slide down a rock, without letting go of his son. His feet slipped again, and he fell to his knees, but he did not set the boy down. He remained still for a long time, catching his breath.
'Why don't you leave me here?' Ignacio asked in a low voice. 'You can go on alone and come back for me tomorrow.'
'I won't leave you here,' the father replied. 'I promised your mother I would carry you to Tonaya so the doctor could cure you. I'm not doing this for you. I'm doing it for her, because she is dead, and it would grieve her soul if I left you to die by the roadside.'

Based on the dialogue in the passage, which of the following best describes the father's point of view regarding his journey with Ignacio?

Read the following volunteer protocol for an animal shelter:

Volunteer Protocol for the Valley Animal Shelter

Welcome to the Valley Animal Shelter volunteer program. To ensure a safe and productive environment for both our volunteers and the animals, please adhere to the following guidelines.

All volunteers are required to check in at the reception desk and log their hours immediately upon arrival. Wearing closed-toe shoes is mandatory at all times while on the shelter premises to prevent injury. Before entering the canine rehabilitation area, you must complete the Level 1 handling certification; unsupervised access to this zone is strictly prohibited without it.

For the well-being of our animals, we strongly recommend that volunteers spend at least fifteen minutes socializing each cat during their shift. While not mandatory, it is highly advised to wear a protective apron when feeding the puppies, as they can be quite enthusiastic. Additionally, we suggest bringing a personal water bottle to stay hydrated during your shift. If you notice any unusual behavior in an animal, we suggest that you inform a staff member before leaving.

Based on this protocol, which of the following actions is a mandatory obligation for volunteers at the shelter?

Read the following English translation of an excerpt from a contemporary short story set in Montevideo, Uruguay:

Under the high ceilings of the old café on Calle Sarandí, Clara wiped the dark marble table where her father and grandfather had served espresso to generations of patrons. Outside, the rain washed over the cobblestones of the Ciudad Vieja, reflecting the neon signs of new fast-food chains and sleek offices. In her hand, she held a tarnished silver spoon, engraved with the café’s original logo from 1920. She felt the weight of a changing city that seemed eager to sweep away the slow, conversational afternoons in favor of rapid progress. But as evening fell, a young student entered, sat in the corner with a worn notebook, and ordered a traditional cortado, greeting Clara with a familiar, respectful nod. Clara looked around at the dark wood paneling and realized that the true essence of the place was not its physical survival, but its role as a sanctuary for human connection.

Which of the following best identifies the central theme of the passage?

Read the following excerpt from a cultural essay about Spanish traditions:

"In the towns of Catalonia, Spain, the squares fill with the vibrant colors of different *colles* (human tower associations) gathered to build *castells*. As the traditional flute music of the *gralles* begins, a massive crowd forms the *pinya* at the base of the tower. To the casual tourist, this looks like a chaotic huddle, but to the locals, the *pinya* represents the ultimate democratization of effort. Within the *pinya*, corporate executives, local merchants, and young students stand shoulder-to-shoulder, physical and social barriers dissolved under the weight of shared responsibility. When the *enxaneta*, the youngest climber, finally raises their hand at the summit, the triumph belongs not to the individual at the peak, but to the collective strength of the foundation below."

Which of the following best describes the cultural significance of the *pinya* within Catalan society?

Read the following English translation of an editorial from a Chilean newspaper regarding the use of fog catchers in the Coquimbo region:

"In the semi-arid hills of Coquimbo, annual rainfall rarely exceeds 100 millimeters. To combat this chronic water scarcity, local communities have installed large nylon mesh nets designed to harvest water from the dense coastal fog known as the camanchaca. According to recent reports from the regional agricultural extension, these fog catchers collect an average of five liters of water per square meter of mesh daily. This simple, low-cost technology represents the only sensible future for farming in northern Chile, where traditional irrigation methods have utterly failed. While large-scale agricultural corporations stubbornly lobby for expensive, energy-intensive desalination plants, fog harvesting offers a harmonious solution that respects the delicate balance of our desert ecosystem. Ultimately, the corporate push for desalination is driven by vanity and profit, rather than a genuine concern for the local communities who have inhabited these arid lands for generations."

Based on the editorial, which of the following statements is presented as an objective, verifiable fact?

Read the following excerpt from a journalistic article about agricultural practices in Mexico:

'In the historic canals of Xochimilco, Mexico, agricultural cooperatives are reviving chinampas—traditional Mesoamerican floating gardens. These highly productive plots, built on shallow lake beds using layers of mud and aquatic vegetation, have sustained the region for centuries. While modern urban sprawl and water pollution threatened to erase this pre-Hispanic system, recent efforts by local farmers and environmental biologists have successfully rehabilitated several canals. By combining ancestral farming techniques with modern organic certifications, these cooperatives have created a premium market for their vegetables in Mexico City's high-end restaurants. However, younger generations remain hesitant to embrace the labor-intensive farming lifestyle, despite the economic viability of organic chinampa produce. Proponents argue that the survival of the chinampas is not merely a matter of historical preservation, but a blueprint for sustainable urban food production in an era of climate instability.'

Based on the passage, what logical conclusion can be drawn about the future of the chinampas in Xochimilco?

Read the following translated passage from the novella *San Manuel Bueno, mártir* (1931) by the Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno:

“And is it true,” I asked him, “that you do not believe in the resurrection of the flesh or the life everlasting?” He looked at me with infinite sadness and replied: “For them, yes, Angela, for them. I must make them live. They need to believe that there is another life after this one. If they did not believe it, they would not live. And what does it matter if it is a lie, as long as it consoles them? My own soul is tormented by doubt, but their peace of mind is my only duty. I am here to cure their pain, to help them die in hope.”

Based on the passage, which of the following best explains how the priest's internal conflict reflects the intellectual and cultural concerns of the Generation of '98 in early twentieth-century Spain?

Source 1 (Print Summary): A technical report published by an agronomic institute in Chile argues that communal fog-harvesting nets (atrapanieblas) offer a sustainable, decentralized water solution for coastal desert communities, highlighting their minimal operating costs and their capacity to empower local agricultural cooperatives.

Source 2 (Audio Summary): An interview with a regional water infrastructure engineer who recognizes the grassroots ingenuity of fog collectors, but contends that unpredictable atmospheric conditions and seasonal moisture deficits make them unreliable on their own, arguing that long-term municipal water security requires centralized desalination and storage grids.

Based on the summaries above, which of the following best contrasts the perspectives of the two sources regarding fog-harvesting technology?

While recording the simulated conversation task, a student asks their partner an information-seeking question: '¿Dónde se reúnen los voluntarios de la comunidad?'

To produce a natural-sounding Spanish intonation, which pitch pattern should the student apply at the end of this question?

Read the following passage from a journalistic article:

In the wake of the 2001 economic crisis in Argentina, a unique publishing phenomenon emerged in Buenos Aires: Eloísa Cartonera. Faced with soaring costs of imported paper and a collapse of the traditional book market, a group of writers and artists decided to purchase cardboard from local waste pickers (known as cartoneros) at above-market rates. They used this recycled cardboard to hand-paint covers for books containing contemporary Latin American literature, which they sold at a fraction of standard bookstore prices.

What began as a desperate survival strategy soon blossomed into a global grassroots movement. Today, there are over a hundred cartonera publishers across Latin America, Europe, and Africa. Beyond providing an affordable medium for literature, these collectives foster community solidarity by employing marginalized workers and hosting free bookmaking workshops in low-income neighborhoods. Critics initially dismissed the movement as a passing trend born of economic necessity. However, its longevity demonstrates that it is not merely a temporary fix, but a sustainable alternative model of cultural production that challenges the corporate publishing industry's monopoly on literature.

While major publishing houses rely on profit-driven metrics that exclude emerging authors, cartoneras prioritize democratic access to art. By utilizing low-cost, locally sourced materials, they remove the financial barriers that keep independent voices from being heard. In doing so, cartoneras prove that literature does not need glossy paper or expensive marketing campaigns to hold profound value; instead, the beauty lies in the communal effort that brings each unique copy to life.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Read the following excerpt from a journalistic article discussing water management in southern Spain:

For over a thousand years, the *acequias de careo*—an intricate network of gravity-fed irrigation channels carved into the slopes of Spain’s Sierra Nevada by Moorish farmers—have quietly sustained the region's agriculture. By diverting meltwater from high-altitude streams and allowing it to slowly filter through the mountain rock, this ancient system acts as a natural sponge, replenishing aquifers and feeding springs lower down the valleys. In recent decades, however, rural depopulation and the rise of intensive, industrial farming led to the abandonment of many channels. Today, as climate change intensifies droughts across Andalusia, a growing coalition of local farmers, scientists, and environmentalists is working to restore these historic waterways. While critics argue that modern drip irrigation and reservoirs are more efficient for large-scale production, advocates of the *acequias* emphasize their ecological benefits, such as promoting biodiversity and preventing soil erosion. This revival is not merely a nostalgic retreat to the past, but a pragmatic recognition that traditional ecological knowledge can offer resilient, low-cost solutions to contemporary climate challenges. Rebuilding these channels suggests that progress does not always require high-tech interventions, but rather a deeper harmony with the natural cycles of the landscape.

Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the author’s primary purpose in writing this article?

Read the following English translation of an editorial from a Chilean newspaper regarding the transition to electric public transit in Santiago:

"In 2024, Santiago successfully integrated over 2,000 electric buses into its public transit system, making it the city with the largest electric bus fleet in the Americas. This transition has resulted in a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions along major transit corridors. According to city transit authorities, the buses operate with significantly lower noise levels than traditional diesel buses. However, local business owners in the downtown area claim that the construction of new charging terminals has temporarily reduced customer foot traffic by 15%. While transit planners view the fleet as a monumental triumph of modern engineering and an essential step toward ecological harmony, some community organizers argue that the project's high cost has diverted essential funding from public healthcare. Ultimately, the city's investment represents the most visionary environmental initiative of the decade, showcasing Santiago's role as a leader in global sustainability."

Which of the following assertions from the editorial represents the author's own subjective opinion rather than a reported perspective or a verifiable fact?

In a formal Spanish email, a sender includes the phrase 'Agradeciendo de antemano su atención' before the closing signature. Which of the following best describes the function of this phrase?

Letter of Correspondence

Date: November 12, 2026
From: Elena Rostova, Coordinator of the Intercultural Exchange Program, Center for Language Studies
To: Dr. Julian Mercer, Director of the Municipal Library

Dear Dr. Mercer,

I am writing to confirm the arrangements for the upcoming Ibero-American Literature Week, which our Center is co-hosting with the Municipal Library. As discussed in our meeting last Tuesday, the Center will cover the speaker fees and travel expenses for the three visiting authors from Spain, Colombia, and Mexico. We request that the library provide the main auditorium for the evening lectures (6:00 PM to 8:00 PM) from December 5 to December 9, 2026. Additionally, we would appreciate it if your staff could manage the attendee registration database and set up the reception area with refreshments each evening. The Center will deliver the promotional flyers and bilingual brochures to the library's reception desk by November 20, 2026, so they can be distributed to patrons in advance. Please let us know if these terms are acceptable by the end of this week.

Sincerely,
Elena Rostova

Based on the letter, which of the following responsibilities is assigned to the Municipal Library?

Read the following passage from the English translation of the play *The House of Bernarda Alba* (1936) by the Spanish writer Federico García Lorca:

"BERNARDA: A daughter who disobeys ceases to be a daughter and becomes an enemy. ... A needle and thread for women. A whip and a mule for men. That is what becomes of people of our class. My vigilance supervises everything. ... In this house, you will do what I command. You cannot go to write letters to the street or tell stories. Do not think you can hide anything from me."

Which of the following historical or cultural dynamics of early twentieth-century rural Spain is most directly reflected in Bernarda's instructions?