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Zorluk: ZorParallel Valid Structure

If a newly discovered archaeological site contains ceremonial obsidian blades, it must have been fully integrated into the ancient eastern trade network. Furthermore, any site that was fully integrated into this trade network will exhibit the presence of standardized clay pottery weights. The recent excavation at the Oakhaven site yielded absolutely no standardized clay pottery weights. Consequently, the Oakhaven site cannot contain ceremonial obsidian blades.

Which of the following arguments exhibits a logical structure most similar to that of the argument above?

  1. If a specific crop variety is highly drought-resistant, it must possess an extensive taproot system. Moreover, any plant that possesses an extensive taproot system requires exceptionally well-drained soil to survive. The soil in the lower valley basin is not exceptionally well-drained. Thus, the crop variety planted in the lower valley basin cannot be highly drought-resistant.Cevap
  2. B
    If an archaeological site contains imported marble structures, it served as a center of regional governance. Any site that served as a center of regional governance features a large central plaza. The newly discovered ruins do not contain imported marble structures. Thus, the ruins cannot feature a large central plaza.
  3. C
    If a commercial aircraft is equipped with dual-bypass engines, it is capable of supersonic flight. Most aircraft capable of supersonic flight require specialized titanium fuselage paneling. The prototype jet does not require specialized titanium fuselage paneling. Hence, it is not equipped with dual-bypass engines.
  4. D
    If a software application utilizes peer-to-peer encryption, it complies with the new privacy mandate. Any application that complies with this privacy mandate will easily pass the upcoming security audit. The beta messaging app will easily pass the upcoming security audit. Consequently, it must utilize peer-to-peer encryption.
  5. E
    If a municipality wishes to balance its annual budget, it must either raise property taxes or reduce public services. The city council refused to raise property taxes. Therefore, the municipality cannot balance its annual budget.

Cevap

The correct answer is the option regarding the drought-resistant crop variety, as it perfectly replicates the A -> B -> C, ~C -> ~A valid deductive chain.
The correct answer accurately maps to the stimulus structure. Let A = 'highly drought-resistant', B = 'possesses extensive taproot', and C = 'requires well-drained soil'. The premises state A -> B and B -> C. The final premise states ~C (not well-drained). The conclusion validly states ~A (cannot be drought-resistant). This is a flawless chain of conditional reasoning concluding with Modus Tollens, exactly matching the stimulus.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the logical structure of the stimulus argument.
The stimulus is mapped as: Premise 1: A -> B. Premise 2: B -> C. Premise 3: ~C. Conclusion: ~A.
Identifying the precise conditional chain and conclusion format is required before evaluating the options for parallel structure.
2
Evaluate the quantifiers and modal certainty in the stimulus.
The stimulus uses absolute, universal terms ('must have been', 'any site', 'absolutely no', 'cannot').
Parallel reasoning requires matching the exact logical force; an argument utilizing 'some' or 'most' will inherently have a different logical structure.
3
Examine each option to find the matching A -> B, B -> C, ~C -> ~A structure.
The option discussing drought-resistant crops is the only one that replicates this valid chain of deduction without introducing fallacies.
Only one option will possess the identical logical architecture without utilizing logical flaws such as illegal reversal, illegal negation, or mismatched quantifiers.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Valid Structure (Conditional Chain with Modus Tollens)
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Konular

Parallel Valid Structure

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