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Question 1321Question →

Physical geography encompasses the study of major relief features of the Earth's ocean floors and coastal landforms. Which of the following statements regarding ocean floor topography and marine relief features are correct?

Select all that apply

Continental shelves are gentle seaward-sloping platforms extending from the coast to the continental slope.

Deep ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions that typically form along convergent plate boundaries.

Abyssal plains cover a much smaller total surface area of the ocean floor than continental shelves.

Mid-ocean ridges are formed exclusively by the deposition of river sediments carried into ocean basins.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Continental shelves are gentle seaward-sloping platforms extending from the coast to the continental slope.; Deep ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions that typically form along convergent plate boundaries.

Answer

The correct statements are that continental shelves are gentle seaward-sloping coastal platforms and that deep ocean trenches form along convergent plate boundaries.

The statements defining continental shelves as gently sloping coastal margins and ocean trenches as tectonic features along convergent boundaries are geographically and geologically accurate.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate continental shelf topography

Continental shelves extend gently from continental margins into oceanic waters, making this statement correct.

They are the submerged extensions of continents characterized by shallow water depths.

Evaluate ocean trench formation mechanism

Subduction at convergent tectonic boundaries forms deep ocean trenches, making this statement correct.

Trench formation is directly tied to plate tectonic subduction zones.

Analyze ocean floor area distributions and mid-ocean ridge origins

Abyssal plains form the vast majority of oceanic basins and mid-ocean ridges are volcanic features, making the remaining statements incorrect.

Continental shelves occupy only about 7-8% of the ocean floor, while abyssal plains constitute the largest oceanic division.

Key Concept

Major Ocean Floor Relief Features

Question 1322Question →

Arrange the following major east-flowing Peninsular rivers of India in sequence from North to South based on their origins and basin locations. Which of the given orderings correctly represents this geographic sequence?

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct sequence of the rivers from North to South is Mahanadi River, followed by Godavari River, Krishna River, and Cauvery River.

The correct North-to-South geographic progression of these major Peninsular rivers starts with the Mahanadi River in Chhattisgarh (~20° N), followed southward by the Godavari River originating at Trimbakeshwar (~19.9° N), then the Krishna River originating at Mahabaleshwar (~17.9° N), and concludes with the Cauvery River originating at Talakaveri (~12.4° N).

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the geographical origin latitude and basin locations of each Peninsular river.

Mahanadi (~20° N) is northernmost, Godavari (~19.9° N) is second, Krishna (~17.9° N) is third, and Cauvery (~12.4° N) is southernmost.

Determining exact or relative latitudinal positions of river origins establishes the North-to-South alignment.

Sequence the rivers from North to South.

Mahanadi River -> Godavari River -> Krishna River -> Cauvery River.

Aligning the rivers based on decreasing latitude from North to South yields this sequence.

Key Concept

Geographic spatial distribution and North-to-South alignment of Peninsular Indian river basins

Question 1323Question →

Arrange the following major east-flowing rivers of Peninsular India in correct geographical sequence from North to South:

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct North-to-South geographical sequence of these rivers is Subarnarekha River, Mahanadi River, Godavari River, Krishna River, and Cauvery River.

The correct geographical sequence from North to South along the eastern coast of India starts with Subarnarekha in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region, followed sequentially by Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and ending with Cauvery in the southern peninsula.

Step-by-Step Solution

Determine the latitudinal position and origin of each river basin along the eastern drainage slope of India.

Subarnarekha (Jharkhand/Odisha coast) lies furthest north, followed by Mahanadi (Chhattisgarh/Odisha), Godavari (Maharashtra/Telangana/Andhra Pradesh), Krishna (Maharashtra/Karnataka/Andhra Pradesh), and Cauvery (Karnataka/Tamil Nadu).

River basins flowing into the Bay of Bengal follow a clear latitudinal pattern from northern India down to southern Tamil Nadu.

Sequence the items from highest latitude to lowest latitude.

1. Subarnarekha → 2. Mahanadi → 3. Godavari → 4. Krishna → 5. Cauvery.

This corresponds exactly to a North-to-South geographical alignment.

Key Concept

Latitudinal Distribution and Spatial Sequence of Peninsular East-Flowing River Basins

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 1324Question →

Regarding the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

It was organized to address the grievances of indigo farmers suffering under the tinkathia system.

Rajkumar Shukla played a key role in persuading Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran.

The movement was launched as a direct response to the Rowlatt Act passed by the colonial government.

It resulted in the immediate establishment of the Indian National Army to fight colonial rule.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: It was organized to address the grievances of indigo farmers suffering under the tinkathia system.; Rajkumar Shukla played a key role in persuading Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran.

Answer

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 addressed the issues of indigo growers under the tinkathia system, and Mahatma Gandhi was persuaded to visit Champaran by local leader Rajkumar Shukla.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi's first civil disobedience movement in India. It targeted the oppressive tinkathia system enforced on indigo farmers, following an earnest invitation extended to Gandhi by Rajkumar Shukla.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the core objective of the Champaran Satyagraha

Identify that cultivators were forced by European planters to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land under the tinkathia system.

This confirms the primary socio-economic issue tested in the movement.

Verify key historical figures involved

Confirm that Rajkumar Shukla requested Mahatma Gandhi's presence in Champaran during the Lucknow INC session of 1916.

This establishes the historical origin of Gandhi's intervention in Bihar.

Evaluate chronological and historical contexts of incorrect options

Distinguish Champaran (1917) from the Rowlatt Act (1919) and the INA (1940s).

This eliminates options that misattribute events or dates.

Key Concept

Champaran Satyagraha (1917) and early Gandhian mass movements

Question 1325Question →

Regarding global ocean floor relief and deep ocean thermohaline circulation, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

Thermohaline circulation is primarily driven by ocean water density gradients generated by variations in temperature and salinity.

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) represents the densest water mass in the global ocean and spreads along the ocean floor into deep basins.

Major ocean trenches and deeps are predominantly formed along divergent plate boundaries where oceanic crust is created.

Cold surface ocean currents generally flow from tropical equatorial regions toward high-latitude polar regions.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Thermohaline circulation is primarily driven by ocean water density gradients generated by variations in temperature and salinity.; Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) represents the densest water mass in the global ocean and spreads along the ocean floor into deep basins.

Answer

The statements confirming that thermohaline circulation is driven by temperature and salinity density gradients and that Antarctic Bottom Water is the densest global water mass are correct.

Thermohaline circulation is driven by density variations controlled by seawater temperature and salinity. Antarctic Bottom Water forms due to intense cooling and brine rejection in polar seas, making it the densest ocean mass sinking into deep ocean basins.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the driving mechanisms of deep ocean circulation.

Thermohaline circulation operates on density differences caused by temperature (cooling increases density) and salinity (evaporation/freezing increases density).

This differentiates deep density-driven thermohaline circulation from wind-driven surface circulation.

Evaluate the density and formation of major deep ocean water masses.

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is colder and more saline than North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), making it the densest water mass on Earth.

Brine rejection during sea ice formation around Antarctica yields ultra-dense bottom water.

Examine tectonic associations of ocean floor bathymetry features.

Ocean trenches occur at subduction boundaries (convergent margins), not divergent margins.

Divergent margins host mid-ocean ridges and rift zones, while deep trenches mark subduction zones.

Verify direction of heat transport by surface ocean currents.

Warm currents flow equator-to-pole, while cold currents flow pole-to-equator.

Surface current gyres transport excess tropical solar energy toward energy-deficient polar zones.

Key Concept

Thermohaline Circulation and Ocean Relief Features

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 1326Question →

Regarding the administrative machinery, inscriptions, and monumental art of the Mauryan Empire during the reign of Ashoka, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

The Dhamma Mahamattas were a specialized cadre of officers instituted by Ashoka to promote moral conduct, resolve grievances, and oversee the welfare of diverse religious sects across the empire.

The Rock Edicts situated at Kalsi and Jaugada were inscribed in the Prakrit language using the Brahmi script.

The Major Rock Edict located at Shahbazgarhi in the northwestern frontier was inscribed in the Greek and Aramaic scripts to cater to foreign traders.

Ashokan pillar edicts were constructed using coarse granite blocks quarried locally and assembled following the Vesara temple structural architectural style.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The Dhamma Mahamattas were a specialized cadre of officers instituted by Ashoka to promote moral conduct, resolve grievances, and oversee the welfare of diverse religious sects across the empire.; The Rock Edicts situated at Kalsi and Jaugada were inscribed in the Prakrit language using the Brahmi script.

Answer

The statements confirming the creation of Dhamma Mahamattas for moral and social welfare and the use of the Brahmi script in Prakrit for the Kalsi and Jaugada rock edicts are both correct.

The appointment of Dhamma Mahamattas was a crucial administrative measure introduced by Ashoka to administer religious harmony and moral governance. Furthermore, the edicts at Kalsi and Jaugada are well-documented examples of Ashokan Rock Edicts carved in Prakrit using the Brahmi script.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate the administrative role of Dhamma Mahamattas.

Ashoka's 5th Rock Edict explicitly mentions the appointment of Dhamma Mahamattas to spread moral codes and oversee inter-sect harmony, confirming this statement as correct.

Administrative innovation of special officers is a key feature of Mauryan governance under Ashoka.

Analyze the linguistic and epigraphic features of the Kalsi and Jaugada edicts.

Major Rock Edicts in central and eastern India used Prakrit written in Brahmi script, validating this statement.

Script distribution followed regional linguistic traditions across the Mauryan territory.

Examine the script used at the Shahbazgarhi site.

Shahbazgarhi (in modern Pakistan) used Kharosthi script, rendering the claim of Greek/Aramaic scripts incorrect for this site.

Greek and Aramaic were used primarily in Kandahar bilingual edicts, whereas Kharosthi predominated in northwestern Indian frontier edicts.

Verify the material and structural features of Ashokan pillars.

The pillars are monolithic structures crafted from Chunar sandstone, not assembled granite blocks or Vesara style structures.

Mauryan pillar architecture represents independent monolithic stone carving rather than composite masonry.

Key Concept

Mauryan Administration and Epigraphy under Ashoka

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 1327Question →

Arrange the following administrative policies and expansionist measures of British colonial rule in India in correct chronological order from the earliest to the latest:

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct chronological order is: 1. Enactment of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793), 2. Systematic introduction of the Ryotwari System in Madras by Thomas Munro (1820), 3. Passage of the Charter Act terminating the East India Company's remaining commercial monopoly (1833), and 4. First application of the Doctrine of Lapse to annex Satara (1848).

The events follow a precise chronological sequence corresponding to the expansion of British administrative systems: Permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793) → Ryotwari System in Madras (1820) → Charter Act terminating remaining trade monopoly (1833) → Annexation of Satara under Doctrine of Lapse (1848).

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the year of the Permanent Settlement

The Permanent Settlement was enacted by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793.

This established fixed land revenue collection through zamindars.

Identify the year of the Ryotwari System implementation in Madras

Sir Thomas Munro systematically introduced the Ryotwari system in Madras in 1820.

This bypassed intermediaries to collect revenue directly from peasants.

Identify the year of the Charter Act ending trade monopoly

The Charter Act of 1833 ended the East India Company's monopoly over tea and China trade.

The earlier Charter Act of 1813 had ended trade monopoly except tea and trade with China, which were abolished in 1833.

Identify the year of the annexation of Satara under the Doctrine of Lapse

Lord Dalhousie applied the Doctrine of Lapse to annex Satara in 1848.

Satara was the first princely state annexed under this expansionist doctrine.

Key Concept

Chronological evolution of British colonial economic policies, administrative legislation, and territorial annexations in 18th and 19th century India.

Question 1328Question →

Regarding the physical oceanography and relief features of the world's oceans, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

The thermocline is a distinct subsurface ocean layer characterized by a rapid decrease in water temperature with increasing depth.

Equatorial surface ocean waters exhibit the highest salinity globally due to continuous high insolation and intense evaporation.

Abyssal plains are exceptionally flat oceanic basins covered by fine-grained sediments, situated primarily between continental margins and mid-ocean ridges.

Deep sea trenches are long, narrow submarine depressions formed along convergent tectonic plate boundaries through subduction.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The thermocline is a distinct subsurface ocean layer characterized by a rapid decrease in water temperature with increasing depth.; Abyssal plains are exceptionally flat oceanic basins covered by fine-grained sediments, situated primarily between continental margins and mid-ocean ridges.; Deep sea trenches are long, narrow submarine depressions formed along convergent tectonic plate boundaries through subduction.

Answer

The correct statements are those describing the rapid temperature drop in the thermocline layer, the location and sediment composition of abyssal plains, and the tectonic subduction origin of deep ocean trenches.

The statements defining the thermocline as a rapid temperature reduction zone, describing abyssal plains as flat sediment-covered basins between continental margins and ridges, and establishing ocean trenches as subduction-driven tectonic features are all factually accurate.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze thermal stratification of ocean water

Confirm that the thermocline marks the vertical boundary zone of rapid cooling beneath the warm surface mixed layer.

Solar heating primarily affects the upper surface layer, below which temperature declines sharply.

Evaluate ocean surface salinity factors

Recognize that despite high temperature, equatorial waters have lower surface salinity than subtropical belts because atmospheric convection produces heavy daily precipitation that dilutes surface waters.

Salinity depends on the balance between evaporation and fresh water input (precipitation and runoff).

Examine submarine relief features

Confirm that abyssal plains are smooth sediment-rich basins and oceanic trenches are linear deep troughs caused by plate subduction.

Tectonic activity and sediment deposition dictate ocean floor topography.

Key Concept

Physical Properties and Relief Features of the Ocean Floor

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 1329Question →

Which of the following statements regarding the administration and epigraphic record of the Mauryan Empire are correct? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply

The municipal administration of Pataliputra was managed by six committees consisting of five members each.

Ashoka's edicts located in the central and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent were primarily inscribed in the Brahmi script.

The royal princes appointed as provincial governors were officially designated as Mahamatras across all Ashokan edicts.

The text Arthashastra was authored by Megasthenes to document the diplomatic missions sent to the Mauryan court.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The municipal administration of Pataliputra was managed by six committees consisting of five members each.; Ashoka's edicts located in the central and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent were primarily inscribed in the Brahmi script.

Answer

The correct statements state that Pataliputra's city administration was organized into six boards of five members each, and that Brahmi was the primary script used for Ashokan edicts in central and eastern India.

The accounts of Megasthenes explicitly detail that Pataliputra was governed by a 30-member municipal commission structured into six committees of five members each. Additionally, Ashokan epigraphy shows that Brahmi was the dominant script throughout central and eastern India, while Kharosthi was confined mainly to northwestern sites like Shahbazgarhi.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate the statement concerning municipal governance of Pataliputra.

Confirm that Megasthenes recorded six specialized boards of five members each handling civic affairs in Pataliputra.

This matches the historical records from Megasthenes' Indika regarding civic governance under Chandragupta Maurya.

Analyze the regional distribution of scripts in Ashokan edicts.

Confirm that Brahmi script was used across central, eastern, and southern India, while Kharosthi was restricted to the north-west (e.g., Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra).

Ashoka adapted scripts to regional vernaculars: Brahmi for most of India, Kharosthi in the north-west, and Aramaic/Greek in the far west.

Assess administrative titles used for provincial governors versus high-ranking officials.

Identify that viceroys of royal blood were called Kumara or Aryaputra, not Mahamatras.

Mahamatras were general administrative officers (e.g., Dhamma Mahamatras), distinct from royal princes governing major provinces like Ujjain or Taxila.

Verify authorship of ancient Indian literary works on governance.

Recognize that Kautilya authored Arthashastra, whereas Megasthenes wrote Indika.

Conflating foreign ambassador accounts with indigenous political treatises is a common historical misattribution.

Key Concept

Mauryan Municipal Administration and Regional Distribution of Ashokan Epigraphs

Question 1330Question →

Arrange the following administrative policies and land revenue systems introduced during British colonial rule in India in correct chronological order of their implementation (from earliest to latest):

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct chronological sequence of the British administrative and revenue policies from earliest to latest is: Introduction of the Permanent Settlement system in Bengal (1793), Formal implementation of the Ryotwari system in Madras (1820), Promulgation of Regulation VII establishing the Mahalwari framework (1822), and Submission of Charles Wood's Despatch on administrative educational reform (1854).

The policies were introduced in the following historical sequence: The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was established under Lord Cornwallis in 1793; the Ryotwari system was systematically implemented in the Madras Presidency by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820; the Mahalwari system was introduced under Regulation VII of 1822 in the North-Western Provinces; and Charles Wood's Despatch on administrative educational organization was submitted in 1854.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the introduction year of the Permanent Settlement

The Permanent Settlement was enacted by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793.

Establishes the earliest benchmark for British colonial land revenue settlement.

Determine the implementation dates for Ryotwari and Mahalwari revenue systems

Sir Thomas Munro formally extended the Ryotwari system across Madras in 1820, while the Mahalwari system was legally promulgated under Regulation VII of 1822 by Holt Mackenzie.

Orders the transition from zamindari fixing to direct ryot and village community revenue assessments.

Locate the date of Wood's Despatch on administrative educational policy

Charles Wood's Despatch was presented in 1854 during the governorship of Lord Dalhousie.

Places the comprehensive administrative educational overhaul in the mid-19th century.

Synthesize the complete chronological sequence

The exact timeline is 1793 -> 1820 -> 1822 -> 1854.

Confirms the precise historical succession from late 18th century revenue settlements to pre-1857 administrative reforms.

Key Concept

Chronological progression of British colonial land revenue mechanisms and administrative sector reforms in 18th and 19th century India.

Question 1331Question →

Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun?

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Stratosphere

Answer

The stratosphere is the layer of Earth's atmosphere that contains the ozone layer.

The stratosphere extends from approximately 12 km to 50 km above Earth's surface and houses the ozonosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet solar radiation, converting UV light into heat and heating the upper stratosphere.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the primary atmospheric layers in order from Earth's surface upwards.

The layers are the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.

Establishing the vertical structure of the atmosphere helps locate specific chemical zones.

Determine the atmospheric altitude zone where ozone concentrated.

Ozone (

O_3

) concentration is highest between roughly 15 km and 35 km above the Earth's surface.

This altitude range falls directly within the stratosphere.

Confirm the functional role of the ozone layer within this layer.

Stratospheric ozone absorbs harmful high-energy ultraviolet radiation (UV-B and UV-C) from the Sun.

This protection prevents damaging radiation from reaching the troposphere and Earth's surface.

Key Concept

Atmospheric Stratification and Ozonosphere

Estimated Time:45s

Question 1332Question →

Regarding the major archaeological features of Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) sites, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

Kalibangan has provided archaeological evidence of a pre-Harappan ploughed field.

Dholavira is characterized by its sophisticated water management system and a three-tiered urban structure.

Lothal was situated in inland Punjab and lacked access to maritime trade networks.

Harappa was located along the banks of the Narmada River in Peninsular India.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Kalibangan has provided archaeological evidence of a pre-Harappan ploughed field.; Dholavira is characterized by its sophisticated water management system and a three-tiered urban structure.

Answer

The statements confirming that Kalibangan provided evidence of a ploughed field and that Dholavira is characterized by its water management system and three-tiered structure are correct.

The statements concerning Kalibangan and Dholavira accurately describe landmark archaeological findings: Kalibangan yielded the earliest known ploughed field evidence, while Dholavira is celebrated for its sophisticated water harvesting reservoirs and tripartite city structure consisting of a Citadel, Middle Town, and Lower Town.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate the statement regarding Kalibangan

True. Archaeological excavations at Kalibangan in Rajasthan revealed grid furrow marks from an early ploughed field.

This is a key diagnostic archaeological finding associated with Kalibangan.

Evaluate the statement regarding Dholavira

True. Dholavira in Gujarat is famous for its rock-cut reservoirs and tripartite urban planning.

Unlike standard twin-mound Harappan cities, Dholavira contains three distinct enclosed urban sectors.

Evaluate the statements regarding Lothal and Harappa

False. Lothal was a coastal port in Gujarat, and Harappa was located along the Ravi River.

Both statements misattribute the geographical locations and primary features of these sites.

Key Concept

Key features and geographical locations of Harappan archaeological sites

Question 1333Question →

Regarding the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Khilafat Movement during the early phase of Gandhian mass mobilization (1919–1920), which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

The Satyagraha Sabha was established in Bombay by Mahatma Gandhi to organize nationwide resistance specifically against the Rowlatt Bills.

The All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President.

The Rowlatt Act restricted the detention of political suspects without trial to a maximum period of six months.

The Rowlatt Satyagraha was launched following the formal approval of the non-cooperation movement at the Nagpur Session of the Indian National Congress.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The Satyagraha Sabha was established in Bombay by Mahatma Gandhi to organize nationwide resistance specifically against the Rowlatt Bills.; The All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President.

Answer

The correct statements are that the Satyagraha Sabha was established in Bombay by Mahatma Gandhi to organize resistance against the Rowlatt Bills, and that the All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President.

The Satyagraha Sabha was created by Gandhi in February 1919 specifically to organize a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Act. Additionally, in November 1919, the All-India Khilafat Conference met in Delhi and elected Gandhi as its President, recognizing his leadership in uniting national anti-colonial grievances.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate the statement concerning the founding of the Satyagraha Sabha

Statement is accurate

Gandhi organized the Satyagraha Sabha in Bombay in February 1919 to take pledges of non-violent resistance against the Rowlatt Bills.

Evaluate the statement regarding Gandhi's presidency of the Khilafat Conference

Statement is accurate

At the All-India Khilafat Conference in Delhi in November 1919, Gandhi was chosen as President and suggested non-cooperation as a strategy.

Verify the provisions of the Rowlatt Act regarding detention limits

Statement is incorrect

The Rowlatt Act empowered police to arrest and detain suspects without warrant or trial for up to two years.

Check the chronological relationship between the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Nagpur Congress Session

Statement is incorrect

The Rowlatt Satyagraha occurred in April 1919, well before the Nagpur session of the INC in December 1920.

Key Concept

Rowlatt Satyagraha and Khilafat Movement

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 1334Question →

Which of the following statements regarding the structural strategies, key leadership roles, and regional manifestations during Gandhian mass movements are correct?

Select all that apply

During the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal led a historic non-violent salt raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat.

The Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress (1931), presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, ratified the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme.

The Individual Satyagraha launched in October 1940 was planned as an unconstrained mass movement to immediately paralyze the British administration during World War II.

During the Salt Satyagraha of 1930, C. Rajagopalachari led a salt march along the Tanjore coast from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: During the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal led a historic non-violent salt raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat.; The Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress (1931), presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, ratified the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme.; During the Salt Satyagraha of 1930, C. Rajagopalachari led a salt march along the Tanjore coast from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.

Answer

The statements regarding the Dharasana Salt Raid led by Sarojini Naidu, the Karachi Congress Session resolutions under Sardar Patel, and C. Rajagopalachari's Vedaranyam Salt March are correct.

The Dharasana Salt Raid (led by Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal), the Karachi INC Session of 1931 (presided by Sardar Patel), and the Vedaranyam Salt March (led by C. Rajagopalachari) are all historically accurate accounts of key events during the Gandhian era.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the statement concerning the Dharasana Salt Works raid during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Confirm that Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal led the non-violent raid on May 21, 1930, after Gandhi's arrest.

Dharasana was a major flashpoint of non-violent resistance documented by international journalists.

Evaluate the statement regarding the Karachi Session of the INC in 1931.

Confirm that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel presided over Karachi 1931, where the Delhi Pact was ratified and landmark policy resolutions were passed.

The session defined the socio-economic goal of Swaraj through Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme resolutions.

Examine the objective and nature of the Individual Satyagraha of 1940.

Identify that Individual Satyagraha was symbolic and selective (starting with Vinoba Bhave and Jawaharlal Nehru), not a full-scale mass paralyzing movement.

Gandhi deliberately avoided launching an immediate mass movement in 1940 to maintain moral stance without assisting Axis powers.

Analyze the statement describing the Vedaranyam Salt March in Tamil Nadu.

Verify that C. Rajagopalachari organized the Tanjore coastal march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam in April 1930.

This was the southern equivalent of the Dandi March.

Key Concept

Regional variations, leadership strategies, and constitutional resolutions associated with Gandhian Mass Movements

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 1335Question →

Regarding global oceanography, ocean floor relief, and plate tectonic processes, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

Coastal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean water along the western continental margins in tropical and subtropical latitudes is driven by offshore Ekman transport.

The highest ocean surface salinity globally is recorded directly along the Equatorial zone due to intense thermal heating and high evaporation rates.

Mid-oceanic ridges are characterized by shallow-focus seismic activity and active basaltic volcanism at divergent plate boundaries.

Oceanic trenches mark convergent plate margins where denser oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath another tectonic plate into the asthenosphere.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Coastal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean water along the western continental margins in tropical and subtropical latitudes is driven by offshore Ekman transport.; Mid-oceanic ridges are characterized by shallow-focus seismic activity and active basaltic volcanism at divergent plate boundaries.; Oceanic trenches mark convergent plate margins where denser oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath another tectonic plate into the asthenosphere.

Answer

The statements confirming that coastal upwelling is driven by offshore Ekman transport, mid-oceanic ridges feature shallow-focus earthquakes and basaltic volcanism, and oceanic trenches mark subduction zones at convergent margins are all correct. The statement claiming maximum surface salinity occurs at the Equator is incorrect.

The correct options accurately describe physical geography phenomena: offshore Ekman transport drives coastal upwelling along western continental margins; divergent margins along mid-oceanic ridges feature shallow-focus earthquakes and basaltic magmatism; and subduction along convergent margins forms deep oceanic trenches.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze coastal upwelling dynamics and wind-driven water transport.

Trade winds blowing parallel to western coasts in tropical regions induce offshore Ekman transport, moving surface water away from the coastline and drawing cold, nutrient-dense water from deep ocean layers to upwell.

Verify the atmospheric and oceanic mechanisms behind coastal upwelling.

Evaluate global ocean salinity distribution.

The highest salinity occurs in subtropical high-pressure zones (20°-30° N/S) where evaporation significantly exceeds precipitation under clear skies. At the Equator, cloudiness and frequent heavy convective precipitation decrease surface salinity despite high evaporation.

Identify the primary factors influencing equatorial versus subtropical ocean salinity.

Examine tectonic processes and earthquake depths at mid-oceanic ridges.

As plates pull apart at divergent boundaries, mantle decompression melting produces basaltic magma and shallow-focus seismic shocks along the ridge axis.

Determine the earthquake depth and volcanic characteristics of divergent boundaries.

Examine subduction zone mechanics at ocean trenches.

At convergent boundaries involving oceanic lithosphere, the denser plate subducts, forming deep ocean trenches parallel to the plate boundary.

Confirm the structural relationship between convergent plate boundaries and ocean trench formation.

Key Concept

Ocean Dynamics, Salinity Distribution, and Plate Tectonic Relief Features

Question 1336Question →

Arrange the following right-bank (north-bank) tributaries of the Brahmaputra River in sequential order from West to East based on the locations of their confluence points with the main Brahmaputra channel:

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct order from West to East is: Teesta River → Sankosh River → Manas River → Kameng River (Jia Bhareli) → Subansiri River.

The correct spatial sequence from West to East of the right-bank (north-bank) tributaries of the Brahmaputra River is Teesta River (westernmost, ~89.7° E), followed by Sankosh River (~89.8° E), Manas River (~90.6° E), Kameng River (~92.8° E), and Subansiri River (easternmost, ~94.0° E).

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the westernmost north-bank tributary.

Teesta River originates in Sikkim and enters the Brahmaputra system in northern Bangladesh (approx. 89.7° E longitude).

Teesta is the westernmost major right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra basin.

Locate the second tributary moving eastward.

Sankosh River flows from Bhutan along the West Bengal–Assam border, joining near Dhubri (approx. 89.8° E longitude).

Sankosh lies immediately east of the Teesta basin.

Locate the central tributary.

Manas River flows out of Bhutan into Assam, joining the Brahmaputra at Jogighopa in Bongaigaon district (approx. 90.6° E longitude).

Manas is situated between Sankosh to its west and Kameng to its east.

Identify the next major tributary to the east.

Kameng River (Jia Bhareli) flows from Arunachal Pradesh to join the main channel at Tezpur (approx. 92.8° E longitude).

Tezpur is positioned well to the east of Bongaigaon and to the west of Lakhimpur.

Identify the easternmost tributary in the sequence.

Subansiri River enters from Tibet/Arunachal Pradesh and joins near Lakhimpur district / Majuli island (approx. 94.0° E longitude).

Subansiri is the easternmost tributary among the list before reaching the Dibang/Lohit confluence point.

Key Concept

Spatial longitudinal alignment of the north-bank (right-bank) Himalayan tributaries of the Brahmaputra River system.

Question 1337Question →

Consider the following statements regarding global air masses and frontal atmospheric systems:

1. Maritime Tropical ( $mT$ ) air masses originating over warm ocean surface regions are characterized by low moisture content and high static stability.
2. Frontogenesis, the atmospheric process of front creation or intensification, requires a temperature contrast and converging airflow between distinct air masses.
3. Cold fronts generally advance faster than warm fronts and feature steeper frontal slopes, leading to intense cumulonimbus convection of relatively short duration.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 2 and 3 only

Answer

Statements 2 and 3 are correct.

The correct selection includes statements 2 and 3. Frontogenesis requires horizontal temperature gradients accompanied by converging wind fields to build sharp density boundaries. Additionally, cold fronts advance faster and have steeper slopes than warm fronts due to the density differential of the underlying cold air wedge, triggering narrow bands of heavy cumulonimbus precipitation.

Step-by-Step Solution

Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Maritime Tropical (

mT

) air mass characteristics.

Statement 1 is incorrect because Maritime Tropical (

mT

) air masses form over warm ocean waters (e.g., tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans) and are inherently warm, highly humid (high moisture), and unstable.

Air mass classification relies on source regions: maritime indicates high moisture, while tropical indicates high temperature and thermal instability.

Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the mechanics of Frontogenesis.

Statement 2 is correct because frontogenesis is driven by the convergence of air streams with contrasting temperature, density, and humidity profiles.

Kinematic deformation and temperature gradients are essential physical prerequisites for creating and strengthening atmospheric fronts.

Evaluate Statement 3 regarding front speed, slope angle, and precipitation dynamics.

Statement 3 is correct because cold dense air aggressively displaces warm air, creating a steep frontal slope (1:50 to 1:100) and rapid forward motion (~40–50 km/h), causing vigorous vertical convective displacement.

In contrast, warm fronts have gentler slopes (1:100 to 1:300) and slower movement (~20–30 km/h), leading to broad stratiform clouds rather than localized, intense cumulonimbus convection.

Key Concept

Air Mass Classification and Atmospheric Frontogenesis

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 1338Question →

Which of the following major rivers of Peninsular India originates from the Amarkantak Plateau and flows westwards through a rift valley to drain into the Arabian Sea?

Narmada River

Godavari River

Mahanadi River

Krishna River

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Narmada River

Answer

Narmada River

The Narmada River rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the primary west-flowing rivers of India that flows through a rift valley bounded by the Vindhyan range to the north and the Satpura range to the south, ultimately discharging into the Arabian Sea.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the geographical origin specified in the stem

The river originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in Madhya Pradesh

Both the Narmada and Son rivers originate from the Amarkantak region.

Determine the direction of flow and structural basin feature

The river flows westward through a structural rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges

Narmada and Tapti are major Peninsular rivers that flow westwards in rift valleys rather than forming deltaic east-flowing systems.

Identify the terminal water body

Drains into the Arabian Sea via the Gulf of Khambhat

This confirms Narmada River as the correct Peninsular river matching all criteria.

Key Concept

West-flowing rivers of Peninsular India and their rift valley features

Estimated Time:45s

Question 1339Question →

Which of the following historical events marked the formal initiation of the Civil Disobedience Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930?

The ceremonial breaking of the salt law at Dandi

The passing of the Quit India Resolution in Bombay

The passage of the Rowlatt Act by the Imperial Legislative Council

The declaration of complete independence at the Karachi Congress Session

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The ceremonial breaking of the salt law at Dandi

Answer

The ceremonial breaking of the salt law at Dandi

The Civil Disobedience Movement was formally inaugurated on April 6, 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi picked up a handful of natural salt at Dandi, breaking the colonial salt law and giving a nationwide call to defy unjust British regulations.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the year and movement specified in the prompt

The target event is the initiation of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

The prompt asks specifically for the event that marked the beginning of this particular mass movement.

Recall the historical trigger event led by Mahatma Gandhi in April 1930

Gandhi undertook the historic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram and broke the British salt monopoly at Dandi on April 6, 1930.

Salt was chosen as a unifying symbol because it affected every section of Indian society, making its illegal manufacture the official signal to commence countrywide civil disobedience.

Key Concept

Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Salt Satyagraha

Question 1340Question →

Which of the following tributaries joins the Brahmaputra River from its left bank during its course through Assam?

Dhansiri

Subansiri

Kameng

Manas

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Dhansiri

Answer

Dhansiri is a left-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

The Dhansiri River originates from Laisang Peak in Nagaland and flows northward to join the Brahmaputra from its south/left bank in Assam.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the orientation of the Brahmaputra River's flow.

The river flows westward through Assam after entering India from Arunachal Pradesh.

Determining flow direction establishes left and right bank orientations.

Classify the given rivers into left-bank and right-bank tributaries.

Dhansiri and Dibang/Lohit/Burhi Dihing join from the south (left bank), while Subansiri, Kameng, and Manas join from the north (right bank).

Tributaries originating from the southern hills (Nagaland/Assam) are left-bank tributaries.

Key Concept

Classification of Brahmaputra River Tributaries by Bank Orientation

Estimated Time:1m 0s

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