Practical Geography Alıştırma Soruları — JAMB UTME

Soru 1Soru →

A map is drawn to a Representative Fraction (RF) scale of $1 : 200,000$ . What is this scale expressed as a statement scale?

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

2\text{ cm represents } 1\text{ km}

1\text{ cm represents } 4\text{ km}

1\text{ cm represents } 20\text{ km}

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}$

Cevap

The statement scale is

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

.

An RF of

1 : 200,000

means

1\text{ cm}

on the map equals

200,000\text{ cm}

on the ground. Dividing

200,000\text{ cm}

by

100,000

converts the ground distance to

2\text{ km}

, yielding the statement scale of

1\text{ cm represents } 2\text{ km}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Understand the Representative Fraction (RF)

1\text{ cm}

on the map represents

200,000\text{ cm}

on the actual ground.

An RF scale of

1 : 200,000

indicates a 1-to-200,000 ratio in identical measurement units.

2

Convert ground centimeters to meters

\frac{200,000\text{ cm}}{100} = 2,000\text{ m}

There are

100\text{ cm}

in

1\text{ m}

.

3

Convert ground meters to kilometers

\frac{2,000\text{ m}}{1,000} = 2\text{ km}

There are

1,000\text{ m}

in

1\text{ km}

.

Anahtar Kavram

Converting Representative Fraction (RF) to Statement Scale

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 2Soru →

During a mapwork exercise on a topographical map with a scale of $1 : 100,000$ , a student identifies a river bed at an elevation of $120\text{ m}$ and a hilltop trigonometric station at an elevation of $320\text{ m}$ . If the map distance between these two points is $4\text{ cm}$ , what is the average gradient of the slope?

1 \text{ in } 20

1 \text{ in } 50

1 \text{ in } 12.5

1 \text{ in } 2

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1 \text{ in } 20$

Cevap

The average gradient of the slope is

1 \text{ in } 20

.

The slope gradient is calculated by taking the ratio of Vertical Interval (VI) to Horizontal Equivalent (HE). The vertical rise between the river bed and the trigonometric station is

320\text{ m} - 120\text{ m} = 200\text{ m}

. Using the map scale of

1 : 100,000

, a map distance of

4\text{ cm}

corresponds to

400,000\text{ cm}

or

4,000\text{ m}

on ground. Dividing

200\text{ m}

by

4,000\text{ m}

yields

\frac{1}{20}

, which is expressed as

1 \text{ in } 20

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the Vertical Interval (VI)

\text{VI} = 320\text{ m} - 120\text{ m} = 200\text{ m}

Vertical interval is the difference in height between the higher point and the lower point.

2

Calculate the Horizontal Equivalent (HE) in real-world meters using the map scale

\text{HE} = 4\text{ cm} \times 100,000 = 400,000\text{ cm} = 4,000\text{ m}

To find actual ground distance, multiply the map distance by the scale denominator and convert centimeters to meters.

3

Compute the gradient ratio

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{VI}}{\text{HE}} = \frac{200\text{ m}}{4,000\text{ m}} = \frac{1}{20} = 1 \text{ in } 20

Gradient is expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal distance.

Anahtar Kavram

Calculation of slope gradient from topographic map elevation points and representative fraction scale

Soru 3Soru →

Match each topographic map elevation scenario to its corresponding calculated slope gradient ratio ( $1 \text{ in } N$ ). Which of the following correct pairs match each map measurement scenario on the left with its computed gradient ratio on the right?

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct matches pair each scenario with its gradient ratio as follows: the

80\text{ m}

elevation difference over

4\text{ cm}

(

1:50,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 25

; the

150\text{ m}

elevation difference over

3\text{ cm}

(

1:100,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 20

; the

200\text{ m}

elevation difference over

2\text{ cm}

(

1:25,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 2.5

; and the

60\text{ m}

elevation difference over

6\text{ cm}

(

1:50,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 50

.

Each elevation difference (VI) is divided by the true ground distance (HE) converted to meters. For scenario 1:

4\text{ cm} \times 50,000 / 100 = 2,000\text{ m}

, leading to

80 / 2,000 = 1 / 25

. For scenario 2:

3\text{ cm} \times 100,000 / 100 = 3,000\text{ m}

, giving

150 / 3,000 = 1 / 20

. For scenario 3:

2\text{ cm} \times 25,000 / 100 = 500\text{ m}

, giving

200 / 500 = 1 / 2.5

. For scenario 4:

6\text{ cm} \times 50,000 / 100 = 3,000\text{ m}

, yielding

60 / 3,000 = 1 / 50

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Recall the gradient formula for topographic maps

Gradient formula is

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{Vertical Interval (VI)}}{\text{Horizontal Equivalent (HE)}}

, where both VI and HE must be expressed in the same units (meters).

Gradient is a dimensionless ratio comparing vertical rise to horizontal ground distance.

2

Calculate Horizontal Equivalent (HE) for each scenario

Scenario 1:

\text{HE} = 4\text{ cm} \times 50,000 = 200,000\text{ cm} = 2,000\text{ m}

. Scenario 2:

\text{HE} = 3\text{ cm} \times 100,000 = 300,000\text{ cm} = 3,000\text{ m}

. Scenario 3:

\text{HE} = 2\text{ cm} \times 25,000 = 50,000\text{ cm} = 500\text{ m}

. Scenario 4:

\text{HE} = 6\text{ cm} \times 50,000 = 300,000\text{ cm} = 3,000\text{ m}

.

Map distance must be converted to actual ground distance using the representative fraction scale.

3

Compute the gradient ratio (VI / HE) for each item and pair with the correct ratio

Item 1:

\frac{80}{2000} = \frac{1}{25}

(

1 \text{ in } 25

). Item 2:

\frac{150}{3000} = \frac{1}{20}

(

1 \text{ in } 20

). Item 3:

\frac{200}{500} = \frac{1}{2.5}

(

1 \text{ in } 2.5

). Item 4:

\frac{60}{3000} = \frac{1}{50}

(

1 \text{ in } 50

).

Simplifying each fraction to unit numerator format (

1 / N

) yields the standard gradient ratio expression.

Anahtar Kavram

Slope and Gradient Calculation

Soru 4Soru →

A proposed road route on a topographical map drawn to a scale of $1 : 20,000$ connects a river confluence at an elevation of $140\text{ m}$ to a hilltop beacon at an elevation of $340\text{ m}$ . If the distance measured along the route on the map is $8\text{ cm}$ , what is the average gradient of the slope along this route?

1 \text{ in } 8

1 \text{ in } 800

1 \text{ in } 4.7

1 \text{ in } 80

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1 \text{ in } 8$

Cevap

The average gradient of the slope is

1 \text{ in } 8

.

The slope gradient is determined by dividing the Vertical Interval by the Horizontal Equivalent. Subtracting the starting height (

140\text{ m}

) from the beacon height (

340\text{ m}

) gives a Vertical Interval of

200\text{ m}

. Converting the

8\text{ cm}

map distance using the scale of

1 : 20,000

yields a Horizontal Equivalent of

1,600\text{ m}

. Dividing

200\text{ m}

by

1,600\text{ m}

reduces to

\frac{1}{8}

, which gives

1 \text{ in } 8

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the Vertical Interval (VI)

\text{VI} = 340\text{ m} - 140\text{ m} = 200\text{ m}

Vertical Interval is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of the slope segment.

2

Calculate the Horizontal Equivalent (HE) in meters

\text{HE} = 8\text{ cm} \times 20,000 = 160,000\text{ cm} = 1,600\text{ m}

Convert map distance to ground distance using the representative fraction scale (

1\text{ cm}

on map =

20,000\text{ cm} = 200\text{ m}

on ground).

3

Compute the gradient ratio

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{VI}}{\text{HE}} = \frac{200\text{ m}}{1,600\text{ m}} = \frac{1}{8}

Gradient is expressed as a ratio of 1 unit vertical rise to

N

units horizontal distance (

1 \text{ in } N

).

Anahtar Kavram

Calculation of slope gradient from topographical map scale and contour elevation values.

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 5Soru →

Match each drainage basin morphometric property listed on the left with its corresponding geomorphic or hydrological significance on the right.

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Cevap

High Drainage Density matches with highly impermeable surface rocks, steep relief, and fine drainage texture; High Bifurcation Ratio matches with strong structural geological control; High Form Factor matches with a circular basin shape leading to concentrated runoff and sharp peak floods; Low Stream Frequency matches with permeable underlying rock, high infiltration capacity, and coarse drainage texture.

High Drainage Density matches impermeable rocks and steep relief because runoff forms numerous channels. High Bifurcation Ratio indicates structural geological controls such as faulting. High Form Factor denotes a circular basin producing concentrated tributary runoff and sharp flood peaks. Low Stream Frequency corresponds to permeable rock where infiltration reduces stream channel generation.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Examine the physical controls on Drainage Density (

D_d = \frac{\sum L}{A}

) and Stream Frequency (

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

).

High drainage density occurs when surface runoff is high and infiltration is low due to impermeable rock and steep slopes. Conversely, low stream frequency indicates high surface permeability where water infiltrates underground rather than forming channels.

Understanding surface runoff dynamics and bedrock permeability.

2

Analyze the geomorphic implication of the Bifurcation Ratio (

R_b = \frac{N_u}{N_{u+1}}

).

While values between 3 and 5 are typical in hydrogeologically uniform basins, values significantly higher than 5 reflect tectonic or structural geological distortion such as faulting.

Identifying structural controls in river network organization.

3

Relate Basin Form Factor (

F_f = \frac{A}{L^2}

) to basin geometry and flood hydrographs.

Form factors approaching 1 describe circular basins where tributaries feed into the main trunk stream at similar travel times, yielding a sharp, high peak discharge.

Evaluating how basin shape governs runoff timing and flood risk.

Anahtar Kavram

Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of River Basins

Soru 6Soru →

In a morphometric survey of a river basin using Strahler's stream ordering system, a geographer records $24$ first-order stream segments, $6$ second-order stream segments, $2$ third-order stream segments, and $1$ fourth-order main stream channel. What is the bifurcation ratio ( $R_b$ ) between the first-order and second-order stream segments?

4.0

0.25

3.0

18.0

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $4.0$

Cevap

The bifurcation ratio between the first-order and second-order streams is

4.0

.

The bifurcation ratio (

R_b

) measures the degree of branching within a drainage basin and is computed by dividing the number of stream segments of a given order (

N_1 = 24

) by the number of stream segments of the next higher order (

N_2 = 6

). Dividing

24

by

6

gives an exact ratio of

4.0

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the given stream segment counts for the relevant orders

First-order stream count (

N_1

) =

24

; Second-order stream count (

N_2

) =

6

.

Bifurcation ratio calculation requires segment count data for adjacent stream orders.

2

Apply Strahler's bifurcation ratio formula

R_b = \frac{N_u}{N_{u+1}} = \frac{N_1}{N_2} = \frac{24}{6} = 4.0

.

The bifurcation ratio (

R_b

) is defined as the number of stream segments of a given order (

N_u

) divided by the number of stream segments of the next higher order (

N_{u+1}

).

Anahtar Kavram

Bifurcation Ratio in Basin Morphometry

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 7Soru →

A morphometric study of a river basin reveals a total drainage area of $150\text{ km}^2$ . Quantitative stream analysis using Strahler's method identifies $18$ first-order streams, $7$ second-order streams, $4$ third-order streams, and $1$ fourth-order stream. What is the stream frequency ( $F_s$ ) of this river basin in streams per $\text{km}^2$ ?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 0.2

Cevap

The stream frequency of the river basin is

0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

.

Stream frequency (

F_s

) is defined as the total number of stream segments of all orders (

N

) per unit area (

A

) of a drainage basin, expressed as

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

. Summing all orders yields

N = 18 + 7 + 4 + 1 = 30\text{ streams}

. Dividing

30

streams by the basin area of

150\text{ km}^2

gives exactly

0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate total number of stream segments (

N

) in the basin

N = 18 + 7 + 4 + 1 = 30

Stream frequency considers the total count of all stream channels of all orders within the basin.

2

Apply the stream frequency formula

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

using the total basin area

A = 150\text{ km}^2

F_s = \frac{30}{150} = 0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

Stream frequency measures the number of stream segments per unit basin area.

Anahtar Kavram

Stream Frequency (

F_s

)

Soru 8Soru →

A topographic map extract reveals a drainage network where major streams flow parallel to each other along elongated valleys, while short tributary streams join them at approximately right angles across alternating belts of resistant and non-resistant rock strata. Which drainage pattern is depicted, and what geological structure primarily controls its development?

Trellis pattern, controlled by folded sedimentary rocks with alternating hard and soft strata

Radial pattern, controlled by central volcanic domes or isolated conical peaks

Dendritic pattern, controlled by flat-lying rocks of uniform regional resistance

Centripetal pattern, controlled by central structural depressions or interior basins

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Trellis pattern, controlled by folded sedimentary rocks with alternating hard and soft strata

Cevap

Trellis pattern, controlled by folded sedimentary rocks with alternating hard and soft strata

The trellis drainage pattern is characterized by parallel main channels flowing along soft-rock valleys formed by folded rock strata (synclines/anticlines), with short tributary streams cutting across resistant ridges to join the main channels at right angles.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the spatial arrangement of the main streams and tributaries described in the scenario

Main channels are aligned in parallel valleys, and smaller tributaries join them at right angles across alternating rock belts.

Geological controls such as differential erosion of inclined or folded strata determine the pattern of river networks.

2

Match the geometric characteristics to the appropriate drainage pattern class

Parallel main streams with right-angled tributary junctions define a trellis drainage pattern.

Trellis drainage typically forms in ridge-and-valley landscapes produced by folded rock structures.

Anahtar Kavram

Trellis Drainage Pattern and Geological Structure

Soru 9Soru →

A divided bar chart of total length $15\text{ cm}$ is constructed to illustrate the land use distribution of an agricultural zone covering a total area of $120,000\text{ hectares}$ . If livestock grazing occupies $32,000\text{ hectares}$ of this land, what is the length in $\text{cm}$ of the bar segment representing livestock grazing?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 4

Cevap

The length of the bar segment representing livestock grazing is

4\text{ cm}

.

The correct answer of

4\text{ cm}

is obtained by finding the fraction of total land devoted to grazing (

\frac{32,000}{120,000} = \frac{4}{15}

) and scaling it by the total bar length of

15\text{ cm}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the proportion of the land area used for livestock grazing

Proportion =

\frac{32,000}{120,000} = \frac{4}{15} \approx 0.2667

Divided bar charts represent component parts proportionally relative to the whole dataset.

2

Multiply the proportion by the total bar length to find the length of the segment

Segment length =

\frac{4}{15} \times 15\text{ cm} = 4\text{ cm}

The total length of the bar represents

100\%

of the total area, so each sub-component's length is proportional to its contribution.

Anahtar Kavram

Calculating component segment lengths for divided bar charts using proportional ratios

Soru 10Soru →

A pie chart is constructed to illustrate the revenue distribution of agricultural crop exports from a region. If the total export revenue is $\$800\text{ million}$ and Cocoa accounts for $\$360\text{ million}$ , what is the angular size of the sector representing Cocoa on the pie chart?

45^\circ

97.2^\circ

162^\circ

180^\circ

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $162^\circ$

Cevap

The sector representing Cocoa has an angular size of

162^\circ

.

The total revenue of

\$800\text{ million}

corresponds to a full circle of

360^\circ

. Cocoa's revenue of

\$360\text{ million}

forms

\frac{360}{800} = 0.45

of the total. Multiplying this ratio by

360^\circ

gives

162^\circ

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the proportion of total export revenue generated by Cocoa.

Proportion =

\frac{\$360\text{ million}}{\$800\text{ million}} = 0.45

Determining the fractional share of the target category from the total dataset.

2

Convert the proportion into degrees for a pie chart sector.

Angle =

0.45 \times 360^\circ = 162^\circ

A complete circle subtends

360^\circ

, so multiplying the fractional component by

360^\circ

yields the exact sector angle.

Anahtar Kavram

Pie Chart Sector Angle Calculation

Soru 11Soru →

Match each elementary surveying instrument on the left with its correct fieldwork purpose on the right.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Abney Level pairs with determining slope angles; Marking Pin pairs with tracking completed chain lengths; Ranging Pole pairs with establishing straight sight lines; Offset Rod pairs with measuring short right-angled distances.

Each instrument is correctly matched to its distinct functional role in chain and slope surveying: Abney Level for vertical angle/gradient measurement, Marking Pins for tracking chain counts, Ranging Poles for maintaining straight line-of-sight paths, and Offset Rods for lateral feature positioning.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify instruments designed for angular/vertical measurements.

The Abney Level measures vertical angles and slope gradients, matching it to terrain profiling.

Abney levels integrate a spirit level with a protractor scale specifically for gradient work.

2

Differentiate linear marking tools from alignment tools.

Marking Pins (arrows) are pushed into the ground at chain ends to keep count, while Ranging Poles are held upright to establish straight lines between survey stations.

Chain surveying relies on arrows to avoid counting errors over long distances and poles for visual alignment over line-of-sight distances.

3

Identify specialized tools for lateral offsets.

The Offset Rod measures short perpendicular distances from the main survey line.

Offset rods allow surveyors to capture boundaries, trees, or building corners situated near the main chain line.

Anahtar Kavram

Elementary Surveying Instrument Functions

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 12Soru →

In Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis, discrete geographic features with clear boundaries—such as roads, river channels, and administrative zones—are represented using coordinate points, lines, and polygons. Which GIS data structure is specifically designed for this mode of representation?

Vector data model

Raster data model

Attribute data table

Digital Elevation Model

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Vector data model

Cevap

Vector data model

The vector data model uses coordinate-based geometry—specifically points, lines, and polygons—to represent discrete geographical features with defined boundaries.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Analyze the spatial characteristics of the features given in the stem.

Roads, river channels, and administrative boundaries are discrete spatial entities with distinct locations and clear boundaries.

Choosing between spatial data models requires distinguishing discrete objects from continuous surfaces.

2

Match the geometric primitives (points, lines, polygons) to the corresponding GIS representation model.

Points represent locations, lines represent linear networks, and polygons represent enclosed areas within the vector model.

The vector model explicitly stores coordinate geometry to maintain precise spatial boundaries for discrete features.

Anahtar Kavram

Vector vs. Raster GIS Data Models

Soru 13Soru →

Match each contour line pattern on a topographical map with the corresponding relief feature it represents.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Concentric closed contours with increasing values inward match Hill top or hill peak; V-shaped contours pointing uphill match Valley or stream channel; Closely spaced contour lines match Steep slope or cliff.

Each contour pattern uniquely corresponds to a fundamental topographic feature according to standard map reading conventions.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the arrangement of concentric closed contours increasing inward.

Matched to Hill top or hill peak.

As height increases towards the middle of closed shapes, it shows a rising landform such as a hill summit.

2

Determine the landform associated with V-shaped contours pointing uphill.

Matched to Valley or stream channel.

V-shaped contour apexes pointing towards higher elevations signify drainage lines or valleys.

3

Examine the spacing of contour lines placed close together.

Matched to Steep slope or cliff.

Tight contour spacing indicates rapid elevation change over a small horizontal ground distance.

Anahtar Kavram

Relief representation and contour pattern identification

Soru 14Soru →

On a topographical map drawn to a Representative Fraction (RF) scale of $1 : 80,000$ , the measured distance along a proposed drainage canal between two agricultural communities is $17.5\text{ cm}$ . What is the actual ground distance of the canal in kilometers?

14.0\text{ km}

140.0\text{ km}

1,400.0\text{ km}

7.0\text{ km}

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $14.0\text{ km}$

Cevap

The actual ground distance of the drainage canal is

14.0\text{ km}

.

The option showing

14.0\text{ km}

is correct because multiplying the map distance (

17.5\text{ cm}

) by the RF scale factor (

80,000

) gives a ground measurement of

1,400,000\text{ cm}

. Converting to kilometers by dividing by

100,000\text{ cm/km}

yields exactly

14.0\text{ km}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the given map scale and distance

Representative Fraction scale =

1 : 80,000

; Map distance =

17.5\text{ cm}

.

Establishing known values is essential for scale conversion.

2

Calculate the ground distance in centimeters

Ground distance in cm =

17.5\text{ cm} \times 80,000 = 1,400,000\text{ cm}

.

The RF denominator indicates that

1\text{ cm}

on the map represents

80,000\text{ cm}

on the ground.

3

Convert the ground distance from centimeters to kilometers

Ground distance in km =

\frac{1,400,000\text{ cm}}{100,000\text{ cm/km}} = 14.0\text{ km}

.

Since

1\text{ km} = 100,000\text{ cm}

, dividing by

100,000

converts centimeters to kilometers.

Anahtar Kavram

Ground Distance Calculation using Representative Fraction (RF)

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 15Soru →

Match each set of elevation and ground distance measurements to its corresponding slope gradient ratio.

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The measurements correctly match their gradient ratios as follows:

50\text{ m} / 1,000\text{ m}

matches

1 \text{ in } 20

;

100\text{ m} / 500\text{ m}

matches

1 \text{ in } 5

;

200\text{ m} / 2,000\text{ m}

matches

1 \text{ in } 10

; and

40\text{ m} / 2,000\text{ m}

matches

1 \text{ in } 50

.

Each pair is matched by ensuring both the Vertical Interval and Horizontal Equivalent are in meters, applying

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{V.I.}}{\text{H.E.}}

, and reducing the fraction to

1 \text{ in } N

form.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Convert all Horizontal Equivalent values into meters so that units match the Vertical Interval.

1\text{ km} = 1,000\text{ m}

and

2\text{ km} = 2,000\text{ m}

.

Gradient calculation requires both vertical and horizontal measurements to be in identical linear units.

2

Apply the slope gradient formula:

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{Vertical Interval (V.I.)}}{\text{Horizontal Equivalent (H.E.)}}

.

Form fractions for each pair:

\frac{50}{1000}

,

\frac{100}{500}

,

\frac{200}{2000}

, and

\frac{40}{2000}

.

Establishes the ratio between vertical rise and horizontal distance.

3

Simplify each fraction to unit numerator format (

1 \text{ in } N

).

Ratios simplify to

1 \text{ in } 20

,

1 \text{ in } 5

,

1 \text{ in } 10

, and

1 \text{ in } 50

.

Standard expression of slope gradient in geography mapwork.

Anahtar Kavram

Calculating slope gradient using Vertical Interval (V.I.) divided by Horizontal Equivalent (H.E.) in uniform units.

Soru 16Soru →

A topographical map drawn at a scale of $1 : 20,000$ is reduced to one-fourth of its original linear size. What is the Representative Fraction (R.F.) of the new map?

1 : 80,000

1 : 5,000

1 : 320,000

1 : 40,000

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1 : 80,000$

Cevap

The Representative Fraction (R.F.) of the new map is

1 : 80,000

.

When a map is reduced to one-fourth of its linear size, ground distances are represented by one-fourth as much length on the new map. Therefore, the scale denominator must be multiplied by

4

:

20,000 \times 4 = 80,000

, yielding a new Representative Fraction of

1 : 80,000

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the original scale denominator and the linear reduction factor

Original denominator =

20,000

; Linear reduction factor =

4

times smaller linear dimensions

When a map is reduced linearly by a factor of

n

, its new scale denominator becomes

n

times larger.

2

Calculate the new scale denominator

New scale denominator =

20,000 \times 4 = 80,000

A smaller scale map covers ground features in less space, which requires a larger denominator in the ratio scale.

Anahtar Kavram

Linear Map Reduction Scale Calculation

Soru 17Soru →

On a topographic map drawn to a Representative Fraction (RF) scale of $1 : 60,000$ , a linear segment of a river between two hydrological gauging stations measures $22.5\text{ cm}$ . What is the actual ground distance between the two stations in kilometers?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: 13.5

Cevap

The actual ground distance between the two stations is

13.5\text{ km}

.

The ground distance is obtained by scaling up the map distance using the Representative Fraction:

22.5\text{ cm} \times 60,000 = 1,350,000\text{ cm}

. Converting to kilometers (

1\text{ km} = 100,000\text{ cm}

) yields

13.5\text{ km}

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Calculate the ground distance in centimeters using the Representative Fraction

Ground distance in cm =

22.5\text{ cm} \times 60,000 = 1,350,000\text{ cm}

The RF scale of

1 : 60,000

indicates that

1\text{ cm}

on the map represents

60,000\text{ cm}

on the ground.

2

Convert the ground distance from centimeters to kilometers

Ground distance in km =

\frac{1,350,000\text{ cm}}{100,000\text{ cm/km}} = 13.5\text{ km}

There are

100,000\text{ cm}

in

1\text{ km}

(

100\text{ cm/m} \times 1,000\text{ m/km}

).

Anahtar Kavram

Map Scale Conversion and Ground Distance Calculation

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 18Soru →

On a topographic map extract, V-shaped contour lines crossing a river valley point towards the north-east. In which direction is the river flowing?

South-west

North-east

Towards the upstream delta

Along a gradient where vertical interval meters are directly added to horizontal kilometers

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: South-west

Cevap

The river flows towards the south-west.

On topographic maps, V-shaped contours crossing a stream valley point upstream (toward higher ground). Because the contour V's point north-east, the source of the river is to the north-east, meaning the river flows downstream toward the south-west.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the rule for contour line V-shapes in valley landforms

V-shaped contour lines point upstream towards higher land (the river source)

Water flows from high elevation to low elevation, so the apex of the 'V' points up the river valley

2

Determine the downstream flow direction from the given upstream contour orientation

Since the V-shapes point north-east (upstream), the downstream flow direction is the exact opposite

The opposite cardinal direction of north-east is south-west

Anahtar Kavram

Interpretation of V-shaped contour lines for river flow direction

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 19Soru →

A forest reserve occupies an area of $5\text{ cm}^2$ on a topographical map drawn to a scale of $1 : 100,000$ . If the map is enlarged to a new scale of $1 : 50,000$ , what is the area of the forest reserve on the new map?

10\text{ cm}^2

20\text{ cm}^2

2.5\text{ cm}^2

1.25\text{ cm}^2

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $20\text{ cm}^2$

Cevap

The area of the forest reserve on the new enlarged map is

20\text{ cm}^2

.

When a map scale is changed from

1 : 100,000

to

1 : 50,000

, the linear dimensions are enlarged by a factor of

\frac{100,000}{50,000} = 2

. Because area is measured in two dimensions, the area scale factor is the square of the linear scale factor (

2^2 = 4

). Therefore, the new area on the map is

5\text{ cm}^2 \times 4 = 20\text{ cm}^2

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Determine the linear scale enlargement factor

Linear Factor =

\frac{\text{Old Scale Denominator}}{\text{New Scale Denominator}} = \frac{100,000}{50,000} = 2

Enlarging from

1 : 100,000

to

1 : 50,000

doubles the linear dimensions on the map.

2

Calculate the area scale factor

Area Factor =

(\text{Linear Factor})^2 = 2^2 = 4

Areal change on a map is proportional to the square of the linear scale change.

3

Compute the new area on the enlarged map

New Area =

\text{Original Area} \times \text{Area Factor} = 5\text{ cm}^2 \times 4 = 20\text{ cm}^2

Multiplying the initial map area by the area scale factor yields the new map area.

Anahtar Kavram

Relationship between Linear Scale and Area Scale in Map Enlargement

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 20Soru →

A topographical map has a statement scale of $1\text{ cm to } 2.5\text{ km}$ . What is the Representative Fraction (RF) of this map?

1 : 250,000

1 : 25,000

1 : 2,500

250,000 : 1

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $1 : 250,000$

Cevap

1 : 250,000

To convert a statement scale of

1\text{ cm to } 2.5\text{ km}

to a Representative Fraction (RF), both measurements must be brought to the same unit (centimeters). Since

1\text{ km} = 100,000\text{ cm}

, multiplying

2.5\text{ km}

by

100,000

yields

250,000\text{ cm}

. Therefore,

1\text{ cm}

on the map represents

250,000\text{ cm}

on the ground, giving an RF of

1 : 250,000

.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1

Identify the given statement scale

The statement scale is

1\text{ cm to } 2.5\text{ km}

.

Converting to a Representative Fraction requires expressing both map distance and ground distance in identical units.

2

Convert ground distance from kilometers to centimeters

2.5\text{ km} = 2.5 \times 100,000\text{ cm} = 250,000\text{ cm}

.

There are

100,000\text{ cm}

in

1\text{ km}

(

1,000\text{ m} \times 100\text{ cm/m}

).

3

Formulate the Representative Fraction

The ratio is

\frac{1\text{ cm}}{250,000\text{ cm}} = 1 : 250,000

.

Representative Fraction is expressed as a ratio

1 : n

without unit labels.

Anahtar Kavram

Statement Scale to Representative Fraction Conversion

Practical Geography

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