Tüm alıştırma soruları

Medical Researcher: The experimental drug Lexicon has demonstrated a remarkable ability to neutralize the synthetic pathogen V-7 in laboratory settings. Based on this, several public health officials are lobbying for its immediate mass production. This enthusiasm is unwarranted. Historical data reveals that of all the experimental drugs that successfully neutralized synthetic pathogens in laboratories over the past twenty years, fewer than ten percent were ultimately approved as safe for public consumption. Consequently, there is a greater than ninety percent probability that Lexicon will fail to neutralize V-7 in human patients.

The reasoning in the medical researcher's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument does which one of the following?

Match each flawed or incomplete argument regarding the restoration of the Fresco of Verano to the sufficient assumption that, if true, logically guarantees its conclusion.

Analyze the following arguments, each of which relies on an unstated assumption involving conditional logic. Match each argument to the necessary or sufficient assumption that logically bridges the gap between its premises and its conclusion.

Following a severe regional drought, a state government offered generous subsidies to farmers who switched to planting a newly developed, drought-resistant variety of wheat. This new variety requires exactly half as much irrigation water per acre as traditional wheat. Within a year, over $80\%$ of the region's farmers had switched to the new variety. Yet, surprisingly, the total amount of irrigation water used for agricultural purposes in the region increased significantly during that year.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?

Read the following argument:

Any synthetic chemical compound that bonds effectively with the Z-receptor will inhibit the replication of the delta-virus. The newly synthesized compound, Brivanex, was designed specifically to target the Z-receptor. Therefore, Brivanex will successfully cure patients infected with the delta-virus.

Is the following statement true or false?

The assumption 'Any compound that inhibits the replication of the delta-virus will successfully cure patients infected with it' is sufficient to logically guarantee the argument's conclusion.

Technology policy analyst: A newly mandated chemical additive, PetroZ, reduces friction in commercial power plant turbines by 15 percent. This reduced friction leads to lower operating temperatures and significantly extends the lifespan of internal turbine parts. Therefore, power companies that comply with the mandate to use PetroZ will spend less money on turbine maintenance overall.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the technology policy analyst's argument depends?

Consider the following argument:

A terrestrial organism can survive prolonged exposure to atmospheric argon only if its cellular membranes contain cryptobiotic proteins. The newly discovered deep-cave lichen *Verrucaria argonensis* contains cryptobiotic proteins in its cellular membranes. Thus, *Verrucaria argonensis* can survive prolonged exposure to atmospheric argon.

The assumption "No terrestrial organism's cellular membranes contain cryptobiotic proteins unless that organism can survive prolonged exposure to atmospheric argon" logically guarantees the argument's conclusion.

Analyze the four distinct scenarios below. For each scenario, two apparently incompatible facts are presented. Identify the corresponding underlying mechanism that successfully reconciles the contradictory information in each case without violating either given premise.

Pair each of the following flawed arguments with the argument that exhibits an identical pattern of faulty reasoning.

Sociologist: During periods of rapid economic transition, a society can maintain high levels of civic engagement only if it possesses robust local institutions. Over the last decade, the nation of Oakhaven has undergone a rapid economic transition, which coincided with the widespread adoption of hyper-connected digital platforms. In this same period, Oakhaven's civic engagement levels have plummeted. It is clear, therefore, that the adoption of hyper-connected digital platforms eroded Oakhaven’s local institutions.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the sociologist’s argument depends?

Marine Biologist: The foundational organisms in the aphotic Midnight Trench ecosystem derive their energy exclusively from hydrogen sulfide. Surviving the extreme toxicity of this compound requires these organisms to constantly dedicate substantial energy to cellular repair, which in turn results in an exceptionally high baseline metabolic rate. Therefore, these organisms must have significantly shorter lifespans than typical photosynthetic marine organisms, and the ecosystem's broader food web must be unusually vulnerable to sudden collapse.

Which of the following statements function as necessary supporter assumptions required to bridge the logical gaps in the marine biologist's argument? (Select all that apply)

Linguist: The indigenous Vana language uses a highly complex tonal system to convey grammatical tense. Researchers have documented that Vana children successfully master this tonal system by age three, significantly earlier than children in other cultures master grammatical tense. This rapid mastery must result from the traditional high-protein Vana diet, which significantly accelerates the physical development of the auditory cortex during early childhood.

Which of the following statements are necessary assumptions required by the linguist's argument? (Select all that apply)

Match each of the following brief arguments to the abstract description that most accurately identifies its logical flaw.

Astrophysicist: According to leading cosmological models, a spiral galaxy can maintain its structural integrity over billions of years only if it is enveloped by a massive dark matter halo. The recently observed spiral galaxy VCC-128 has maintained its structural integrity for at least four billion years. Yet, advanced sensor arrays have confirmed that VCC-128 emits no anomalous axion radiation. Therefore, the leading cosmological models must be incorrect.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the astrophysicist's argument depends?

If the city council approves the new zoning laws, the construction of the shopping mall will begin. If the construction of the shopping mall begins, the local traffic will increase significantly. Therefore, if the city council approves the new zoning laws, the local traffic will increase significantly.

Which one of the following arguments exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above?

Biologist: A localized ecosystem can successfully recover from the abrupt loss of its apex predator only if the population of its primary consumers is actively restricted and the habitat's foundational flora remains largely intact. In the Veridian Valley ecosystem, a viral pathogen recently eradicated the native cougar population, which served as the sole apex predator. Although state wildlife officials have implemented an aggressive culling program that is successfully restricting the population of primary consumers, the Veridian Valley ecosystem will nevertheless fail to recover from the loss of the cougars.

Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the biologist's conclusion to be properly drawn?

Below are four distinct arguments, each relying on an unstated bridging rule. Pair each specific argument with the general principle that, if valid, would logically guarantee the argument's conclusion.

Director: To adequately secure our planetary defense network, we must reallocate 15 percent of the agency's current satellite development funds away from deep-space exploratory probes and dedicate that capital entirely to near-Earth asteroid detection systems. Unidentified near-Earth objects currently represent the most immediate existential threat to our planet.

Astrophysicist: That is a catastrophically short-sighted policy. If we abandon all deep-space research, our technological edge in interstellar navigation will collapse, and our quest to understand the origins of the universe will be permanently halted.

Which of the following statements accurately describe how the astrophysicist's response distorts the director's initial argument? Select all that apply.

Consider the following two arguments:

Argument 1: If the orchestra performs a symphony, the concert will last over two hours. The orchestra is performing a symphony tonight. Thus, the concert will last over two hours.

Argument 2: If the temperature drops below freezing, the fountain will be turned off. The fountain is turned off tonight. Thus, the temperature dropped below freezing.

The pattern of reasoning in Argument 2 is logically parallel to the pattern of reasoning in Argument 1.

Analyze the four paradoxical scenarios below. Match each unexpected outcome with the explanatory premise that most logically resolves the apparent discrepancy without contradicting the established facts.