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Zorluk: ZorParallel Valid Structure

Every major atmospheric anomaly recorded in this region is either driven by oceanic surface temperatures or caused by stratospheric aerosol injection. Moreover, any anomaly caused by stratospheric aerosol injection invariably exhibits a delayed global cooling effect. The recent anomaly observed over the Pacific, however, has not exhibited a delayed global cooling effect. Therefore, the Pacific anomaly must be driven by oceanic surface temperatures.

Which of the following arguments is most similar in its logical structure to the argument presented above?

  1. Every native fern species in this forest either reproduces via spores or relies on vegetative fragmentation. Any species relying on vegetative fragmentation requires consistently damp soil to survive. The newly discovered Polypodium, a native fern in this forest, does not require consistently damp soil. Thus, the Polypodium must reproduce via spores.Cevap
  2. B
    Every major atmospheric anomaly is driven by oceanic surface temperatures. Any anomaly driven by oceanic surface temperatures exhibits a delayed global cooling effect. The Pacific anomaly exhibits a delayed global cooling effect. Therefore, it must be a major atmospheric anomaly.
  3. C
    Most modern skyscrapers are supported by either a central concrete core or an external steel exoskeleton. Any building supported by an external steel exoskeleton utilizes cross-bracing. The newly built Horizon Tower does not utilize cross-bracing. Therefore, the Horizon Tower must be supported by a central concrete core.
  4. D
    Every viable startup company must either secure venture capital or generate immediate profit. Any company that generates immediate profit will expand its workforce rapidly. The newly founded TechFlow is a viable startup that did not generate immediate profit. Thus, TechFlow will not expand its workforce rapidly.
  5. E
    Every traditional sourdough recipe uses either a rye starter or a wheat starter. Any recipe originating in San Francisco uses a wheat starter. The Baker's Delight traditional sourdough recipe did not originate in San Francisco. Therefore, it must use a rye starter.

Cevap

The argument about native fern species reproducing via spores or vegetative fragmentation.
The correct answer perfectly duplicates the valid deductive architecture of the stimulus. Both arguments follow this pattern: Every member of group X has characteristic Y or characteristic Z. Any member with characteristic Z also has characteristic W. A specific member of group X does not have characteristic W. Therefore, it does not have characteristic Z (Modus Tollens). Since it must have Y or Z, it must have characteristic Y (Disjunctive Syllogism).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the logical structure of the stimulus.
Premise 1: All A (anomaly) -> B (oceanic) OR C (aerosol). Premise 2: All C (aerosol) -> D (cooling). Premise 3: Instance P (Pacific) is A, and P is NOT D. Conclusion: P is B.
Identifying the formal abstract structure is the first step in finding a parallel argument.
2
Evaluate the validity of the stimulus.
The argument is valid. Since P is not D, by Modus Tollens (contrapositive of Premise 2), P is not C. Since P is an A, it must be B or C. Since it is not C, it must be B (Disjunctive Syllogism).
A valid stimulus must be matched with a valid answer choice.
3
Examine the answer choices to find an identical valid structure.
The correct choice must feature a universal rule ('Every/All') dividing a group into two possibilities, a conditional rule applying to one of those possibilities, a specific instance that fails the necessary condition of that rule, and a conclusion that the instance belongs to the other possibility.
Parallel reasoning requires matching quantifiers, premises, and logical mechanisms exactly.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Valid Structure (Universal Instantiation, Modus Tollens, Disjunctive Syllogism)
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Konular

Parallel Valid Structure

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