Tüm alıştırma soruları

Sector $S_1$ belongs to a circle with radius $r$ and has a central angle of measure $\theta^\circ$, where $0 < \theta < 360$. Sector $S_2$ belongs to a circle with radius $2r$ and has a central angle of measure $\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)^\circ$. Which of the following statements must be true? Select all such statements.

In his 1875 treatise on plant irritability, botanist Wilhelm Pfeffer investigated the mechanisms underlying pulvinar movement in Mimosa pudica and legume leaves. Contrary to the contemporary hypothesis that leaf droop resulted from passive mechanical exhaustion of cellular walls, Pfeffer demonstrated that rapid movement is driven by active, asymmetric changes in turgor pressure within specialized motor organs called pulvini. Specifically, Pfeffer observed that upon mechanical stimulation, parenchymal cells in the abaxial (lower) half of the pulvinus rapidly lose potassium ions and water to surrounding intercellular spaces, causing a sudden loss of cell turgor and volume. Simultaneously, cells in the adaxial (upper) half retain their turgor or undergo slight turgidity increases, creating a differential mechanical tension that forces the leaf downward. Furthermore, Pfeffer established that recovery of upright leaf posture requires an energy-dependent active transport mechanism to re-accumulate potassium ions back into the abaxial cells against a concentration gradient, a process that is significantly inhibited under hypoxic conditions or in the presence of metabolic toxins like cyanide.

According to the passage, which of the following statements regarding leaf movement in Mimosa pudica are explicitly supported? Select all that apply.

A historian studying medieval trade notes that during the mid-fourteenth century, merchants in several Mediterranean port cities rapidly shifted from single-entry accounting to complex double-entry bookkeeping. The historian concludes that this shift was caused primarily by the regional introduction of inexpensive rag-based paper, which made maintaining voluminous ledger books financially viable for average merchant houses. Which of the following statements represent necessary unstated assumptions upon which the historian's argument depends? Select all that apply.

Researchers studying spatial cognition observed that laboratory rats trained to navigate a complex maze exhibited a significant increase in slow-wave neural activity during subsequent sleep compared to control rats that spent an equal duration exploring an open, non-navigational field. Concluding that slow-wave sleep specifically functions to consolidate newly acquired spatial maps rather than serving as general neural recovery from physical exertion, the researchers posited that this elevated slow-wave activity is directly driven by spatial learning.

Which of the following are assumptions upon which the argument depends? Select all that apply.

Passage:
In 1867, Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposed the dual hypothesis of lichens, asserting that lichens were not autonomous plants but rather composite organisms consisting of a green alga trapped within a parasitic fungus. Initially met with fierce resistance from traditional lichenologists who viewed the fungal component as a structural tissue of a single plant, Schwendener’s framework gained gradual support as microscopic staining techniques improved. In 1879, German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary expanded Schwendener’s concept by coining the term 'symbiosis' to describe the living together of unlike organisms. Crucially, de Bary departed from Schwendener’s strictly antagonistic model of fungal parasitism; instead, de Bary posited a broad spectrum of symbiotic associations, ranging from mutually beneficial mutualism to destructive parasitism. De Bary demonstrated that while certain fungal hyphae absorb nutrients directly from algal cells without causing immediate host death, the algal partner retains photosynthetic capabilities that nourish the fungal matrix.

Which of the following statements regarding nineteenth-century theories of lichen biology is explicitly supported by the passage? Select all that apply.

Even while acknowledging that the early medieval commercial rolls were fraught with missing entries, the economic historian maintained that the surviving tax registers were surprisingly __________, offering a remarkably coherent baseline for regional price inflation.

Which two of the following answer choices, when inserted into the sentence, independently complete the sentence in a way that produces logically equivalent sentences?

Which of the following rational numbers are strictly greater than $\frac{3}{5}$? Select all that apply.

If $b > 1$, which of the following expressions are equivalent to $\frac{\sqrt{b^3 \cdot \sqrt[3]{b^2}}}{b^{-\frac{1}{6}}}$? Select all that apply.

If $x$ is a real number that satisfies the compound absolute value inequality $||2x - 5| - 7| \le 4$, which of the following values could be the value of $x$? Select all such values.

A right circular cylinder has base radius $r$ and height $h$. The height of the cylinder is increased by $50\%$, and its base radius is decreased by $20\%$. Which of the following statements about the modified cylinder compared to the original cylinder must be true? Select all that apply.

The processing times for a specific type of database query on a server cluster are normally distributed with a mean of $180$ milliseconds and a standard deviation of $25$ milliseconds. Which of the following statements must be true? Indicate all such statements.

In convex quadrilateral $ABCD$, diagonal $AC$ is drawn. It is given that $AB = 9$, $BC = 12$, $CD = 8$, and $DA = 15$, with $\angle ABC = 90^\circ$. Which of the following statements must be true? Select all that apply.

In 1905, geologist Richard Dixon Oldham analyzed seismic waves generated by the 1897 Assam earthquake to investigate Earth's internal structure. By comparing the arrival times of primary (P) and secondary (S) waves at recording stations globally, Oldham identified a distinct shadow zone beyond 104 degrees from the epicenter where direct S-waves failed to emerge. From this specific absence, Oldham deduced the existence of a central fluid core that impeded shear wave transmission. However, because his instruments lacked the sensitivity to detect faint, refracted P-waves passing through the deepest interior, Oldham incorrectly estimated the core's radius to be substantially larger than modern measurements indicate, attributing the wave attenuation entirely to homogenous core density rather than a distinct solid inner core boundary.

Based on the passage, which of the following statements regarding Richard Dixon Oldham's 1905 seismic investigation are explicitly supported? Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply.

Passage:
In 1908, Norwegian physicist Kristian Birkeland published his extensive investigation into the origins of the aurora borealis, basing his conclusions on experiments with a "terrella"—a magnetized metallic sphere suspended in a vacuum chamber. By directing beams of cathode rays (electrons) toward the magnetized sphere, Birkeland successfully replicated visual rings of light surrounding the sphere's magnetic poles, mirroring the auroral ovals observed in Earth's polar atmospheres. Birkeland hypothesized that the solar atmosphere continually ejected energetic electrons into space, which were then channeled by Earth's magnetic field toward the polar regions to produce auroral displays. Although mainstream geophysicists of his era, notably Lord Kelvin and Sydney Chapman, rejected Birkeland's theory on the grounds that continuous particle streams would be dissipated by electrostatic repulsion prior to reaching Earth, satellite observations in 1967 ultimately confirmed the presence of electric currents—now designated Birkeland currents—flowing along geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere.

According to the passage, which of the following statements about Birkeland's experiment or hypothesis are explicitly supported? Select all that apply.

Agricultural researchers recently introduced a specialized bio-inoculant containing the fungal strain *Glomus intraradices-X*, designed to bolster root absorption in wheat crops during dry spells. In controlled trials conducted across several arid testing plots, wheat fields treated with the bio-inoculant produced a 25 percent higher grain yield than untreated control plots during a severe seasonal drought. Based on these results, the researchers concluded that widespread adoption of *Glomus intraradices-X* in commercial wheat farming will effectively mitigate crop yield losses caused by future severe droughts.

Which of the following statements represent unstated assumptions upon which the researchers' argument depends? Select all that apply.

In their 1896 excavation of the waste mounds at Oxyrhynchus, papyrologists Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt documented extensive Ptolemaic and Roman administrative records. Contrary to prevailing nineteenth-century assumptions that classical administrative texts were preserved exclusively in damp monastic archives or formal tombs, Grenfell and Hunt observed that the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Upper Egypt permitted the survival of discarded everyday ephemera in unsealed rubbish heaps. Among these documents, land-survey registers from the reign of Ptolemy VIII revealed that local tenant farmers were not subjected to uniform annual grain assessments as previously posited by historian Karl Beloch. Instead, the registers explicitly note that tax rates fluctuated annually based on flood-height measurements recorded at localized nilometers along the Nile tributaries. Furthermore, while imperial decrees mandated grain delivery to state-controlled granaries in Alexandria, private transportation receipts contained within the same stratographical layer indicate that regional river-barge guilds were contracted by individual landholders to fulfill these quotas, rather than relying on state-owned transport vessels.

Based on the passage, which of the following statements regarding Ptolemaic administration and grain transport is explicitly supported by Grenfell and Hunt's findings? Select all that apply.

In his critique of late nineteenth-century archival historiography, Dr. Julian Mercer characterizes early archivists' selective preservation practices as an ostensibly disinterested endeavor that subtly codified the prevailing socio-economic biases of the era. While previous scholars interpreted these archival omissions as inadvertent oversights resulting from logistical constraints, Mercer argues that the curation was marked by a calculated, albeit understated, ideological orientation.

Based on the structural clues and tonal signals in the passage, which of the following words best capture the contextual tone and polarity of the word disinterested as used in the text? Select ALL that apply.

In his retrospective on early industrial architecture, historian Julian Mercer declines to praise late Victorian factory designs as triumphs of aesthetic innovation, characterizing them instead as utilitarian structures born strictly of financial necessity. Nevertheless, Mercer avoids portraying the planners as unfeeling, emphasizing that their frugal choices reflected a solemn commitment to efficiency rather than disdain for public beauty.

Based on the passage, which of the following descriptors accurately reflect the author's tone toward the late Victorian industrial planners? Which of the following are correct?

If $n$ is an integer that is divisible by $15$, which of the following statements MUST also be true? Select all such statements.