Practical Geography

During a chain survey along a baseline, a student uses a steel measuring tape that is shorter than its standard designated length. Which type of error will consistently accumulate in the total recorded distance?

Two agricultural processing centers in Osun State are separated by an actual ground distance of $7.5\text{ km}$. If the distance between these two centers on a regional planning map measures $15\text{ cm}$, what is the Representative Fraction (R.F.) of the map?

During a prismatic compass survey along a open traverse line $P-Q-R-S$, a student records the following forward bearings (FB) and back bearings (BB):

- Line $PQ$: FB = $045^\circ$, BB = $225^\circ$
- Line $QR$: FB = $130^\circ$, BB = $308^\circ$
- Line $RS$: FB = $220^\circ$, BB = $042^\circ$

Based on these field observations, which of the survey stations is affected by local attraction?

On a topographical map extract drawn at a scale of $1:50,000$, a river valley features V-shaped contour lines that point consistently toward the south-west. Point X lies directly on the $450\text{ m}$ contour line, while Point Y lies $5\text{ km}$ further down the channel path on the $200\text{ m}$ contour line. Based on these topographic observations, toward which direction does the river flow, and what is its average channel gradient between Point X and Point Y?

During a chain survey along a baseline, a surveyor uses a $20\text{ m}$ chain that is later discovered to be $0.10\text{ m}$ too short due to bent links. If the recorded length of the baseline is $400\text{ m}$, what is the true ground distance of the baseline, and what category of error is produced by this tape defect?

Match each elementary surveying accessory or instrument on the left with its precise operational function during field survey procedures on the right.

On a topographical map with a scale of $1 : 50,000$, a footpath connects a valley station at an elevation of $250\text{ m}$ to a mountain peak at $650\text{ m}$. If the distance between the two points measured along the footpath on the map is $8\text{ cm}$, what is the average gradient of the slope?

A drainage pattern where streams converge from surrounding elevated areas into a central inland depression or lake is best described as which of the following?

A geography student carrying out a chain survey along a designated baseline encounters a wide pond that obstructs direct distance measurement but allows clear line-of-sight vision across it. To determine the exact chainage distance across this obstacle without crossing the water, which of the following fieldwork procedures using elementary surveying instruments is correct?

A topographic map drawn at a scale of $1 : 25,000$ shows a hillside where point P on a ridge has an elevation of $580\text{ m}$ and point Q near a river valley has an elevation of $430\text{ m}$. If the straight-line distance between P and Q measured on the map is $7.2\text{ cm}$, what is the value of $x$ when the average gradient between the two points is expressed in the ratio form $1 : x$?

In quantitative cartography, proportional circles are constructed such that the surface area of each circle is directly proportional to the statistical quantity being represented. On a demographic map of West Africa, a city with a population of $4,000,000$ is drawn using a proportional circle with a radius of $3.0\text{ cm}$. Which of the following is the correct radius required to represent a neighboring metropolitan city with a population of $16,000,000$ on the same map?

In satellite remote sensing, sensors are categorized based on their energy source. Which type of sensor generates its own electromagnetic energy to illuminate a target and measure the backscattered signal?

On a topographical map, a river flows along a valley floor where contour lines form distinct V-shapes. If the apexes of these V-shaped contours point toward the northeast as elevation increases from $200\text{ m}$ to $500\text{ m}$, in which direction is the river flowing?

Match each Geographic Information System (GIS) analytical operation on the left with its defining function on the right.

Which elementary surveying instrument is specifically used by a surveyor to set out perpendicular offset lines at right angles ($90^\circ$) from a baseline?

Arrange the following sequential stages of optical remote sensing data acquisition and image generation in their correct chronological order, from energy origin to final spatial raster output:

A surveyor conducting a prismatic compass traverse along stations $P$, $Q$, $R$, and $S$ records the following observed bearings:

- Line $P-Q$: Forward Bearing $= 142^\circ 00'$, Back Bearing $= 322^\circ 00'$
- Line $Q-R$: Forward Bearing $= 075^\circ 30'$, Back Bearing $= 258^\circ 00'$
- Line $R-S$: Forward Bearing $= 190^\circ 00'$

If the local magnetic declination in the survey area is $5^\circ 30'\text{ W}$, what is the true geographic forward bearing of line $R-S$?

Match each slope measurement scenario on the left with its corresponding calculated gradient on the right.

A topographical map extract drawn to a scale of $1 : 100,000$ shows a footbridge over a stream at an elevation of $250\text{ m}$ and a forest observation tower situated on a hilltop at an elevation contour of $450\text{ m}$. If the straight-line distance between the bridge and the tower measured on the map is $4\text{ cm}$, what is the average gradient of the slope between these two locations?

A mining concession covers an area of $40\text{ cm}^2$ on a topographical map drawn to a scale of $1 : 50,000$. If this map is reduced to a scale of $1 : 200,000$, what is the area of the concession on the reduced map in $\text{cm}^2$?