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Question 201Question →
Arrange the following significant events in the framing of the Constitution of India in their correct chronological order from earliest to latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Introduction of the Objectives Resolution (December 13, 1946) → Adoption of the Objectives Resolution (January 22, 1947) → Adoption of the National Flag (July 22, 1947) → Constitution of the Drafting Committee (August 29, 1947).
The correct sequence begins with the introduction of the Objectives Resolution by Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946, followed by its unanimous adoption on January 22, 1947. Next, the Constituent Assembly adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947. Finally, the Drafting Committee was formed on August 29, 1947.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the exact date for the introduction of the Objectives Resolution.
December 13, 1946.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution outlining the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure during the inaugural session.
2
Identify the exact date when the Constituent Assembly formally passed/adopted the Objectives Resolution.
January 22, 1947.
After detailed debate, the Assembly unanimously adopted the resolution which later formed the preamble of the Constitution.
3
Determine the date when the National Flag was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
July 22, 1947.
The Tricolour with the Ashoka Chakra was adopted as the National Flag just prior to Indian independence.
4
Determine the date when the Drafting Committee was established.
August 29, 1947.
Post-independence, the Assembly appointed a seven-member Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution.
Key Concept
Chronological timeline of key procedural milestones and committees in the framing of the Indian Constitution.
Question 202Question →
Colonial expansion and repressive agrarian/forest policies in India triggered numerous anti-British rebellions and peasant struggles. Arrange the following historical uprisings in correct chronological sequence from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Chuar Rebellion (1798–1799), Ramosi Uprising (1822), Indigo Revolt (1859–1860), and Tana Bhagat Movement (1914).
Arranging the uprisings chronologically yields: Chuar Rebellion (1798–1799) → Ramosi Uprising (1822) → Indigo Revolt (1859–1860) → Tana Bhagat Movement (1914).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the timeframe of the Chuar Rebellion
The prominent second phase of the Chuar Rebellion under Durjol Singh took place in 1798–1799.
This is the earliest rebellion among the four listed events.
2
Determine the timeframe of the Ramosi Uprising
The Ramosi hill tribes rose in rebellion under Chittur Singh in 1822.
This occurred in the early 19th century following the annexation of Peshwa territories by the British.
3
Determine the timeframe of the Indigo Revolt
The Indigo Revolt began in Bengal in 1859 and continued through 1860.
This post-1857 peasant uprising led to the establishment of the Indigo Commission in 1860.
4
Determine the timeframe of the Tana Bhagat Movement
The Tana Bhagat Movement among the Oraon tribe commenced in 1914 under Jatra Bhagat.
This represents a 20th-century tribal movement that later aligned with the non-violent freedom struggle.
Key Concept
Chronological progression of 18th, 19th, and early 20th-century peasant and tribal uprisings in colonial India
Question 203Question →
Arrange the following major industrial centers of India in geographical sequence from West to East:
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Answer
The correct geographical order from West to East is Jamnagar, followed by Pithampur, Korba, and finally Haldia.
Jamnagar is situated in westernmost Gujarat on the Kathiawar peninsula (~70.06° E). Moving east, Pithampur is located near Indore in western Madhya Pradesh (~75.68° E). Further east, Korba lies in central Chhattisgarh (~82.68° E), known for its aluminium smelting and power plants. Finally, Haldia is an eastern port and petrochemical hub in West Bengal (~88.06° E).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the geographical coordinates (longitudes) and state locations of each industrial center
Jamnagar is in western Gujarat (~70° E), Pithampur is in western Madhya Pradesh (~75.7° E), Korba is in central Chhattisgarh (~82.7° E), and Haldia is in coastal West Bengal (~88.1° E).
Arranging locations spatially from West to East requires comparing their longitudinal values across India's administrative geography.
2
Sort the industrial hubs progressively from lowest longitude (westernmost) to highest longitude (easternmost)
Jamnagar (~70.06° E) -> Pithampur (~75.68° E) -> Korba (~82.68° E) -> Haldia (~88.06° E).
This establishes the exact sequential order from West to East.
Key Concept
Spatial arrangement and longitudinal distribution of major industrial centers across India.
Question 204Question →
Arrange the following key historical milestones associated with economic planning and institutional evolution in India in correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Visvesvaraya Plan publication (1934), National Planning Committee constitution (1938), National Development Council establishment (1952), and NITI Aayog creation (2015).
The correct order follows the historical timeline: the Visvesvaraya Plan (1934), followed by the National Planning Committee (1938), the National Development Council (1952), and finally NITI Aayog (2015).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the year of Sir M. Visvesvaraya's economic planning proposal
Sir M. Visvesvaraya published 'Planned Economy for India' in 1934.
Establishes the earliest historical landmark for formal economic planning proposals in British India.
2
Determine the formation year of the National Planning Committee
The National Planning Committee was set up under Jawaharlal Nehru's chairmanship in 1938.
Ranks second as a major pre-independence planning initiative organized by the Indian National Congress.
3
Identify the creation year of the National Development Council (NDC)
The NDC was set up by an executive resolution on August 6, 1952.
Follows post-independence institutional developments after the 1950 creation of the Planning Commission.
4
Identify the establishment date of NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog was instituted via a Union Cabinet Resolution on January 1, 2015.
Marks the most recent structural shift in Indian economic governance and think-tank advisory mechanisms.
Key Concept
Historical progression of economic planning proposals and institutional mechanisms in India
Question 205Question →
Arrange the following mountain ranges of northern India in the correct sequence from North to South:
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Answer
The correct order from North to South is Karakoram Range, Ladakh Range, Zaskar Range, and Shiwalik Range.
The correct arrangement from North to South begins with the Karakoram Range (northernmost Trans-Himalayan zone), followed by the Ladakh Range (between Shyok and Indus rivers), the Zaskar Range (south of the Indus River), and finishes with the Shiwalik Range (southernmost outer Himalayan foothills).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the northernmost mountain range in the northern arc of India.
The Karakoram Range occupies the extreme northern section in the Trans-Himalayas.
Geographically, Karakoram lies at the highest latitude above the Shyok River.
2
Sequence the intermediate Trans-Himalayan ranges between the Shyok and Indus Rivers.
The Ladakh Range lies immediately south of Karakoram, followed by the Zaskar Range south of the Indus River.
The Indus River flows between the parallel Ladakh Range to its north and the Zaskar Range to its south.
3
Locate the southernmost Himalayan range adjoining the Northern Plains.
The Shiwalik Range forms the outer, southernmost foothills of the Himalayan system.
Shiwaliks mark the southern geographical boundary of the Himalayas facing the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
Key Concept
Latitudinal (North-to-South) spatial arrangement of Trans-Himalayan and Himalayan relief features in India.
Question 206Question →
Arrange the following administrative institutional developments and milestone events of Medieval India in correct chronological order, from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Introduction of Silver Tanka and Copper Jital (c. 1220s CE) → Establishment of Vijayanagara Kingdom (1336 CE) → Division of Bahmani Kingdom into eight Tarafs by Mahmud Gawan (c. 1470s CE) → Compilation of Fatawa-i-Alamgiri under Aurangzeb (1667–1675 CE).
The items are arranged correctly in chronological sequence: 1. Introduction of Silver Tanka and Copper Jital by Sultan Iltutmish (early 13th century, c. 1220s CE), 2. Establishment of the Vijayanagara Kingdom (1336 CE), 3. Division of the Bahmani Kingdom into eight Tarafs by Mahmud Gawan (c. 1470s CE), and 4. Compilation of Fatawa-i-Alamgiri under Emperor Aurangzeb (1667–1675 CE).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the historical period for the introduction of Sultanate coinage
Sultan Iltutmish introduced the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital in the early 13th century (c. 1211–1236 CE).
This event belongs to the Mamluk dynasty phase of the Delhi Sultanate.
2
Identify the foundation date of the Vijayanagara Kingdom
Harihara I and Bukka I established the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 CE.
This occurred during the 14th century, coinciding with the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in Delhi.
3
Locate the administrative reforms of Mahmud Gawan in the Bahmani Sultanate
Mahmud Gawan reorganized Bahmani provincial governance around 1470–1481 CE.
He split the existing four large provinces into eight smaller tarafs to tighten administrative control.
4
Identify the compilation timeframe of Fatawa-i-Alamgiri
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb commissioned Fatawa-i-Alamgiri between 1667 and 1675 CE.
This represents late 17th-century Mughal legal and administrative consolidation.
Key Concept
Chronology of Medieval Indian Dynastic Developments and Administrative Systems
Question 207Question →
Arrange the following prominent mountain passes of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri) in sequential order from North to South:
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Answer
The correct North-to-South order of the mountain passes of the Western Ghats is Thal Ghat, followed by Bhor Ghat, Pal Ghat, and Shencottah Gap.
The sequence is established by tracing the Western Ghats from north to south by latitude: Thal Ghat (19.7∘ N) is the northernmost pass near Igatpuri; Bhor Ghat (18.7∘ N) lies south of Thal Ghat near Khandala; Pal Ghat (10.8∘ N) is a major discontinuity between the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills; and Shencottah Gap (9.0∘ N) is the southernmost pass traversing the Cardamom Hills region.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the latitudinal position of the northern passes located in Maharashtra.
Thal Ghat lies at approximately 19.7∘ N (connecting Mumbai and Nashik), while Bhor Ghat lies further south at approximately 18.7∘ N (connecting Mumbai and Pune).
Thal Ghat is situated north of Bhor Ghat within the Maharashtra segment of the Western Ghats.
2
Determine the position of the major pass in the central-southern Western Ghats.
Pal Ghat (Palakkad Gap) is located at approximately 10.8∘ N, bridging the gap between the Nilgiri Hills to the north and the Anaimalai Hills to the south.
Pal Ghat is located well south of Maharashtra but north of the extreme southern hill ranges.
3
Determine the position of the southernmost gap.
Shencottah Gap is located at approximately 9.0∘ N near the Cardamom and Agasthyamalai Hills.
Shencottah Gap is the southernmost prominent pass linking Kerala and Tamil Nadu across the Western Ghats.
4
Assemble the complete sequence from North to South.
Thal Ghat (19.7∘ N) → Bhor Ghat (18.7∘ N) → Pal Ghat (10.8∘ N) → Shencottah Gap (9.0∘ N).
This sequence accurately reflects the decreasing latitude from north to south along the Peninsular shield.
Key Concept
Spatial latitudinal ordering of Western Ghats passes
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 208Question →
Arrange the following key historical events associated with revolutionary nationalism and left-wing currents in India in correct chronological order, from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence is: Formation of the Communist Party of India in Tashkent (October 1920) → Execution of the Kakori Train Action (August 1925) → Arrest of labor leaders in the Meerut Conspiracy Case (March 1929) → Proclamation of the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (October 1943).
The correct chronological timeline is: Formation of the CPI in Tashkent (October 1920), followed by the Kakori Train Action (August 1925), then the Meerut Conspiracy Case arrests (March 1929), and finally the proclamation of Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind in Singapore (October 1943).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the date of the formation of the Communist Party of India in Tashkent
October 1920
M. N. Roy, Evelyn Roy, Abani Mukherji, and others founded the party in Tashkent shortly after the 2nd Congress of the Comintern.
2
Determine the date of the Kakori Train Action
August 1925
The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) carried out the train robbery at Kakori near Lucknow to secure funds for revolutionary activities.
3
Determine the date of the Meerut Conspiracy Case arrests
March 1929
The British administration launched a nation-wide crackdown on leftist leaders, arresting 31 trade unionists and communists.
4
Determine the date of the proclamation of the Provisional Government of Free India
October 1943
Subhas Chandra Bose formally announced the establishment of Azad Hind in Singapore during World War II.
Key Concept
Chronological Milestones of Left-Wing and Revolutionary Movements in India
Question 209Question →
Arrange the following sequential stages involved in the enactment of an Ordinary Bill in the Indian Parliament, starting from its introduction to its final stage.
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Answer
The correct chronological order of stages in passing an Ordinary Bill is: (1) First Reading (Introduction), (2) Second Reading (Clause-by-clause consideration), (3) Third Reading (Voting on the bill as a whole), and (4) Presidential Assent.
The standard legislative procedure in the Indian Parliament for an Ordinary Bill follows five main stages: First Reading (introduction and gazette publication), Second Reading (general discussion, committee scrutiny, and clause-by-clause consideration with amendments), Third Reading (voting on the bill as a whole), transmission to the other House for identical process, and finally, Presidential Assent under Article 111.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the initial legislative stage
The process begins with First Reading (Introduction of the Bill and publication in the official Gazette).
A bill cannot undergo debate or amendment until it is formally introduced into a House of Parliament.
2
Identify the detailed examination stage
The Second Reading involves clause-by-clause discussion and voting on proposed amendments.
This is the most critical stage where the detailed provisions of the bill are scrutinized and modified.
3
Identify the approval stage in the introducing House
The Third Reading involves voting on the Bill as a whole.
No substantive amendments are allowed at this stage; members either accept or reject the finalized text.
4
Identify the final constitutional requirement for enactment
Presentation to the President of India for assent.
Under Article 111 of the Constitution, a bill passed by Parliament becomes an Act only after receiving Presidential assent.
Key Concept
Legislative Procedure for Ordinary Bills in Indian Parliament
Question 210Question →
Which of the following represents the correct sequential order of the procedural stages involved in the presentation and enactment of the Annual Financial Statement (Budget) in the Indian Parliament, from commencement to completion?
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence for the enactment of the Budget in Parliament is: Presentation of the Budget → General Discussion → Scrutiny by Departmentally Related Standing Committees → Voting on Demands for Grants → Passing of the Appropriation Bill → Passing of the Finance Bill.
The enactment of the Budget (Annual Financial Statement under Article 112) follows a strict six-stage constitutional procedure in the Indian Parliament: 1. Presentation of Budget in Lok Sabha, 2. General Discussion in both Houses, 3. Scrutiny of Demands for Grants by Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) during recess, 4. Voting on Demands for Grants exclusively in the Lok Sabha (Article 113), 5. Passing of the Appropriation Bill (Article 114) to authorize withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of India, and 6. Passing of the Finance Bill to legalize taxation proposals.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the initial legislative act of the financial year.
The process begins with the presentation of the Annual Financial Statement under Article 112.
The executive must lay the budget estimates before Parliament prior to any legislative deliberation.
2
Trace the initial legislative discussion and committee referral stages.
General Discussion occurs first, followed by the recess period where Departmentally Related Standing Committees scrutinize individual ministry demands.
General discussion sets the macro-economic context before committee-level micro-examination of specific grants.
3
Differentiate the voting stage and financial authorization legislation.
Lok Sabha votes on Demands for Grants, followed immediately by the passage of the Appropriation Bill, and concluding with the Finance Bill.
Expenditure authorization (Appropriation Bill under Article 114) must precede tax enactment (Finance Bill) to finalize budget completion.
Key Concept
Procedural Stages of Budget Enactment in Indian Parliament
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 211Question →
Arrange the following National Waterways (NW) of India in the correct geographical sequence from North to South based on the location of their northernmost terminals.
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Answer
The correct North to South sequence is National Waterway 2, followed by National Waterway 1, National Waterway 4, and finally National Waterway 3.
The correct geographical sequence from North to South is determined by comparing the northern latitudes of each waterway's terminals: National Waterway 2 in Assam (~27.8° N) is northernmost, followed by National Waterway 1 along the Ganga system (~25.4° N), National Waterway 4 along the East Coast/Godavari-Krishna (~16.9° N), and National Waterway 3 along Kerala's West Coast (~10.2° N).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the latitude of the northernmost terminal of National Waterway 2.
NW-2 covers the Brahmaputra River between Sadiya and Dhubri in Assam. Sadiya is located at ~27.8° N latitude.
This establishes the starting point for the northernmost waterway in the list.
2
Identify the latitude of the northernmost terminal of National Waterway 1.
NW-1 covers the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system from Prayagraj to Haldia. Prayagraj is located at ~25.4° N latitude.
NW-1 lies immediately south of NW-2.
3
Identify the latitude of the northernmost terminal of National Waterway 4.
NW-4 stretches along canals and the Godavari-Krishna rivers between Kakinada and Puducherry. Kakinada is located at ~16.9° N latitude.
NW-4 is positioned south of NW-1 in peninsular India.
4
Identify the latitude of the northernmost terminal of National Waterway 3.
NW-3 consists of the West Coast Canal from Kottapuram to Kollam in Kerala. Kottapuram is located at ~10.2° N latitude.
NW-3 is the southernmost waterway listed.
Key Concept
Geographical distribution and spatial orientation of National Waterways in India
Estimated Time:1m 15s
Question 212Question →
Arrange the following major soil groups of India in decreasing order of their percentage contribution to the total geographical area of the country:
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Answer
The correct decreasing order of major soil groups by geographical area coverage in India is: Alluvial Soil, followed by Red Soil, Black Soil, and Laterite Soil.
According to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the correct decreasing order of major soils by share of total geographical area is Alluvial Soil (~43%), Red Soil (~18.5%), Black Soil (~15%), and Laterite Soil (~4.3%).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Assess the coverage of Alluvial Soil in India.
Alluvial soil covers approximately 43% of India's land surface.
Deposition by major river networks (Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra system and eastern coastal rivers) makes it the most widespread soil.
2
Compare the spatial coverage of Red Soil and Black Soil.
Red soil covers about 18.5% of the geographical area, while Black soil (Regur) covers about 15%.
Weathering of crystalline metamorphic rocks creates extensive red soil tracts across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha, surpassing the extent of black volcanic soils.
3
Identify the geographical extent of Laterite Soil.
Laterite soil accounts for approximately 4.3% of the total area.
Intense leaching under high rainfall conditions restricts laterite soils to specific highland regions.
4
Arrange the soils in decreasing order of area.
Alluvial Soil (43%) > Red Soil (18.5%) > Black Soil (15%) > Laterite Soil (4.3%).
This matches the official Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) land area classification.
Key Concept
Geographical Distribution and Area Share of Indian Soil Types
Question 213Question →
Chronologically arrange the following historical committees, policy initiatives, and institutional developments in Indian economic planning and structural reforms, from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological order from earliest to latest is: (1) Constitution of the P. C. Mahalanobis Committee on Income Distribution (October 1960), (2) Launch of the original Twenty Point Programme (July 1975), (3) Appointment of the Sukhamoy Chakravarty Committee to Review the Working of the Monetary System (December 1982), (4) Submission of the C. Rangarajan Committee Report on Disinvestment of Shares in Public Sector Enterprises (April 1993), and (5) Release of NITI Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda (August 2017).
The correct sequence chronologically traces key stages of economic governance in India: the P. C. Mahalanobis Committee on Income Distribution (October 1960), the Twenty Point Programme (July 1975), the Sukhamoy Chakravarty Monetary Committee (December 1982), the C. Rangarajan PSE Disinvestment Report (April 1993), and NITI Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda (August 2017).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the date of the P. C. Mahalanobis Committee on Income Distribution and Levels of Living.
Established in October 1960.
This represents the earliest planning milestone among the given items, formed post-Second Five-Year Plan.
2
Determine the date of the original Twenty Point Programme launch.
Launched in July 1975.
It was launched during the Fifth Five-Year Plan to target poverty and social welfare.
3
Determine the date of the Sukhamoy Chakravarty Committee appointment.
Appointed in December 1982.
This landmark RBI monetary committee preceded the 1991 structural reforms.
4
Determine the date of the C. Rangarajan Committee Report on Disinvestment.
Submitted in April 1993.
It was set up in the early phase of post-1991 structural reforms to guide public enterprise disinvestment.
5
Determine the date of NITI Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda release.
Released in August 2017.
This is the most recent initiative, marking the replacement of traditional Five-Year Plans.
Key Concept
Chronology of Economic Planning History, Monetary and Structural Reforms, and NITI Aayog Framework
Estimated Time:2m 30s
Question 214Question →
Chronologically arrange the following major historical developments and policy milestones in Indian economic planning and structural reforms from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: 1. Formulation of the 'People's Plan' by M. N. Roy (1945), 2. Establishment of the National Development Council (1952), 3. Constitution of the Narasimham Committee on the Financial System (1991), and 4. Cabinet Resolution establishing NITI Aayog (2015).
The correct sequence follows the historical development of Indian economic planning: M. N. Roy formulated the People's Plan in 1945, followed by the setting up of the National Development Council in 1952. Decades later, structural economic reforms prompted the establishment of the Narasimham Committee in 1991, and finally, NITI Aayog was instituted in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the date for the formulation of the 'People's Plan'.
M. N. Roy drafted the 'People's Plan' in 1945 during the pre-independence era.
It was a 10-year plan advocating nationalization of land and state-driven agricultural development.
2
Determine the establishment year of the National Development Council (NDC).
The NDC was set up on 6 August 1952.
It was created post-independence to provide a federal platform involving State Chief Ministers in plan approval.
3
Determine the setup date of the Narasimham Committee on Financial System Reforms.
The first Narasimham Committee was constituted in August 1991.
It laid the blueprint for financial sector liberalization, deregulation of interest rates, and reduction of SLR/CRR following the 1991 crisis.
4
Determine the creation date of NITI Aayog.
NITI Aayog was formed on 1 January 2015.
It replaced the 65-year-old Planning Commission to usher in a bottom-up approach to development.
Key Concept
Chronological Evolution of Planning Machinery, Committees, and Structural Reforms in India
Question 215Question →
Arrange the following administrative institutional developments and political events of Medieval India in correct chronological sequence, from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence is: Creation of Diwan-i-Arz by Balban (c. 1266 CE) → Foundation of the Bahmani Kingdom (1347 CE) → Promulgation of the Dahsala land revenue system (1580 CE) → Formal institution of the Ashtapradhan council by Shivaji (1674 CE).
The events follow a clear historical progression spanning from the 13th to the 17th centuries: Ghiyasuddin Balban set up the Diwan-i-Arz during his reign (c. 1266–1287 CE), Hasan Gangu established the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347 CE, Raja Todar Mal implemented the Dahsala revenue settlement in 1580 CE, and Chhatrapati Shivaji instituted the Ashtapradhan council during his coronation in 1674 CE.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the timeframe of Balban's military administrative reforms in the Delhi Sultanate.
Ghiyasuddin Balban established the centralized military department known as Diwan-i-Arz during his reign (c. 1266��1287 CE).
This move was aimed at curbing internal rebellions and building defense capabilities against Mongol incursions in the 13th century.
2
Determine the date of the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom in South India.
Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah (Hasan Gangu) founded the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 CE.
This independent Deccan kingdom emerged during the mid-14th century during the rule of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
3
Determine the introduction date of Todar Mal's revenue system under the Mughals.
Raja Todar Mal introduced the Dahsala system (Ain-i-Dahsala) in 1580 CE.
The system calculated tax assessment based on average yield and price data collected over the preceding ten years (1570–1580 CE).
4
Determine the formal creation date of the Maratha administrative council of eight ministers.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj formally instituted the Ashtapradhan council at his coronation in 1674 CE.
This administrative structure was codified in the late 17th century to govern the Maratha state effectively.
Key Concept
Chronological evolution of medieval Indian administrative institutions across the Delhi Sultanate, Deccan Sultanates, Mughal Empire, and Maratha State.
Question 216Question →
National income estimation in India has evolved through significant individual scientific contributions, institutional setups, and major methodological revisions. Arrange the following historical milestones in the evolution of National Income Accounting in India in correct chronological order from the earliest to the latest.
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: (1) Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao's scientific estimation (1931–32), (2) Constitution of the Mahalanobis National Income Committee (1949), (3) Establishment of the Central Statistical Organisation (1951), and (4) Adoption of the 2011–12 base year with GVA at basic prices (2015).
The correct chronological progression begins with Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao's pioneering scientific work for the 1931–32 estimation. Post-independence, the Government formed the National Income Committee under Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis in August 1949. To institutionalize national income compilation, the Central Statistical Organisation was established in May 1951. Modern structural accounting reforms occurred in January 2015 with the revision of the base year to 2011–12 and the introduction of GVA at basic prices.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the timeline of pre-independence national income estimation milestones.
Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao provided the first scientific and conceptual estimation of national income for 1931–32 (published in 1940), improving upon early unscientific estimates like Dadabhai Naoroji's (1867–68).
Establishing the earliest historical benchmark.
2
Determine the date of post-independence committee formation.
The National Income Committee was appointed by the Government of India in August 1949 under Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis, with Prof. D.R. Gadgil and Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao as members.
This formed the first official post-independence institutional framework.
3
Identify the creation of the permanent statistical body.
The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) was established in May 1951 under the Cabinet Secretariat to handle national accounts compilation permanently.
This institutionalized regular national income estimation in India.
4
Identify the modern methodological revision milestone.
In January 2015, the CSO revised the base year from 2004–05 to 2011–12 and aligned Indian accounting standards with System of National Accounts (SNA) 2008 by introducing GVA at basic prices.
This marks the latest structural overhaul in the national income accounting framework.
Key Concept
Chronological evolution of National Income estimation and accounting methodology in India.
Question 217Question →
Vegetation distribution across India is primarily determined by rainfall thresholds. Arrange the following natural vegetation types in ascending order of their average annual rainfall requirements:
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Answer
The correct ascending order of average annual rainfall requirements is: Tropical Thorn Forests (<50 cm), Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests (70–100 cm), Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests (100–200 cm), and Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests (>200 cm).
The natural vegetation of India varies directly with total annual rainfall. Tropical Thorn Forests require <50 cm, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests require 70–100 cm, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests require 100–200 cm, and Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests require >200 cm. Ordering from lowest to highest rainfall yields Tropical Thorn Forests, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, and Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the minimum precipitation threshold for semi-arid vegetation.
Tropical Thorn Forests require the lowest annual rainfall (less than 50 cm).
They consist of thorny trees and shrubs adapted to xerophytic conditions.
2
Determine the precipitation range for dry deciduous vegetation.
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests require 70 cm to 100 cm of rainfall.
They form a transition zone between moist deciduous and thorn forests.
3
Determine the precipitation range for moist deciduous vegetation.
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests require 100 cm to 200 cm of rainfall.
This is the most widespread forest type in India, shedding leaves in dry summer.
4
Identify the highest rainfall threshold among forest types.
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests require more than 200 cm of rainfall.
High humidity and continuous moisture sustain dense, multi-layered evergreen canopies.
Key Concept
Climatic thresholds and precipitation requirements for natural vegetation belts in India.
Question 218Question →
Chronologically arrange the following historical milestones and policy initiatives related to Indian economic planning and structural reforms from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: 1) Formation of the National Planning Committee (1938), 2) Introduction of the Rolling Plan concept (1978), 3) Appointment of the Tax Reforms Committee chaired by Raja Chelliah (1991), and 4) Establishment of NITI Aayog (2015).
The correct sequence follows the precise historical timeline of Indian planning and structural reform milestones: National Planning Committee (1938), Rolling Plan (1978), Raja Chelliah Tax Reforms Committee (1991), and NITI Aayog establishment (2015).
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the year of establishment for the National Planning Committee.
1938
The committee was formed pre-independence to formulate a comprehensive planning blueprint for India.
2
Determine the period when the Rolling Plan concept was introduced.
1978
It was introduced by the Janata Party administration for 1978–1980 after ending the Fifth Five-Year Plan a year early.
3
Identify the year of constitution for the Raja Chelliah Tax Reforms Committee.
1991
The committee was set up immediately following the 1991 economic crisis to guide structural tax reforms.
4
Determine the date of NITI Aayog's establishment.
2015
NITI Aayog came into effect on January 1, 2015, replacing the 65-year-old Planning Commission.
Key Concept
Chronological Evolution of Planning History and Economic Reforms in India
Question 219Question →
Arrange the following prominent figures of the Bhakti movement in India in correct chronological order of their historical period, starting from the earliest to the latest.
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Kabir Das, and Mirabai.
The correct sequence begins with Shankaracharya in the 8th century CE, followed by Ramanujacharya in the 11th–12th century CE, then Kabir Das in the 15th century CE, and concludes with Mirabai in the 16th century CE.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Identify the historical era of Shankaracharya.
Shankaracharya lived in the early 8th century CE (c. 788���820 CE) and consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.
This places him as the earliest figure among the listed options.
2
Identify the historical era of Ramanujacharya.
Ramanujacharya lived during the 11th to 12th centuries CE (c. 1017–1137 CE) and formulated Vishishtadvaita philosophy.
This places him second in the chronological sequence.
3
Identify the historical era of Kabir Das.
Kabir Das was a prominent 15th-century CE Nirguna saint poet who emphasized unity beyond ritualistic divisions.
This places him third in the sequence.
4
Identify the historical era of Mirabai.
Mirabai was a 16th-century CE Rajput princess and famous Saguna Bhakti saint dedicated to Lord Krishna.
This places her latest among the given figures.
Key Concept
Chronological evolution of Bhakti movement philosophers and saints from early medieval to late medieval India.
Question 220Question →
Chronologically arrange the following key historical events related to revolutionary nationalism and left-wing political movements in India from the earliest to the latest:
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Answer
The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: Formation of the Hindustan Republican Association at Kanpur (October 1924), Chittagong Armoury Raid led by Surya Sen (April 1930), Founding conference of the Congress Socialist Party at Patna (May 1934), and Establishment of the Forward Bloc by Subhas Chandra Bose (May 1939).
The accurate chronological timeline begins with the founding of the Hindustan Republican Association in October 1924, followed by the Chittagong Armoury Raid in April 1930, the establishment of the Congress Socialist Party in May 1934, and ends with the creation of the Forward Bloc in May 1939.
Step-by-Step Solution
1
Determine the date of the formation of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
Established in October 1924.
HRA was set up in Kanpur by revolutionary leaders following the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
2
Determine the date of the Chittagong Armoury Raid
Executed on April 18, 1930.
Surya Sen and his associates raided British armouries in Chittagong during the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
3
Determine the date of the founding conference of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
Formed in May 1934.
Young left-wing leaders assembled in Patna to establish an organized socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress.
4
Determine the date of the establishment of the Forward Bloc
Founded in May 1939.
Subhas Chandra Bose announced the formation of the Forward Bloc following his resignation as Congress President.
Key Concept
Chronological evolution of revolutionary nationalist organizations and left-wing political groups in British India