Diagramming Conditional Statements

30 soru

Soru 1Soru →

According to the university's revised grant allocation rules, a research proposal is designated as a 'Priority-1' initiative only if it demonstrates formal interdisciplinary collaboration. Formal interdisciplinary collaboration is achieved if, and only if, the project team includes researchers from at least three distinct faculties. Furthermore, any project team that includes researchers from at least three distinct faculties requires a dedicated administrative manager, unless the proposal's principal investigator holds a tenured professorship. Finally, no proposal can be designated as a 'Priority-1' initiative if it relies on external corporate funding.

Which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the university's revised grant allocation rules?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: If a proposal whose principal investigator does not hold a tenured professorship is designated as a 'Priority-1' initiative, then the project team requires a dedicated administrative manager and the proposal cannot rely on external corporate funding.

Cevap

The conclusion stating that a 'Priority-1' proposal without a tenured principal investigator must require a dedicated administrative manager and cannot rely on external corporate funding is the correct deduction.
The correct answer seamlessly synthesizes all four rules into a single valid deduction. The stimulus establishes that a 'Priority-1' designation triggers a chain of requirements: it absolutely requires 'interdisciplinary collaboration', which means it strictly requires 'three distinct faculties'. Having 'three distinct faculties' requires at least one of two things: a 'dedicated administrative manager' or a 'tenured principal investigator'. If the proposal lacks a 'tenured principal investigator', it is mathematically forced to satisfy the other half of the requirement, thus needing a 'dedicated administrative manager'. Concurrently, the final rule guarantees that a 'Priority-1' designation completely precludes 'external corporate funding'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the conditional statements into symbolic logic.
1) Priority-1 (P1) -> Interdisciplinary Collaboration (IC). 2) IC <-> Three Faculties (3F). 3) 3F -> (Dedicated Manager (DM) OR Tenured PI (TP)). 4) Corporate Funding (CF) -> ~P1 (Contrapositive: P1 -> ~CF).
Formalizing the text prevents the misinterpretation of complex indicator words like 'only if', 'if and only if', and 'unless'.
2
Chain the conditional statements together where the necessary condition of one matches the sufficient condition of another.
P1 -> IC <-> 3F -> (DM OR TP). Additionally, P1 -> ~CF.
Creating a deductive chain reveals the absolute downstream requirements triggered by any given sufficient condition.
3
Evaluate the correct answer by applying its specific sufficient conditions (P1 and ~TP) to the established chain.
If P1 is true, then 3F must be true, which subsequently requires either DM or TP to be true. Since ~TP is given by the answer choice, DM must logically be true. Also, since P1 is true, ~CF must be true. Therefore, P1 + ~TP strictly guarantees DM + ~CF.
This confirms that the correct answer is an unbroken, valid deduction directly supported by combining all the premises.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming and synthesizing complex conditional chains involving compound sufficient/necessary conditions and 'unless' indicators.
Soru 2Soru →

According to the guild's charter, no scholar is appointed to the High Council without possessing both a doctorate in epistemology and a mastery of ancient syntax. Furthermore, mastery of ancient syntax requires a scholar to either have studied under a Grandmaster or have deciphered the Lumina Texts. Any scholar who has deciphered the Lumina Texts is immediately granted university tenure. However, receiving university tenure completely disqualifies a scholar from being appointed to the High Council.

Which of the following conclusions can be logically drawn from the statements above?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any scholar appointed to the High Council must have studied under a Grandmaster.

Cevap

The correct answer states that any scholar appointed to the High Council must have studied under a Grandmaster.
The stimulus establishes a chain of necessary conditions. Appointment to the High Council (HC) requires both a doctorate and mastery of syntax (AS). Mastery of syntax, in turn, requires either studying under a Grandmaster (GM) or deciphering the Lumina Texts (LT). However, deciphering the Lumina Texts leads to university tenure, which strictly disqualifies one from the High Council. Therefore, anyone on the High Council cannot have deciphered the Lumina Texts (otherwise they would have tenure and be disqualified). Because they possess mastery of syntax but have not deciphered the Lumina Texts, they must have fulfilled the only remaining valid pathway to mastery: studying under a Grandmaster.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Diagram the requirements for High Council appointment.
High Council (HC) → Doctorate (DE) AND Syntax Mastery (AS)
Translates the rule: 'no scholar is appointed... without possessing both'.
2
Diagram the requirements for mastery of ancient syntax.
Syntax Mastery (AS) → Grandmaster (GM) OR Lumina Texts (LT)
Translates the rule: 'mastery... requires a scholar to either... or'.
3
Diagram the rules regarding university tenure and the High Council.
Lumina Texts (LT) → Tenure (UT); and Tenure (UT) → NOT High Council (~HC)
Translates the rules: 'Any scholar who has deciphered... is granted tenure' and 'tenure completely disqualifies...'.
4
Form the contrapositive chain linking the High Council to the Lumina Texts.
If HC is true, then ~UT must be true. If ~UT is true, then ~LT must be true. Therefore, HC → ~LT.
To be on the High Council, one cannot have tenure. To not have tenure, one cannot have deciphered the Lumina Texts.
5
Synthesize the findings to resolve the disjunction for syntax mastery.
Since HC → AS, a High Council member must satisfy (GM OR LT). Because we proved HC → ~LT, the LT condition is impossible for a High Council member. Therefore, they must satisfy GM.
Applies disjunctive syllogism within a conditional chain: if one required alternative is eliminated, the other must be true. Thus, HC → GM.

Anahtar Kavram

Complex Conditional Chaining and Disjunctive Syllogism
Soru 3Soru →

According to the newly ratified Urban Development Code, a commercial plaza will be granted a high-density zoning designation only if it both includes a subterranean transit link and incorporates advanced seismic base isolators. Furthermore, no plaza can incorporate advanced seismic base isolators unless it utilizes aerospace-grade titanium framing. Finally, any plaza that includes a subterranean transit link is automatically exempt from standard municipal parking minimums.

Which one of the following statements can be logically deduced from the regulations above?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: If a commercial plaza does not utilize aerospace-grade titanium framing, it will not be granted a high-density zoning designation.

Cevap

If a commercial plaza does not utilize aerospace-grade titanium framing, it will not be granted a high-density zoning designation.
The correct answer accurately applies the contrapositive to the logical chain established in the stimulus. The rules dictate that High-Density Designation requires Advanced Seismic Base Isolators, which in turn require Aerospace-Grade Titanium Framing (HDD -> ASBI -> ATF). By taking the contrapositive of this entire chain, we can deduce that if a plaza lacks Titanium Framing (Not ATF), it cannot have Base Isolators (Not ASBI), and therefore cannot receive the High-Density Designation (Not HDD).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Diagram the first compound conditional statement.
High-Density Designation (HDD) -> Subterranean Transit Link (STL) AND Advanced Seismic Base Isolators (ASBI)
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition. Because there is an 'and', both conditions are necessary for the high-density designation.
2
Diagram the second conditional statement.
Advanced Seismic Base Isolators (ASBI) -> Aerospace-Grade Titanium Framing (ATF)
The phrase 'no [X] unless [Y]' translates logically to 'If X, then Y'.
3
Diagram the third conditional statement.
Subterranean Transit Link (STL) -> Exempt from Parking Minimums (EPM)
The word 'any' introduces a sufficient condition.
4
Chain the statements together and form the contrapositives to find the correct deduction.
Chain 1: HDD -> ASBI -> ATF. Contrapositive: Not ATF -> Not ASBI -> Not HDD.
Chain 2: HDD -> STL -> EPM. Contrapositive: Not EPM -> Not STL -> Not HDD.
Valid deductions must follow the direction of the conditional arrows or rely on their contrapositives.

Anahtar Kavram

Forming deductive chains and contrapositives from compound conditional statements
Soru 4Soru →

An organizational ethicist asserts: A business entity attains true ethical leadership only if it implements fair-trade sourcing and guarantees a living wage for all workers. Implementing fair-trade sourcing requires the entity to comprehensively audit its supply network. Moreover, no business entity comprehensively audits its supply network without adopting a radical transparency framework.

Which one of the following logically follows from the ethicist's assertions?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any business entity that does not adopt a radical transparency framework fails to attain true ethical leadership.

Cevap

The statement establishing that an entity failing to adopt a radical transparency framework will fail to attain true ethical leadership.
Based on the stimulus, we can build a conditional chain: True Ethical Leadership (TEL) requires Fair-Trade Sourcing (FTS), which requires Auditing the Supply network (CAS), which in turn requires a Radical Transparency framework (ART). Symbolically: TEL -> FTS -> CAS -> ART. A valid deduction must follow the rules of formal logic. The contrapositive of this chain is: If Not ART, then Not TEL. The correct answer matches this contrapositive perfectly, stating that failing to adopt radical transparency guarantees a failure to attain true ethical leadership.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify and diagram the first conditional relationship.
True Ethical Leadership (TEL) -> Fair-Trade Sourcing (FTS) AND Guarantees Living Wage (GLW).
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition. Both FTS and GLW are necessary for TEL.
2
Identify and diagram the subsequent conditional relationships.
Fair-Trade Sourcing (FTS) -> Comprehensively Audits Supply network (CAS). CAS -> Adopts Radical Transparency (ART).
The word 'requires' introduces a necessary condition. The phrase 'no X without Y' means Y is necessary for X.
3
Synthesize the conditional relationships into a logical chain.
TEL -> FTS -> CAS -> ART.
Because FTS is necessary for TEL, and CAS is necessary for FTS, and ART is necessary for CAS, we can link them together.
4
Form the contrapositive of the newly established logical chain.
Not ART -> Not CAS -> Not FTS -> Not TEL.
To form a valid deduction from a conditional chain, you reverse and negate the terms. If the final necessary condition (ART) is not met, the initial sufficient condition (TEL) cannot be met.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Chains and Applying the Contrapositive
Soru 5Soru →

According to the newly adopted Lunar Mining Treaty, a corporation will be granted a mining license only if it passes a comprehensive ecological impact review. Passing this ecological impact review requires that the corporation either has no prior orbital debris violations or has paid the standard remediation fee. Furthermore, any corporation that receives government subsidies is strictly prohibited from paying the standard remediation fee.

Which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the rules of the treaty?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: If a corporation receives government subsidies and has a prior orbital debris violation, it will not be granted a mining license.

Cevap

If a corporation receives government subsidies and has a prior orbital debris violation, it will not be granted a mining license.
The correct answer accurately synthesizes all three rules using valid contrapositives. If a corporation receives subsidies, it cannot pay the fee. If it also has a prior violation, it fails the clean record requirement. Because passing the review requires at least one of those two things (clean record OR fee), failing both means it fails the review. Finally, because passing the review is required for a mining license, failing the review guarantees it will not be granted a license.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Diagram the first conditional rule.
Mining License (ML) -> Pass Review (PR)
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition.
2
Diagram the second conditional rule.
Pass Review (PR) -> No Prior Violations (NPV) OR Paid Fee (PF)
The phrase 'requires that' introduces necessary conditions connected by 'or'.
3
Diagram the third conditional rule.
Government Subsidies (GS) -> NOT Paid Fee (~PF)
The rule strictly prohibits subsidized corporations from paying the fee.
4
Formulate the contrapositive of the second rule.
NOT No Prior Violations (~NPV) AND NOT Paid Fee (~PF) -> NOT Pass Review (~PR)
When negating an 'OR' statement, it becomes an 'AND' statement. If both necessary conditions fail, the sufficient condition must fail.
5
Chain the deductions together to test the scenario in the correct answer.
GS -> ~PF. A prior violation means ~NPV. Therefore, (GS AND ~NPV) triggers (~PF AND ~NPV). This triggers ~PR. From the first rule's contrapositive (~PR -> ~ML), this ultimately triggers ~ML.
Valid logical inferences require linking established sufficient conditions through to their ultimate necessary outcomes.

Anahtar Kavram

Chaining Conditional Statements and De Morgan's Laws
Soru 6Soru →

Match each of the following complex regulatory rules from the International Synchrotron Safety Guidelines to its accurate formal logical diagram.

Let the variables represent the following conditions:
AA: The accelerator is activated
BB: The beam is focused
CC: The cooling system is engaged
DD: The diagnostic sensors are calibrated

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Öğeler

The accelerator is activated only if the cooling system is engaged, unless the diagnostic sensors are calibrated.
A failure to calibrate the diagnostic sensors ensures that neither the beam is focused nor the accelerator is activated.
The cooling system is engaged if, but only if, both the beam is focused and the accelerator is activated.
The accelerator cannot be activated if the cooling system is engaged, unless the beam is focused.
Focusing the beam relies on engaging the cooling system, which itself depends on calibrating the diagnostic sensors.

Eşleşmeler

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct pairings logically translate the English conditional indicators into symbolic representations: 1 matches the 'unless' exception to a necessary condition (right_2); 2 translates a sufficient condition for a negated conjunction (right_4); 3 diagrams a biconditional (right_5); 4 models a compound sufficient condition derived from nested negations (right_1); and 5 maps a transitive prerequisite chain (right_3).
Each statement relies on precise formalization of LSAT conditional indicators. 'Only if', 'relies on', and 'depends on' introduce necessary conditions. 'Ensures' and 'if' introduce sufficient conditions. 'Unless' operates as 'if not', negating the term it modifies and making it the sufficient condition. Careful application of contrapositives (e.g., transforming ¬D→(A→C)\neg D \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C) into (A and ¬C)→D(A \text{ and } \neg C) \rightarrow D) is required to find the matching symbolic forms.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the 'unless' and 'only if' indicators in the first statement.
'A only if C' becomes A→CA \rightarrow C. 'Unless D' negates D as the sufficient condition: ¬D→(A→C)\neg D \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C), which is equivalent to its contrapositive (A and ¬C)→D(A \text{ and } \neg C) \rightarrow D.
Accurate formalization requires identifying the base relationship before applying the 'unless' exception.
2
Analyze the 'failure' and 'neither/nor' phrasing in the second statement.
'Failure to calibrate D' is ¬D\neg D. 'Ensures' indicates sufficiency. 'Neither B nor A' is (¬B and ¬A)(\neg B \text{ and } \neg A). Combining yields ¬D→(¬B and ¬A)\neg D \rightarrow (\neg B \text{ and } \neg A).
To correctly map sufficient conditions to negative compound necessary conditions.
3
Identify the biconditional in the third statement.
'If, but only if' translates to a biconditional arrow ↔\leftrightarrow. The conditions are C and the conjunction (B and A)(B \text{ and } A). Thus, C↔(B and A)C \leftrightarrow (B \text{ and } A).
Biconditionals indicate a relationship where both sides are mutually necessary and sufficient.
4
Deconstruct the nested 'if' and 'unless' in the fourth statement.
'¬A\neg A if C' is C→¬AC \rightarrow \neg A. 'Unless B' makes ¬B\neg B the sufficient condition for that rule: ¬B→(C→¬A)\neg B \rightarrow (C \rightarrow \neg A). Contraposing this means if C and A both occur, B must be true: (C and A)→B(C \text{ and } A) \rightarrow B.
Nested conditionals often require contrapositive simplification to reveal their true logical boundaries.
5
Map the transitive chain in the fifth statement.
'Relies on' means necessary (B→CB \rightarrow C). 'Depends on' also means necessary (C→DC \rightarrow D). Linking them produces B→C→DB \rightarrow C \rightarrow D.
Recognizing synonyms for necessary conditions is crucial for building deductive chains.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Complex Conditional Logic
Soru 7Soru →

A deep-sea research station operates under a strict set of environmental regulations. Arrange the following regulatory rules in the exact sequence necessary to form a valid, unbroken deductive chain that establishes the following conclusion: 'If the algae bloom protocol is initiated, then the facility lockdown is lifted.' The sequence must begin with the rule triggered directly by the initiation of the algae bloom protocol and end with the rule that yields the lifting of the lockdown.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct deductive chain sequence is: 1) The algae bloom protocol... 2) Failing to deactivate... 3) Unless delta-toxins... 4) A lack of confirmed... 5) Confirming ecosystem...
The correct sequence forms an unbroken transitive chain (A -> B, B -> C, C -> D, D -> E, E -> F) by properly translating complex conditional indicators ('only if', 'guarantees that', 'unless', 'sufficient to prevent', 'impossible without') and utilizing their logical contrapositives to align the terms.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the target conclusion that must be proved by the deductive chain.
The target conclusion is: Algae Bloom Protocol Initiated -> Facility Lockdown Lifted.
This establishes the starting sufficient condition (Algae Bloom) and the final necessary condition (Lockdown Lifted) for the sequence.
2
Locate the premise containing the starting sufficient condition and diagram it.
Rule 1 translates to: Algae Bloom Initiated -> Bioluminescence Peaks.
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition. This provides the first required link in the chain.
3
Find the premise that has 'Bioluminescence Peaks' as its sufficient condition (or its contrapositive).
Rule 2 translates to: Scrubbers Not Deactivated -> Bioluminescence Does Not Peak. Its contrapositive is: Bioluminescence Peaks -> Scrubbers Deactivated.
The word 'guarantees' introduces a sufficient condition. Forming the contrapositive links this rule securely to the outcome of Rule 1.
4
Find the premise that has 'Scrubbers Deactivated' as its sufficient condition.
Rule 3 translates to: Toxins Not Purged -> Scrubbers Cannot Be Deactivated. Its contrapositive is: Scrubbers Deactivated -> Toxins Purged.
The term modified by 'unless' becomes the necessary condition, while the remainder is negated to form the sufficient condition.
5
Find the premise that has 'Toxins Purged' as its sufficient condition.
Rule 4 translates to: Stability Not Confirmed -> Toxins Not Purged. Its contrapositive is: Toxins Purged -> Stability Confirmed.
The phrase 'is sufficient to' directly identifies the sufficient condition. Forming the contrapositive links it to the previous step's outcome.
6
Find the final premise linking to the target necessary condition.
Rule 5 translates to: Stability Confirmed -> Lockdown Lifted.
The phrase 'impossible without' means the latter is required for the former, yielding the final link and proving the target conclusion.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying formal logic indicators, forming contrapositives, and chaining transitive conditional statements to draw valid deductions.
Soru 8Soru →

According to the Galactic Trade Federation's new charter, a planet's trading status is upgraded to 'Prime' only if its government both abolishes tariffs and implements comprehensive environmental protections. Furthermore, implementing comprehensive environmental protections requires that the planet either transitions to renewable energy or imposes strict carbon quotas. However, no planet imposes strict carbon quotas without facing immediate economic sanctions.

Which one of the following statements can be properly inferred from the rules of the Galactic Trade Federation charter?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any planet whose trading status is upgraded to 'Prime' and does not face immediate economic sanctions must transition to renewable energy.

Cevap

The statement regarding a planet that achieves 'Prime' status and avoids immediate economic sanctions transitioning to renewable energy.
The stimulus provides a chain of conditional relationships. First, 'Prime' status requires implementing comprehensive environmental protections. Second, implementing these protections requires either transitioning to renewable energy or imposing strict carbon quotas. Third, imposing quotas always leads to facing immediate economic sanctions. If we know a planet achieves 'Prime' status, it must implement protections. Because it does not face economic sanctions, we know from the contrapositive of the third rule that it did not impose quotas. Therefore, to fulfill the requirement of implementing protections, the planet is left with only one logical pathway: it must transition to renewable energy. The correct answer accurately represents this valid deductive chain.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Diagram the first conditional statement regarding the 'Prime' status.
Prime -> Abolish Tariffs (AT) AND Implement Protections (IP)
The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions. For a planet to be upgraded to Prime, both AT and IP must occur.
2
Diagram the second conditional statement regarding environmental protections.
IP -> Transition to Renewable (TR) OR Impose Quotas (IQ)
The word 'requires' introduces a necessary condition, which in this case is a compound 'or' statement.
3
Diagram the third conditional statement and derive its contrapositive.
IQ -> Face Sanctions (FS). Contrapositive: ~FS -> ~IQ.
The phrase 'no [A] without [B]' translates to 'If A, then B'. The contrapositive reverses and negates the terms.
4
Chain the deductions together assuming a planet is Prime and does not face sanctions.
Prime -> IP -> TR OR IQ. Since ~FS -> ~IQ, the IQ option is eliminated. Thus, Prime AND ~FS -> TR.
Applying the rules to a Prime planet that avoids sanctions leaves transitioning to renewable energy as the only logical outcome to satisfy the environmental protections requirement.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Formal Logic Chaining
Soru 9Soru →

A cybersecurity firm's incident response protocol is governed by several conditional rules. To establish a valid deductive chain proving that 'If an anomaly is detected in the network, then the CEO must be notified,' arrange the following protocol rules in their correct logical sequence from the initial sufficient trigger to the final necessary outcome.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct deductive chain starts with the detection of an anomaly and ends with notifying the CEO, ordering the rules as follows: 1) Any detection of an anomaly... 2) A Level 1 diagnostic is not initiated unless... 3) The automated defense system... 4) The CISO is alerted only if...
The correct sequence translates the English rules into a continuous transitive chain: Anomaly -> Diagnostic -> Lockdown -> CISO -> CEO. Each step perfectly links the necessary condition of the previous statement as the sufficient condition of the next, utilizing proper translations for 'requires', 'unless', 'sufficient', and 'only if'.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the initial trigger from the prompt ('anomaly is detected') and find the rule that uses it as a sufficient condition.
Rule: 'Any detection of an anomaly... requires the initiation of a Level 1 diagnostic.' (Anomaly -> Diagnostic).
The prompt requires starting the chain with the anomaly detection. 'Requires' indicates the diagnostic is necessary.
2
Find the rule that uses the necessary condition from the first step (Diagnostic) as its sufficient condition.
Rule: 'A Level 1 diagnostic is not initiated unless the automated defense system triggers a full lockdown.' (Diagnostic -> Lockdown).
The logical translation of 'Not A unless B' is 'If A then B', which perfectly chains from the previous step.
3
Find the rule that uses the necessary condition from the second step (Lockdown) as its sufficient condition.
Rule: 'The automated defense system triggering a full lockdown is sufficient to alert the CISO.' (Lockdown -> CISO).
The word 'sufficient' explicitly marks the lockdown as the trigger for alerting the CISO.
4
Find the rule that concludes the chain with the final necessary outcome ('CEO must be notified').
Rule: 'The CISO is alerted only if the CEO is formally notified...' (CISO -> CEO).
The phrase 'only if' introduces the necessary condition, providing the final required outcome of the chain.

Anahtar Kavram

Translating formal logic indicators (requires, unless, sufficient, only if) to build multi-step conditional chains.
Soru 10Soru →

According to university policy, a student cannot register for the advanced robotics seminar unless they have completed the introductory physics course. Furthermore, no student can complete the introductory physics course without receiving a passing grade on the physics final exam.

Which of the following logically follows from the statements above?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any student who registers for the advanced robotics seminar has received a passing grade on the physics final exam.

Cevap

Any student who registers for the advanced robotics seminar has received a passing grade on the physics final exam.
The stimulus provides two conditional rules that can be logically chained. The first rule, using the 'unless' indicator, translates to: If a student registers for the advanced seminar, they must have completed the introductory course. The second rule, using 'no... without', translates to: If a student completes the introductory course, they must have passed the final exam. Linking these (Register -> Complete -> Pass) yields the valid deduction that anyone who registers must have passed the final exam.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the first sentence into formal logic.
Register for Advanced Seminar -> Complete Introductory Course
The word 'unless' introduces a necessary condition. 'Cannot [X] unless [Y]' translates to 'If [X], then [Y]'.
2
Translate the second sentence into formal logic.
Complete Introductory Course -> Pass Final Exam
The phrase 'no... without' means the second part is necessary for the first. 'No [X] without [Y]' translates to 'If [X], then [Y]'.
3
Chain the conditional statements together.
Register for Advanced Seminar -> Complete Introductory Course -> Pass Final Exam
Because the necessary condition of the first statement matches the sufficient condition of the second statement, they can be linked transitively.
4
Derive the logical inference.
Register for Advanced Seminar -> Pass Final Exam
The transitive property of conditionals allows skipping the middle term to form a new valid conditional.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements
Soru 11Soru →

According to the new city zoning regulations, a commercial development permit will be approved only if the proposed building features a public green space and adheres strictly to the district's height restrictions. Furthermore, a building cannot adhere to these height restrictions unless its architectural plans undergo a rigorous environmental review.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: If the architectural plans for a proposed building do not undergo a rigorous environmental review, then a commercial development permit will not be approved for it.

Cevap

If the architectural plans for a proposed building do not undergo a rigorous environmental review, then a commercial development permit will not be approved for it.
The correct answer accurately forms the contrapositive of the logical chain provided in the stimulus. By establishing that 'Permit Approved' requires 'Height Restrictions', and 'Height Restrictions' requires 'Environmental Review', we can logically conclude that 'Permit Approved' ultimately requires 'Environmental Review'. The contrapositive of this relationship is that without an environmental review, a permit cannot be approved.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Diagram the first sentence using the 'only if' indicator.
Permit Approved → Public Green Space AND Adheres to Height Restrictions.
The phrase 'only if' introduces necessary conditions, which go on the right side of the arrow.
2
Diagram the second sentence using the 'cannot... unless' indicator.
Adheres to Height Restrictions → Environmental Review.
The phrase 'unless' introduces a necessary condition. 'Cannot adhere' becomes positive 'Adheres' as the sufficient condition.
3
Link the conditional statements together into a transitive chain.
Permit Approved → Adheres to Height Restrictions → Environmental Review.
Because 'Adheres to Height Restrictions' is necessary for Approval and sufficient for Environmental Review, the chain connects them.
4
Form the contrapositive of the extended conditional chain.
NOT Environmental Review → NOT Permit Approved.
Reversing and negating the ends of the chain yields a valid deduction that matches the correct answer.

Anahtar Kavram

Chaining Conditional Statements and Contrapositives
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 12Soru →

Arrange the following conditional statements in the correct logical sequence to form an unbroken deductive chain, starting from the initial trigger 'the new software is installed' and ending with the final outcome 'the quarterly budget is exceeded'.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct sequence connects each necessary condition to the next sufficient condition to form the chain: Software is installed -> Server downtime occurs -> Customer complaints increase -> IT department works overtime -> Quarterly budget is exceeded.
The correct sequence accurately translates all conditional indicators into a valid transitive chain. 'Whenever' introduces a sufficient condition (Software -> Downtime). 'Is sufficient to' introduces a sufficient condition (Downtime -> Complaints). 'Requires' introduces a necessary condition (Complaints -> Overtime). 'Only if' introduces a necessary condition (Overtime -> Budget). Connecting these end-to-end forms an unbroken logical path.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the starting trigger and the final outcome from the prompt.
Start: 'Software is installed'. End: 'Budget is exceeded'.
Establishing the endpoints of the deductive chain helps anchor the ordering process.
2
Translate each English statement into formal 'If -> Then' logic using the conditional indicators.
Link 1: Software -> Downtime. Link 2: Downtime -> Complaints. Link 3: Complaints -> Overtime. Link 4: Overtime -> Budget.
Translating indicators like 'whenever', 'sufficient', 'requires', and 'only if' reveals the underlying logical direction of each statement.
3
Connect the statements by matching the necessary condition (right side) of one to the sufficient condition (left side) of the next.
The chain perfectly aligns as: Software -> Downtime -> Complaints -> Overtime -> Budget.
A valid transitive deductive chain must link overlapping conditions in a continuous sequence without reversing any relationships.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming and linking conditional statements (Transitive Property)
Soru 13Soru →

According to the newly published guidelines for the National Architectural Excellence Award, a commercial building is eligible for the highest tier of recognition only if it operates with a net-zero carbon footprint.

Based on the guidelines above, which one of the following statements must be true?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: If a commercial building does not operate with a net-zero carbon footprint, it is not eligible for the highest tier of recognition.

Cevap

The statement expressing that if a commercial building does not operate with a net-zero carbon footprint, it is not eligible for the highest tier of recognition.
The stimulus establishes a conditional relationship using the indicator 'only if'. 'Only if' introduces the necessary condition. Therefore, the logical structure is: Eligible for Highest Tier -> Net-Zero Carbon Footprint. The correct answer accurately represents the contrapositive of this relationship: if the necessary condition is not met (No Net-Zero), then the sufficient condition cannot occur (Not Eligible).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the conditional indicator and translate the stimulus into formal logic.
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition. The relationship is: Eligible for highest tier -> Operates with net-zero carbon footprint.
Diagramming the baseline conditional relationship correctly is required to draw valid logical deductions.
2
Form the valid contrapositive of the diagrammed conditional statement.
Negate both sides and reverse the arrow: Does NOT operate with net-zero carbon footprint -> NOT eligible for highest tier.
The contrapositive is logically equivalent to the original statement and is a guaranteed true deduction.
3
Evaluate the answer choices against the valid contrapositive and original statement.
The correct option perfectly matches the contrapositive generated in Step 2.
Valid deductions in formal logic must be completely supported by the premises without assuming outside information or committing formal logical fallacies.

Anahtar Kavram

Translating conditional statements using 'only if' and applying the rule of contraposition.
Soru 14Soru →

According to a national museum's updated curation protocols, an artifact will be exhibited in the Main Gallery only if it undergoes a comprehensive structural restoration. Furthermore, a comprehensive structural restoration requires the direct supervision of the chief conservator. No artifact can be insured for its maximum appraised value unless it is exhibited in the Main Gallery. Finally, any artifact that lacks a verified historical provenance will not receive the direct supervision of the chief conservator. Based on the rules above, which one of the following statements must be true?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any artifact that is insured for its maximum appraised value must possess a verified historical provenance.

Cevap

The statement that any artifact insured for its maximum appraised value must possess a verified historical provenance.
The correct answer accurately synthesizes the conditional statements into a single transitive chain. The stimulus establishes that maximum insurance requires Main Gallery exhibition. Main Gallery exhibition requires restoration. Restoration requires the chief conservator's supervision. Finally, if an artifact lacks provenance, it cannot have supervision, which contraposes to: supervision requires provenance. Chaining these together proves that any artifact insured for maximum value must ultimately have a verified provenance.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the first conditional statement ('only if').
Exhibited in Main Gallery -> Comprehensive Structural Restoration
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition.
2
Translate the second conditional statement ('requires').
Comprehensive Structural Restoration -> Direct Supervision of Chief Conservator
The word 'requires' introduces a necessary condition.
3
Translate the third conditional statement ('unless').
Insured for Maximum Value -> Exhibited in Main Gallery
The phrase 'No X unless Y' translates to 'If X, then Y' (or 'If not Y, then not X').
4
Translate and contrapose the final conditional statement.
Original: No Verified Provenance -> No Direct Supervision. Contrapositive: Direct Supervision -> Verified Provenance
To connect this statement to the others, we must take its contrapositive by negating and reversing both terms.
5
Synthesize the individual conditional statements into a single transitive chain.
Insured for Maximum Value -> Exhibited in Main Gallery -> Comprehensive Structural Restoration -> Direct Supervision -> Verified Provenance
Because the necessary condition of each rule matches the sufficient condition of the next, they form a continuous deductive chain.
6
Evaluate the options against the synthesized chain to find the valid inference.
The chain proves that 'Insured for Maximum Value -> Verified Provenance', which matches the correct answer.
In a valid conditional chain, the first sufficient condition guarantees the final necessary condition.

Anahtar Kavram

Conditional Logic Chaining and Contraposition
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 15Soru →

In formal logic, accurately diagramming conditional statements is crucial for deductive reasoning. Let MM represent the statement 'The motion is granted' and SS represent the statement 'A settlement is reached'. Match each legal rule on the left with its correct propositional logic translation on the right.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Öğeler

The motion will be granted only if a settlement is reached.
Reaching a settlement ensures that the motion will be granted.
A settlement will be reached unless the motion is granted.
The motion will not be granted if a settlement is reached.

Eşleşmeler

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct pairings are: 'only if' maps to M→SM \rightarrow S; 'ensures' maps to S→MS \rightarrow M; 'unless' maps to ∼M→S\sim M \rightarrow S; and 'not... if' maps to S→∼MS \rightarrow \sim M.
Each legal rule features a distinct logical indicator that dictates the direction of the conditional relationship. 'Only if' denotes a necessary condition (M→SM \rightarrow S). 'Ensures' acts identically to 'if', marking a sufficient condition (S→MS \rightarrow M). 'Unless' translates to 'if not', negating one term to form the sufficient condition (∼M→S\sim M \rightarrow S). Finally, an 'if' clause in the middle of a sentence still acts as the sufficient condition, and the negated main clause becomes the necessary condition (S→∼MS \rightarrow \sim M).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the sufficient and necessary conditions for the 'only if' statement.
The motion is granted (MM) is sufficient, and a settlement is reached (SS) is necessary.
The phrase 'only if' immediately precedes the necessary condition.
2
Analyze the statement using 'ensures'.
Reaching a settlement (SS) guarantees the motion (MM), giving S→MS \rightarrow M.
Synonyms for 'if' like 'ensures' or 'guarantees' introduce the sufficient condition.
3
Translate the 'unless' statement into an 'if not' conditional.
The statement becomes 'If the motion is not granted, a settlement will be reached' (∼M→S\sim M \rightarrow S).
The logical equivalent of 'A unless B' is 'If not B, then A'.
4
Determine the trigger and outcome for the 'if' statement containing a negation.
The sufficient condition is 'a settlement is reached' (SS) and the necessary condition is 'the motion will not be granted' (∼M\sim M), yielding S→∼MS \rightarrow \sim M.
The word 'if' introduces the sufficient condition, regardless of where it appears in the sentence.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements
Soru 16Soru →

According to the recently ratified Global Agricultural Trade Pact, a nation is permitted to export genetically modified crops only if it maintains a centralized agricultural registry. Furthermore, maintaining such a registry requires the nation to pass the Environmental Baseline Audit. No nation passes the Environmental Baseline Audit without successfully implementing strict cross-pollination containment protocols. Finally, establishing an independent monitoring commission is prerequisite to successfully implementing these strict cross-pollination containment protocols.

Based on the rules provided, arrange the following conditions in the correct logical sequence to form an unbroken, valid deductive chain. Begin with the initial sufficient condition for the sequence and conclude with the final necessary condition.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct logical sequence from initial sufficient condition to final necessary condition is: Exporting crops → Maintaining registry → Passing audit → Implementing containment → Establishing commission.
The correct sequence accurately translates each conditional indicator to form an unbroken deductive chain. 'Only if' makes the registry necessary for exporting; 'requires' makes the audit necessary for the registry; 'No... without' makes containment necessary for the audit; and 'prerequisite to' makes the commission necessary for containment. Linking these yields: Export → Registry → Audit → Containment → Commission.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the first rule involving 'only if'.
Exporting crops → Maintaining registry
The indicator 'only if' introduces a necessary condition. Thus, exporting is the sufficient condition that guarantees a registry is maintained.
2
Translate the second rule involving 'requires'.
Maintaining registry → Passing audit
The word 'requires' introduces a necessary condition. Therefore, maintaining the registry guarantees that the audit has been passed.
3
Translate the third rule involving 'No... without'.
Passing audit → Implementing containment
The phrase 'No X without Y' means Y is necessary for X. Passing the audit is sufficient to know that containment protocols are implemented.
4
Translate the fourth rule involving 'is prerequisite to'.
Implementing containment → Establishing commission
A 'prerequisite' is a necessary condition that must occur first. Therefore, implementing containment protocols guarantees that a commission has been established.
5
Synthesize the individual statements into a single deductive chain.
Exporting crops → Maintaining registry → Passing audit → Implementing containment → Establishing commission
By linking the shared sufficient and necessary conditions from each translated rule, an unbroken sequence is formed.

Anahtar Kavram

Translating and chaining conditional statements using varied indicators (only if, requires, no...without, prerequisite to).
Soru 17Soru →

According to the newly revised deep-sea exploration safety protocols, a submersible is certified for trench operations only if its hull is constructed using a titanium-carbon matrix. Unless a vessel has an upgraded pressure-compensation system, it cannot be constructed using a titanium-carbon matrix. An upgraded pressure-compensation system is never approved for installation without the vessel passing an acoustic integrity scan. Furthermore, passing the acoustic integrity scan requires the installation of redundant hydrostatic sensors.

Based on the safety protocols described above, which of the following must be true?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any submersible that does not have redundant hydrostatic sensors installed is not certified for trench operations.

Cevap

Any submersible that does not have redundant hydrostatic sensors installed is not certified for trench operations.
The correct answer accurately reflects the contrapositive of the entire conditional chain. The stimulus establishes that certification requires a titanium hull (C -> T), which requires an upgraded system (T -> U), which requires an acoustic scan (U -> S), which in turn requires redundant sensors (S -> R). By linking these, we get: Certification -> Redundant sensors (C -> R). The contrapositive of this relationship is: No redundant sensors -> No certification (~R -> ~C).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify and translate the first conditional relationship.
Certified for trench operations (C) -> Titanium-carbon matrix hull (T).
The phrase 'only if' introduces a necessary condition.
2
Translate the second and third conditional relationships.
Titanium-carbon matrix hull (T) -> Upgraded pressure-compensation system (U). Upgraded system (U) -> Acoustic integrity scan (S).
The phrase 'unless' means 'if not', creating the conditional: If not U, then not T (which translates to T -> U). The phrase 'never... without' also creates a necessary condition: U -> S.
3
Translate the final conditional relationship and combine all statements into a chain.
Scan (S) -> Redundant sensors (R). The full chain is: C -> T -> U -> S -> R.
The word 'requires' indicates a necessary condition. Connecting the shared terms creates the full logical progression.
4
Form the contrapositive of the entire chain to find the correct valid deduction.
If not R -> not S -> not U -> not T -> not C. Therefore, lacking redundant sensors means the submersible is not certified.
Correct answers in conditional chain questions often rely on the contrapositive of the relationship between the first and last terms.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Forming Deductive Chains
Soru 18Soru →

In the context of international finance regulations, no corporate entity can successfully complete a hostile takeover without securing majority shareholder approval. Furthermore, completing such a takeover is possible only if the entity avoids antitrust litigation. Finally, avoiding antitrust litigation requires that the entity neither holds a monopoly in its primary market nor attempts to merge with its largest competitor.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Any corporate entity that attempts to merge with its largest competitor cannot successfully complete a hostile takeover.

Cevap

The statement that any entity attempting to merge with its largest competitor cannot successfully complete a hostile takeover must be true.
This option correctly applies the contrapositive of the conditional chain established in the stimulus. The stimulus establishes that completing a takeover requires avoiding antitrust litigation (Takeover -> Avoid Litigation), and avoiding litigation requires NOT attempting to merge with the largest competitor (Avoid Litigation -> NOT Merge Largest). Chaining these together gives: Takeover -> NOT Merge Largest. The contrapositive is: Merge Largest -> NOT Takeover. This precisely matches the correct option.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Translate the first two sentences into formal conditional logic.
Takeover -> Majority Approval AND Takeover -> Avoid Litigation.
The phrases 'no... without' and 'only if' introduce necessary conditions for the sufficient condition of successfully completing a hostile takeover.
2
Translate the final sentence into formal conditional logic.
Avoid Litigation -> NOT Monopoly AND NOT Merge Largest.
The word 'requires' introduces necessary conditions, and 'neither... nor' dictates that both conditions must be negated.
3
Chain the conditional statements together.
Takeover -> Avoid Litigation -> NOT Monopoly AND NOT Merge Largest.
Because 'Avoid Litigation' is necessary for 'Takeover' and sufficient for 'NOT Merge Largest', they form an unbroken deductive chain.
4
Form the contrapositive of the chained relationship.
Monopoly OR Merge Largest -> NOT Takeover.
Negating the necessary conditions (and flipping AND to OR) yields a sufficient condition that guarantees the takeover will not be completed.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Contrapositives
Soru 19Soru →

A pharmaceutical regulatory agency uses the following propositional variables to evaluate clinical trials:

MM: Marketing is approved
TT: Toxicity is low
RR: Regulatory audit is passed
CC: Control group improves

Match each English policy statement with its logically equivalent formal diagram. Note that the correct match may represent either the direct translation or its valid contrapositive.

Soldaki öğeye tıklayın, sonra eşleşen sağdaki öğeye tıklayın

Öğeler

Marketing is approved only if toxicity is low.
Toxicity is low if the regulatory audit is passed.
The control group will not improve unless toxicity is low.
Passing the regulatory audit requires that the control group improves.

Eşleşmeler

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

Statement 1 matches ∼T→∼M\sim T \rightarrow \sim M; Statement 2 matches ∼T→∼R\sim T \rightarrow \sim R; Statement 3 matches C→TC \rightarrow T; Statement 4 matches ∼C→∼R\sim C \rightarrow \sim R.
Each English statement translates to a specific formal logic relationship based on its indicator words. Finding the correct match requires establishing the base conditional statement and, if the direct translation is not an option, taking its valid contrapositive (reversing and negating both terms).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze 'Marketing is approved only if toxicity is low.'
Translates to M→TM \rightarrow T. Its contrapositive is ∼T→∼M\sim T \rightarrow \sim M.
The phrase 'only if' always modifies the necessary condition, which belongs on the right side of the arrow.
2
Analyze 'Toxicity is low if the regulatory audit is passed.'
Translates to R→TR \rightarrow T. Its contrapositive is ∼T→∼R\sim T \rightarrow \sim R.
When 'if' is used alone in the middle of a sentence, it modifies the sufficient condition, which belongs on the left side of the arrow.
3
Analyze 'The control group will not improve unless toxicity is low.'
Translates to ∼T→∼C\sim T \rightarrow \sim C. Its contrapositive is C→TC \rightarrow T.
The term 'unless' means 'if not'. Applying this gives: If toxicity is not low (∼T\sim T), the control group will not improve (∼C\sim C).
4
Analyze 'Passing the regulatory audit requires that the control group improves.'
Translates to R→CR \rightarrow C. Its contrapositive is ∼C→∼R\sim C \rightarrow \sim R.
The word 'requires' indicates that the subsequent concept is mandatory, making it the necessary condition (right side of the arrow).

Anahtar Kavram

Translating conditional indicator words ('only if', 'if', 'unless', 'requires') into formal logic and deriving their contrapositives.
Soru 20Soru →

A city planner is outlining the causal dependencies of a proposed urban renewal project. Order the following propositions to establish a continuous, unbroken logical chain proving that passing the new zoning ordinance guarantees the expansion of the rail network.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct logical progression starts with the contrapositive of the zoning approval failure (Ordinance → Construction), follows directly to the density increase (Construction → Density), uses the contrapositive of the retail store failure (Density → Retail), and concludes directly with the transit expansion (Retail → Transit).
The correct sequence successfully maps the conditional relationships, translating contrapositives where necessary, to form a continuous transitive chain. It moves from Ordinance → Construction (via contrapositive), then Construction → Density (direct translation), then Density → Retail (via contrapositive), and finally Retail → Transit Expansion (direct translation).

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the required starting trigger and the final necessary outcome from the stem.
The chain must start with 'passing the new zoning ordinance' and end with 'the expansion of the rail network'.
Establishing the endpoints determines the proper direction of the transitive deductive chain.
2
Diagram the statement containing the starting trigger, applying the contrapositive rule if necessary.
The statement about a failure to approve construction indicates (No Construction → No Ordinance). The contrapositive is (Ordinance → Construction).
This correctly provides the first positive link from the starting trigger.
3
Find the statement where the necessary condition of the first link becomes the sufficient condition.
The statement about approving construction directly translates to (Construction → Density Increase).
This extends the chain to its second step via the transitive property.
4
Diagram the remaining statements to complete the path to the final outcome.
The statement regarding the retail conglomerate deciding against opening translates to (No Retail → No Density), which becomes (Density → Retail) via contrapositive. Finally, the statement about the opening of a flagship store translates directly to (Retail → Transit Expansion).
This completes the unbroken logical chain: Ordinance → Construction → Density Increase → Retail Store → Transit Expansion.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagramming Conditional Statements and Contrapositives
Sayfa 1 / 2Sonraki
Diagramming Conditional Statements Alıştırma Soruları — LSAT | Examkin