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Question 1521Question →

With reference to the socio-religious reform initiatives in 19th and 20th century India, consider the following statements:

1. The Ved Samaj, founded in Madras in 1864, was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj and advocated for the abolition of caste distinctions and promotion of widow remarriage.
2. The Dharma Sabha was established by Raja Radhakanta Deb in 1830 to actively support the anti-Sati legislation enacted by Lord William Bentinck.
3. The Self-Respect Movement, launched by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker in Tamil Nadu, aimed at achieving a society where backward castes enjoyed equal human rights without Brahminical rituals.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 3 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
The correct answer identifies that Statements 1 and 3 accurately describe the reform agenda of Ved Samaj in South India and the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu, respectively. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Dharma Sabha was formed by orthodox leader Raja Radhakanta Deb to oppose Lord William Bentinck's anti-Sati legislation and defend traditional Hindu social practices.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Ved Samaj.
Statement 1 is correct. Ved Samaj was established in Madras in 1864 by Keshab Chandra Sen and K. Sridharalu Naidu. It was modeled on the Brahmo Samaj, attacking caste prejudices, supporting widow remarriage, and promoting women's education.
Verifies historical founding, geographical center, and ideological stance of Ved Samaj.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding Dharma Sabha.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Raja Radhakanta Deb founded the Dharma Sabha in 1830 as an orthodox society to counter Brahmo propaganda and challenge Bengal Regulation XVII of 1829 (which declared Sati illegal). It opposed government legislative interference in Hindu religious practices, though it favored Western education.
Identifies misattribution of colonial reform act support to an orthodox opposition organization.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the Self-Respect Movement.
Statement 3 is correct. E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar) started the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu in 1925. It sought to dismantle Brahminical hegemony, eliminate caste distinctions, and promote self-respect marriages without Brahmin priests.
Verifies the leadership, regional presence, and socio-religious aims of the 20th-century anti-caste movement.

Key Concept

Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Orthodox Counter-Movements in 19th and 20th Century India
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 1522Question →

Which of the following statements regarding the major physiographic divisions of India are correct?

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The Western Coastal Plain is narrower than the Eastern Coastal Plain and features estuaries rather than large deltas.; The Meghalaya Plateau is structurally a northeastern extension of the Peninsular Plateau, separated by the Malda Fault.

Answer

The statements confirming that the Western Coastal Plain is narrow with estuaries and that the Meghalaya Plateau is a structural extension of the Peninsular Plateau separated by the Malda Fault are correct.
The Western Coastal Plain is indeed narrow and forms estuaries because of its submerged nature and short, rapid rivers. Additionally, the Meghalaya Plateau is geologically part of the Peninsular Block, separated from the Chota Nagpur Plateau by the Malda Fault.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural characteristics of coastal plains.
The Western Coastal Plain is narrow and marked by estuaries, whereas the Eastern Coastal Plain is broad with extensive river deltas.
Geomorphological difference due to submergence on the west coast and emergence on the east coast.
2
Examine the geological continuity of the Peninsular Plateau.
The Meghalaya Plateau belongs structurally to the Peninsular Block, separated from the Chota Nagpur Plateau by the Malda Gap.
Faulting created a gap between the two regions during Gondwana break-up and subsequent tectonic movements.
3
Evaluate the relief features of the Eastern and Western Ghats.
Western Ghats are continuous and higher; Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and lower in average elevation.
Major river erosion dissects the Eastern Ghats, whereas the Western Ghats form an unbroken escarpment.

Key Concept

Physiographic and structural features of the Peninsular Plateau, Ghats, and Coastal Plains of India.
Question 1523Question →

Match the British colonial administrative policies and revenue systems in List-I with their defining historical features in List-II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Permanent Settlement (Sunset Law)
Subsidiary Alliance System
Mahalwari System
Doctrine of Lapse

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct pairings match Permanent Settlement with the Sunset Law provision, Subsidiary Alliance System with the maintenance of British troops by native rulers, Mahalwari System with village collective revenue assessment, and Doctrine of Lapse with annexation upon lack of a natural male heir.
The pairings correctly match each colonial policy with its defining historical feature: the Permanent Settlement incorporated the Sunset Law for auctioning defaulting zamindaris; the Subsidiary Alliance mandated states to pay for British military presence; the Mahalwari system collected revenue collectively from village units; and the Doctrine of Lapse prohibited unauthorized adopted heirs from inheriting princely thrones.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key provision of the Permanent Settlement (Sunset Law).
The Sunset Law stipulated that revenue must be paid by sunset on a designated date, failing which the zamindari estate was auctioned.
This was a distinct legal enforcement mechanism of Lord Cornwallis's 1793 land settlement.
2
Determine the main requirement of the Subsidiary Alliance System.
Native Indian states signed treaties agreeing to host and fund a British army detachment (subsidiary force).
Lord Wellesley used this diplomatic tool to expand British control without direct administrative costs.
3
Analyze the structural basis of the Mahalwari System.
The Mahal (village community) was treated as a collective unit responsible for paying land revenue.
Introduced in Northern and North-Western India to account for communal land tenure patterns.
4
Recall the core principle of the Doctrine of Lapse.
States without a direct male lineage heir lapsed to British rule rather than passing to adopted sons.
Lord Dalhousie applied this policy to annex states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.

Key Concept

British Colonial Expansion, Economic Policies, and Administrative Systems
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1524Question →

Arrange the following Indian cities in the correct chronological sequence of the typical arrival (onset) of the South-West Monsoon, from the earliest to the latest date.

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest onset of the South-West Monsoon is: Thiruvananthapuram, followed by Mumbai, then Delhi, and finally Jaisalmer.
The South-West Monsoon typically hits the southern tip of mainland India (Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram) around June 1. As the Arabian Sea branch moves northward along the western coast, it reaches Mumbai around June 10. The monsoon continues its northward and northwestward journey, reaching Delhi in northern India around late June (June 27–30) and finally reaching extreme western Rajasthan (Jaisalmer) around mid-July (July 8–15). Thus, the correct sequence from earliest to latest is Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai, Delhi, and Jaisalmer.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical location of each city along the path of the South-West Monsoon.
Thiruvananthapuram is in southern Kerala, Mumbai is on the western coast in Maharashtra, Delhi is in northern India, and Jaisalmer is in far western Rajasthan.
The South-West Monsoon enters India from the southwest and advances systematically towards the north and northwest.
2
Determine the typical onset dates for each city.
Thiruvananthapuram receives monsoon around June 1, Mumbai around June 10, Delhi around June 27, and Jaisalmer around July 8.
The monsoon branch moves progressively northwards along the Western Ghats and northwestward across the Northern Plains.
3
Order the cities sequentially from earliest date to latest date.
Thiruvananthapuram → Mumbai → Delhi → Jaisalmer.
This matches the south-to-north and west-to-northwest spatial progression of the summer monsoon.

Key Concept

Spatial and Temporal Progression of the South-West Monsoon in India
Question 1525Question →

Arrange the following Indian states in descending order based on their total estimated geological coal reserves (from highest reserves to lowest reserves):

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Answer

The correct descending order of states by total estimated coal reserves is Jharkhand, followed by Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
According to official data from the Geological Survey of India and the Ministry of Coal, Jharkhand ranks first in total estimated coal reserves, followed by Odisha in second position, Chhattisgarh in third position, and West Bengal in fourth position.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the state with the largest coal reserves in India
Jharkhand leads India in total geological coal reserves, accounting for over 25% of the national total.
The Gondwana coalfields of the Damodar Valley (Jharia, Bokaro, North/South Karanpura) contain massive coking and non-coking coal seams.
2
Determine the second and third highest states in coal reserves
Odisha is second (~24% of national reserves) and Chhattisgarh is third (~20% of national reserves).
The Mahanadi Valley (Talcher) in Odisha and the Son-Mahanadi basin (Korba, Hasdeo-Arand) in Chhattisgarh hold vast thermal coal deposits.
3
Determine the relative rank of West Bengal
West Bengal ranks fourth among these options (~10% of national reserves).
The Raniganj coalfield forms the primary resource base in West Bengal.

Key Concept

Geological distribution and state-wise ranking of coal reserves in India
Question 1526Question →

Following his resignation from the presidency of the Indian National Congress in 1939, which political party within the Congress was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose to consolidate left-wing forces?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Forward Bloc

Answer

Forward Bloc
The correct answer is Forward Bloc. Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from the INC presidency in April 1939 due to ideological friction with Mahatma Gandhi and the conservative wing of Congress. In May 1939, he established the All India Forward Bloc as a leftist faction within the Congress structure to rally radical national forces.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical context and the leader specified
The question concerns Subhas Chandra Bose and his organizational actions in 1939 after resigning from the Indian National Congress presidency.
Establishing the precise timeframe (1939) and key political figure isolates the correct organization.
2
Evaluate the political organizations listed in the options
The Forward Bloc was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose in May 1939 following ideological differences with the Congress Working Committee.
Distinguishes Bose's 1939 initiative from earlier formations such as the Swaraj Party (1923), Independence for India League (1928), and Congress Socialist Party (1934).

Key Concept

Left-Wing Organizations and Subhas Chandra Bose's Political Initiatives
Estimated Time:45s
Question 1527Question →

Arrange the following major oil refineries of India in order from West to East based on their geographical location:

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Answer

The correct longitudinal order from West to East is Jamnagar Refinery (Gujarat), Mathura Refinery (Uttar Pradesh), Barauni Refinery (Bihar), and Digboi Refinery (Assam).
Jamnagar in Gujarat lies at the westernmost end of India (~70.0° E longitude). Moving east, Mathura in Uttar Pradesh sits at ~77.6° E, Barauni in Bihar at ~85.9° E, and Digboi in Assam at ~95.6° E near the eastern frontier.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical state location of each petroleum refinery.
Jamnagar is in Gujarat, Mathura is in Uttar Pradesh, Barauni is in Bihar, and Digboi is in Assam.
Determining state locations helps align the refineries along longitudinal lines across India.
2
Arrange the states from west to east across the Indian subcontinent.
Gujarat (Westernmost) -> Uttar Pradesh (North-Central) -> Bihar (Eastern) -> Assam (North-Easternmost).
India's longitude extends from roughly 68°7' E in Gujarat to 97°25' E in Arunachal Pradesh/Assam.
3
Formulate the final sequential order.
Jamnagar -> Mathura -> Barauni -> Digboi.
This places the refineries in strict West to East chronological spatial sequence.

Key Concept

Geographical distribution and location of major oil refineries in India
Question 1528Question →

In the context of the Mauryan administrative system described in ancient Indian historical sources like Kautilya's Arthashastra, match the administrative officers listed under List-I with their corresponding portfolios or duties in List-II. Which of the following correctly pairs each officer with their administrative responsibility?

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Samaharta
Sannidhata
Sitadhyaksha
Akshapataladhyaksha

Matches

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Answer

Samaharta pairs with the Collector-General responsible for revenue assessment and collection; Sannidhata pairs with the Chief custodian of the royal treasury and state storehouses; Sitadhyaksha pairs with the Superintendent in charge of state-owned crown agricultural lands; and Akshapataladhyaksha pairs with the Superintendent of government records, state archives, and accounts.
The Mauryan central administration maintained a sophisticated division of executive and departmental duties. The Samaharta supervised overall revenue collection from land, trade, and mines. The Sannidhata was responsible for maintaining the physical treasury and storehouses. The Sitadhyaksha looked after crown lands and agricultural yields, while the Akshapataladhyaksha maintained state archives, accounts, and official documentation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the role of Samaharta in Mauryan administration.
Samaharta was the supreme revenue collector and budget officer of the empire.
In Arthashastra, Samaharta looked after all branches of revenue generation and state expenditure.
2
Analyze the role of Sannidhata.
Sannidhata was the custodian of physical state wealth and storage.
This official managed the granaries, warehouses, and central treasury buildings.
3
Examine the specialized superintendents (Adhyakshas).
Sitadhyaksha managed crown lands ('Sita'), and Akshapataladhyaksha managed the records department ('Akshapatala').
The prefix 'Sita' refers directly to crown land revenue/agriculture, while 'Akshapatala' denotes the archive and accounting bureau.

Key Concept

Mauryan Central Administration and Departmental Officers (Adhyakshas)
Question 1529Question →

In the Maratha administrative council (Ashtapradhan) established by Chhatrapati Shivaji, which designated minister held the position of Prime Minister responsible for general administration and state welfare?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Peshwa

Answer

Peshwa
In the Maratha administration under Chhatrapati Shivaji, the Peshwa held the central position of Prime Minister (Mukhya Pradhan) and was responsible for overseeing overall administration, executing royal decrees, and supervising state welfare.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Recall the roles within Chhatrapati Shivaji's council of eight ministers known as the Ashtapradhan.
The council comprised eight specific portfolio heads: Peshwa, Amatya, Mantri, Sachiv, Sumant, Senapati, Pandit Rao, and Nyayadhish.
Identifying the specific portfolio assigned to each administrative title helps locate the Prime Minister.
2
Identify the minister responsible for overall general administration.
The Peshwa held the primary position of Mukhya Pradhan (Prime Minister), taking charge of general civil administration and executive governance.
The Peshwa held the highest rank among the eight administrative heads in the Maratha empire.

Key Concept

Maratha Administrative Structure (Ashtapradhan Ministerial Council)
Question 1530Question →

With reference to the upper atmospheric circulation and dynamic driving forces of the Indian Summer Monsoon, which of the following statements are correct?

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The establishment of the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream (TEJ) over southern peninsular India is directly linked to the intense thermal heating of the Tibetan Plateau during summer.; The complete northward withdrawal of the Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (STWJ) from the south of the Himalayas is a essential atmospheric precursor to the onset of the summer monsoon.

Answer

The statements confirming that the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream is driven by Tibetan heating and that the northward shift of the Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream precedes the monsoon burst are correct.
The thermal heating of the Tibetan Plateau generates the upper-level divergence that feeds the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream across southern India. Concurrently, the mechanical movement of the Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream to the north of the Himalayas removes upper-level convergence, permitting the south-west monsoon to burst across the mainland.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze upper atmospheric dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau during summer.
Solar heating warms the high-altitude surface of Tibet, creating a thermal anticyclone in the upper troposphere (300-200 hPa). The divergence from this high-pressure region flows equatorward and forms the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream (TEJ) around latitude 14∘N14^\circ\text{N} over India.
Establishes the origin and role of TEJ in pulling the monsoon wind system.
2
Evaluate the seasonal migration of the Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (STWJ).
During winter, the STWJ splits into two branches around the Tibetan Plateau, with the southern branch anchored south of the Himalayas. In late May to early June, as solar radiation shifts north, the STWJ abruptly shifts north of the Tibetan Plateau, allowing low-pressure monsoon troughs to rapidly establish over northern India.
Explains the trigger mechanism ('monsoon burst') in northern India.
3
Examine the geographic and pressure characteristics of the Mascarene High and El Niño/SOI dynamics.
The Mascarene High is a surface high-pressure system located at around 30∘S30^\circ\text{S} near Madagascar, pushing cross-equatorial Somali Jet winds toward India. El Niño involves warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the central/eastern tropical Pacific and negative SOI values, which disrupt Walker circulation and weaken monsoon winds.
Identifies errors in options describing atmospheric centers and teleconnections.

Key Concept

Upper Tropospheric Jet Streams and Thermal Drivers of Indian Monsoon Onset
Question 1531Question →

With reference to the geological distribution of mineral and energy resources in India, consider the following statements:

1. Gondwana coal deposits, which account for over 98% of India's total coal reserves, are predominantly concentrated in the river valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi, Son, and Godavari.
2. Major bauxite deposits along the Eastern Ghats belt in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh are associated with lateritic cappings on high-altitude plateau surfaces.
3. The Deccan Trap region contains India's largest reserves of high-grade prime coking coal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 2 only are correct.
Statement 1 is correct because Gondwana coal comprises over 98% of India's total coal deposits and is located in major river basins like the Damodar (Jharkhand/West Bengal), Mahanadi (Odisha), Son (Madhya Pradesh), and Godavari (Telangana/Andhra Pradesh). Statement 2 is correct because Indian bauxite reserves are formed by intense sub-aerial tropical weathering of aluminous rocks, creating extensive laterite caps on hill tops and plateaus across the Eastern Ghats. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Deccan Trap is composed of igneous basaltic rocks resulting from fissure volcanic eruptions, which do not contain coal beds. India's coking coal is strictly confined to Gondwana sedimentary basins, primarily Jharia in Jharkhand.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding coal distribution
Statement 1 is correct. About 98% of India's coal reserves belong to the Gondwana geological age, located primarily in Peninsular river valleys (Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, and Godavari).
Gondwana coal deposits were formed in synclinal troughs along river basins during the Carboniferous/Permian periods.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding bauxite distribution
Statement 2 is correct. Bauxite deposits are residual weathering products of rocks rich in aluminum silicates and occur as lateritic cappings on plateaus, particularly in Odisha (Kalahandi-Koraput belt) and Andhra Pradesh.
Tropical weathering and leaching of aluminous rocks lead to laterite formation containing hydrated aluminum oxides.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding coking coal in the Deccan Trap
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Deccan Trap consists of Cretaceous volcanic basalt lava flows and is devoid of coal seams. India's prime coking coal reserves are concentrated in the Gondwana sediments of the Damodar Valley (specifically Jharia coalfield in Jharkhand).
Igneous basaltic formations do not host sedimentary fossil fuels like coal.

Key Concept

Geological distribution and rock system associations of coal and metallic mineral reserves in India
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1532Question →

Match the Sufi orders (Silsilas) listed in Column I with their respective key exponents, regional centers, or ideological features described in Column II.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Suhrawardi Order
Rishi Order
Firdausi Order
Shattari Order

Matches

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Answer

Suhrawardi Order matches with Baha-ud-din Zakariya's state-patronized tradition; Rishi Order matches with Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali's Kashmiri tradition; Firdausi Order matches with Shaikh Sharaf-ud-din Maneri's Bihar branch; Shattari Order matches with Shah Abdullah Shattari's yogic-integrated tradition.
Each Sufi order in medieval India maintained distinct geographical centers, key leadership figures, and attitudes toward state involvement and local traditions. The Suhrawardi order favored state relations and wealth under Baha-ud-din Zakariya. The Rishi order developed as a Kashmiri syncretic movement under Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali. The Firdausi order developed primarily in Bihar under Shaikh Sharaf-ud-din Maneri. The Shattari order integrated yogic breathing methods introduced by Shah Abdullah Shattari.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the ideological characteristics of the Suhrawardi Order
Identify Baha-ud-din Zakariya of Multan as its principal proponent in India
Unlike Chishti Sufis, Suhrawardis actively accepted government titles, endowments, and private wealth.
2
Examine the origin and region of the Rishi Order
Associate Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (Nund Rishi) with the indigenous Kashmiri tradition
The Rishi order represented a unique syncretic tradition combining local Shaivite hermit practices with Sufi mysticism.
3
Trace the leadership and geography of the Firdausi Order
Connect Shaikh Sharaf-ud-din Maneri to Bihar
Shaikh Sharaf-ud-din Maneri operated out of Bihar Sharif and Maner, making the Firdausi silsila influential in that region.
4
Identify the distinctive practices of the Shattari Order
Match Shah Abdullah Shattari with the absorption of yogic breath control and esoteric practices
Shattari saints were instrumental in translating yogic texts and integrating pranayama into mystic Sufi discipline.

Key Concept

Evolution, key figures, regional centers, and doctrinal practices of medieval Sufi Silsilas in India
Question 1533Question →

With reference to the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), consider the following statements:

1. It explicitly rejected the demand for a separate, sovereign state of Pakistan.
2. It proposed a weak central authority retaining control only over Defence, Foreign Affairs, and Communications, while vesting all residual powers in the provinces.
3. It prohibited provinces from forming intermediate regional groupings (Groups A, B, and C) before the final adoption of the Union Constitution.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

The correct statements are 1 and 2 only.
The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 sought to maintain a united India by creating a three-tiered federal system. It rejected a fully separate Pakistan, granted the Union control over only Defence, Foreign Affairs, and Communications with provincial residual autonomy, and organized provinces into three distinct groups (Sections A, B, and C) to formulate provincial and regional constitutions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding the rejection of a sovereign Pakistan.
Statement 1 is correct. The Cabinet Mission (1946) rejected the Muslim League's demand for a fully sovereign Pakistan, arguing it would not solve the minority problem and would create administrative and defense complications.
Understanding the political context of the Cabinet Mission's attempt to preserve Indian unity.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding central jurisdiction and residual powers.
Statement 2 is correct. The Plan envisaged a federal structure with a limited Center holding jurisdiction only over Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Communications, leaving all other subjects and residual powers to the provinces.
Analyzing the federal division of power proposed by the Cabinet Mission.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the grouping of provinces.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Plan recommended three sections/groups of provinces (Group A: Hindu-majority provinces, Group B: Muslim-majority provinces in the NW, Group C: Muslim-majority provinces in the NE) to frame provincial and group constitutions.
Identifying misattribution of grouping provisions under the Cabinet Mission framework.

Key Concept

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 Constitutional Proposals
Question 1534Question →

Arrange the following significant events related to revolutionary nationalism, left-wing currents, and the Indian National Army in correct chronological order from earliest to latest:

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Answer

The correct chronological order from earliest to latest is: Initiation of the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (March 1924) → Execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev (March 1931) → Formal establishment of the Congress Socialist Party (October 1934) → Commencement of the Red Fort Trials of INA officers (November 1945).
The historical sequence begins with the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case in March 1924, followed by the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev on March 23, 1931. Next came the formation of the Congress Socialist Party in October 1934, and finally the historic INA Red Fort Trials commencing in November 1945.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the year of the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case
The case was launched by the British colonial government in March 1924 against early communist organizers.
Establishes the starting point for early 1920s left-wing repression in India.
2
Identify the date of the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev
The executions took place on March 23, 1931, during the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial outcome.
Marks a major revolutionary nationalist milestone in the early 1930s.
3
Identify the foundation date of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
The CSP was formally established at its first all-India conference in Bombay in October 1934.
Represents the institutional consolidation of left-wing socialists within the Indian National Congress.
4
Identify the start date of the INA Red Fort Trials
The public trials of INA officers Colonel Shah Nawaz Khan, Colonel Prem Sahgal, and Major Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon began in November 1945 at the Red Fort, Delhi.
Marks the final post-WWII phase of revolutionary and armed anti-colonial mobilization.

Key Concept

Chronological timeline of revolutionary movements, socialist party formations, and INA trials in colonial India.
Question 1535Question →

Which of the following right-bank tributaries of the Yamuna River originates in the Vindhyan Range of Madhya Pradesh and joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur in Uttar Pradesh?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Betwa

Answer

The Betwa River is the right-bank tributary of the Yamuna that originates in the Vindhyan Range and meets the Yamuna near Hamirpur.
The Betwa River originates in the Vindhya Range in Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh. It traverses the Bundelkhand region before discharging into the Yamuna River near Hamirpur in Uttar Pradesh.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the drainage basin and river system
The target river is a right-bank tributary of the Yamuna River.
Yamuna has main right-bank tributaries originating from the Peninsular plateau: Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken.
2
Trace origin and confluence points of candidate rivers
Betwa originates near Kumra village in Raisen district (Vindhyan Range), MP, and flows northeast to meet Yamuna at Hamirpur, UP.
Chambal meets Yamuna near Etawah, Ken meets Yamuna near Banda, and Son joins the Ganga directly near Patna.

Key Concept

Peninsular Tributaries of the Yamuna Drainage System
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 1536Question →

Consider the following statements regarding global atmospheric pressure belts and planetary wind mechanisms:

1. The Subtropical High-Pressure Belts are dynamically induced zones formed due to the subsidence of air descending from the upper troposphere.
2. The Trade Winds blow from the Subtropical High-Pressure Belts towards the Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt, deflecting to their right in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis force.
3. The Tropical Easterly Jet Stream is a permanent planetary wind system blowing continuously throughout the year across all temperate latitudes.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

The statements stating that Subtropical High-Pressure Belts are dynamically induced by air subsidence (Statement 1) and that Trade Winds blow toward the Equatorial Low while deflecting to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (Statement 2) are correct.
Subtropical high-pressure belts are formed by the dynamic subsidence of air originating from Hadley cell circulation. Surface winds flowing from these high-pressure zones towards the Equatorial Low are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere by the Coriolis force, creating the Northeast Trade Winds. Hence, both the first and second statements are factually correct.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding the origin of Subtropical High-Pressure Belts
Air ascending at the equator cools and flows poleward, descending at approximately 30∘N30^\circ\text{N} and 30∘S30^\circ\text{S} latitudes due to cooling and Coriolis deflection. This subsidence dynamically creates high-pressure zones (Horse Latitudes). Statement 1 is correct.
Understanding the dynamic versus thermal origin of atmospheric pressure belts.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding planetary Trade Winds and Coriolis deflection
Pressure gradient force drives air from the Subtropical Highs toward the Intertropical Convergence Zone (Equatorial Low). The Coriolis force deflects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, forming Northeast Trade Winds. Statement 2 is correct.
Applying Coriolis effect directional rules (Ferrel's Law) to surface wind belts.
3
Assess Statement 3 regarding the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream
The Tropical Easterly Jet Stream (TEJ) is a upper-tropospheric seasonal jet stream that forms during the Northern Hemisphere summer (June to August) near 10∘N10^\circ\text{N} to 15∘N15^\circ\text{N} due to intense heating of the Tibetan Plateau. It is not a permanent mid-latitude planetary wind belt (like the Westerlies or Polar Front Jet). Statement 3 is incorrect.
Distinguish between permanent planetary wind systems and seasonal high-altitude jet streams.

Key Concept

Atmospheric Pressure Belts, Planetary Winds, and Upper-Air Circulation
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1537Question →

Arrange the following key historical events of the Gandhian era in correct chronological order from earliest to latest:

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence is: Launch of the Champaran Satyagraha (1917) → Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1922) → Commencement of the Dandi Salt March (1930) → Signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931).
The correct timeline begins with the Champaran Satyagraha (1917), followed by the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after Chauri Chaura (1922), the launch of the Dandi March (1930), and culminates with the political negotiations of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the date of the Champaran Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha took place in April 1917.
It was Mahatma Gandhi's first civil disobedience movement in India, aimed at helping indigo farmers.
2
Determine the date of the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended in February 1922.
The violent event at Chauri Chaura led Gandhi to halt the nationwide movement.
3
Determine the start date of the Dandi Salt March
The Dandi March began on March 12, 1930.
Gandhi marched from Sabarmati to Dandi to breach the salt laws, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4
Determine the date of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact
The pact was signed on March 5, 1931.
It brought a temporary pause to civil disobedience and enabled Indian National Congress participation in the London conference.

Key Concept

Chronology of major Gandhian mass movements and political negotiations
Question 1538Question →

The Revolt of 1857 saw prominent leaders uprising against British colonial rule across various regions in India. Which of the following leaders directly spearheaded the Revolt of 1857 in their respective areas? Select all correct answers.

Select all that apply

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Answer: Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow; Kunwar Singh in Bihar

Answer

The leaders who directly spearheaded the Revolt of 1857 in their regions are Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow and Kunwar Singh in Bihar.
Begum Hazrat Mahal organized the rebellion in Lucknow, Awadh, and Kunwar Singh mobilized resistance in Bihar during the Revolt of 1857.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the leadership associated with the Revolt of 1857.
Begum Hazrat Mahal led the revolt in Lucknow (Awadh), and Kunwar Singh led the revolt in Jagdishpur, Bihar.
Both individuals were key leaders of the 1857 war against British forces.
2
Examine the historical periods of the remaining leaders.
Birsa Munda operated in the late 1890s, and Alluri Sitarama Raju operated in the 1920s.
These figures were prominent in later 19th and 20th-century tribal resistance movements, not the 1857 Revolt.

Key Concept

Regional Leadership of the Revolt of 1857
Question 1539Question →

With reference to the land revenue administration and land classification during the reign of Akbar, consider the following statements:

1. Under the Dahsala system introduced by Raja Todar Mal, the state revenue demand was fixed at one-third of the average produce calculated from crop yield and price data of the preceding ten years.
2. Under the imperial classification of land, Parauti referred to land left uncultivated for three to four years, while Chachar denoted land kept out of cultivation for one to two years to recover fertility.
3. The Kankut system of assessment relied on a rough estimation of crop yield based on visual inspection of standing crops rather than detailed annual field measurement.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Answer: 1 and 3 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Under Akbar's revenue administration, the Dahsala system (1580 CE) determined state demand as one-third of the average yield of the past ten years. Kankut was an estimation method based on visual appraisal of crops. Statement 2 is incorrect because Parauti was land left fallow for 1 to 2 years, whereas Chachar was land left uncultivated for 3 to 4 years.
The correct response identifies statements 1 and 3 as correct while rejecting statement 2. The Dahsala system instituted by Raja Todar Mal fixed state demand at one-third of average produce based on 10-year crop data. Kankut was indeed a crop-estimation method based on visual inspection. Statement 2 is false because Parauti meant land kept uncultivated for 1-2 years, whereas Chachar meant land left uncultivated for 3-4 years.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding the Dahsala system
Statement 1 is verified as correct. Raja Todar Mal introduced the Dahsala system in 1580 CE where average produce and prices of the preceding 10 years (1570-1579 CE) were calculated, and the state share was fixed at one-third of the average yield.
To evaluate the foundational mechanism and state share of Akbar's flagship land revenue system.
2
Analyze Statement 2 regarding land classification terminology
Statement 2 is verified as incorrect. Mughal revenue administration categorized land into four types: Polaj (cultivated annually), Parauti (left fallow for 1-2 years), Chachar (left fallow for 3-4 years), and Banjar (uncultivated for 5 years or more). Statement 2 interchanges the definitions of Parauti and Chachar.
To ensure precise conceptual understanding of medieval agricultural land assessment categories.
3
Analyze Statement 3 regarding assessment methodologies (Zabti vs. Kankut)
Statement 3 is verified as correct. Kankut (also called Danabandi) was an old estimation system where the crop yield was appraised visually on standing crops or after cutting a sample area, distinct from Zabti which required actual land measurement (Paimaish).
To distinguish between measurement-based assessment and appraisal-based assessment in Mughal revenue practice.

Key Concept

Mughal Land Revenue Administration under Akbar: Dahsala System, Land Classifications (Polaj, Parauti, Chachar, Banjar), and Revenue Assessment Methods (Zabti, Kankut, Batai).
Question 1540Question →

Consider the following nations located in Central and West Asia:
1. Kazakhstan
2. Azerbaijan
3. Uzbekistan
4. Turkmenistan

Which of the countries given above share a direct coastline with the Caspian Sea?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2, and 4 only

Answer

1, 2, and 4 only
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water and is surrounded by five sovereign states: Kazakhstan (northeast and east), Turkmenistan (southeast), Iran (south), Azerbaijan (west), and Russia (northwest). Among the countries listed in the prompt, Kazakhstan (1), Azerbaijan (2), and Turkmenistan (4) touch the Caspian Sea. Uzbekistan (3) is geographically separated from the Caspian Sea by Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical boundaries of the Caspian Sea.
The Caspian Sea is bordered by five littoral states: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.
Establishing the complete list of littoral countries allows systematic verification of the given options.
2
Evaluate each country provided in the question against the littoral states list.
Kazakhstan (1) borders the northeast; Azerbaijan (2) borders the west; Turkmenistan (4) borders the east. Uzbekistan (3) lies to the east of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, bordering the remnant Aral Sea.
Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and does not extend westward to touch the Caspian coastline.
3
Select the option containing only the correct littoral nations (1, 2, and 4).
The combination consisting of 1, 2, and 4 only is the accurate set.
Only Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan are valid Caspian littoral states among the given choices.

Key Concept

Littoral countries of the Caspian Sea and regional geography of Central and West Asia
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