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Question 10281Question

Following international condemnation and sanctions from Western nations in 1995, how did the military administration of General Sani Abacha reorient Nigeria's foreign policy approach?

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Answer: By adopting a 'Look East' policy to build strategic economic and diplomatic ties with Asian countries such as China and North Korea

Answer

The military administration of General Sani Abacha reoriented Nigeria's foreign policy by adopting a 'Look East' policy to build strategic economic and diplomatic ties with Asian countries such as China and North Korea.
When Western nations imposed arms embargoes, visa restrictions, and diplomatic isolation on Nigeria following political crises and human rights concerns in 1995, General Sani Abacha's regime responded by shifting foreign policy emphasis toward non-Western partners. Known as the 'Look East' policy, this initiative expanded economic, diplomatic, and trade ties with Asian countries, particularly China, North Korea, and India.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical context of Nigeria's foreign policy in 1995
Identify that the execution of the Ogoni political activists led to Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations and economic/diplomatic sanctions from Western nations.
Understanding external pressure explains the administration's motivation for foreign policy restructuring.
2
Evaluate the regime's diplomatic response to Western isolation
Recognize that the regime adopted a 'Look East' policy, diversifying trade, infrastructural contracts, and bilateral relations toward Asian powers like China, India, and Turkey.
This policy pivot reduced reliance on Western allies while preserving economic stability and regime legitimacy.

Key Concept

Evolution of Nigerian Foreign Policy across regimes (Abacha's 'Look East' policy)
Question 10282Question

During a declared state of emergency, an executive order is issued suspending the writ of habeas corpus and authorizing the indefinite detention of citizens without trial. The constitutional court invalidates the order, ruling that executive emergency powers remain subject to statutory boundaries and judicial oversight unless explicit constitutional provisions authorize such suspension. Which principle of constitutionalism and the Rule of Law is most directly demonstrated by the court's intervention?

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Answer: The enforcement of judicial review and the doctrine of ultra vires to check executive power

Answer

The enforcement of judicial review and the doctrine of ultra vires to check executive power
The correct answer highlights how the judiciary upholds constitutionalism by exercising judicial review to declare executive actions void when they exceed legal boundaries (ultra vires). Even in emergency periods, executive actions remain constrained by constitutional law unless explicitly altered by valid legislation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the action taken by the court
The court invalidated an executive order that exceeded authorized statutory and constitutional powers during a state of emergency.
The Rule of Law dictates that all governmental bodies, including the executive, must act strictly within the scope of legal authority granted to them.
2
Identify the key legal doctrine applied
The court applied the doctrine of ultra vires through judicial review.
An act performed beyond legal authority (ultra vires) is legally void, and the judiciary has the constitutional mandate to declare it so.

Key Concept

Judicial Oversight and Constitutional Limitations on Emergency Powers
Question 10283Question

Match each pre-colonial Nigerian women's socio-political title or group on the left with its precise institutional jurisdiction and constitutional function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Iyalode
Magajiya
Umuada
Erelu

Matches

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Answer

The correct pairings match Iyalode to market trade leadership and council representation, Magajiya to northern royal female administration and succession influence, Umuada to lineage-based judicial authority in non-centralized Igbo society, and Erelu to female representation within the judicial Ogboni cult.
Each title correctly corresponds to its authentic pre-colonial political structure: Iyalode provided economic and civic representation in Yoruba council politics; Magajiya exercised royal authority in Hausa states; Umuada wielded lineage judicial sanctions in Igbo segmentary governance; and Erelu maintained institutional checks via the Ogboni cult.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the political system and institutional domain of Iyalode.
The Iyalode represents Yoruba market women and holds a formal seat on the ruler's advisory council.
Yoruba political structures integrated civil and economic leadership through women chiefs.
2
Identify the political system and institutional domain of Magajiya.
The Magajiya operates in Hausa traditional states overseeing female royal administrative affairs.
Pre-colonial northern city-states assigned official royal titles to high-ranking women.
3
Identify the political system and institutional domain of Umuada.
The Umuada functions in Igbo segmentary lineage structures resolving intra-family conflicts.
Non-centralized Igbo governance relied on patrilineal daughters for lineage conflict resolution.
4
Identify the political system and institutional domain of Erelu.
The Erelu represents women within the Ogboni secret society.
The Ogboni society provided constitutional checks on the Oba using both male and female initiates.

Key Concept

Dual-sex governance systems and specialized institutional roles of women's groups across pre-colonial Nigerian societies.
Question 10284Question

During a United Nations Security Council vote on a non-procedural resolution, all five permanent members vote in favor of the motion, while six non-permanent members vote against it. What is the status of this resolution?

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Answer: It fails because it did not achieve the required minimum of nine affirmative votes.

Answer

The resolution fails because it did not achieve the required minimum of nine affirmative votes.
The correct answer highlights that a Security Council decision on a substantive matter requires at least nine affirmative votes in total. Even though all five permanent members supported the resolution, five total votes do not meet the minimum requirement of nine, so the resolution fails.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the procedural voting rules for non-procedural matters in the UN Security Council.
A motion requires a minimum of nine affirmative votes out of 15 council members and no negative vote from any permanent member.
Article 27(3) of the United Nations Charter specifies the required numerical threshold and permanent member concurrence.
2
Count the affirmative votes in the given scenario.
Only five members (the P5) voted in favor, while six non-permanent members voted against.
The total count of affirmative votes stands at 5.
3
Evaluate the outcome against the constitutional voting requirements.
Although no permanent member vetoed the resolution, the total affirmative count of 5 falls short of the mandatory 9 affirmative votes.
A resolution cannot be adopted if it fails to hit the minimum nine-vote threshold, regardless of permanent member alignment.

Key Concept

UN Security Council voting rules and decision-making thresholds
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 10285Question

Under the statutory and operational framework of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in Nigeria, specific administrative procedures must be executed in a defined legal timeline prior to and following polling day. Arrange the following electoral administrative processes in their correct statutory chronological order from earliest to latest.

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Answer

The correct chronological order of election administration stages in Nigeria is: 1. Publication of the official Notice of Election by the electoral commission, 2. Conduct of political party primaries and submission of candidate nomination lists, 3. Final publication and certification of the official Register of Voters, 4. Accreditation of registered voters, casting of ballots, and polling unit result collation, 5. Official declaration of election results and issuance of the Certificate of Return.
Electoral administration under the Electoral Act follows a strict sequential order: publishing the legal Notice of Election opens the cycle, allowing political parties to hold primaries and submit candidate lists. Next, the commission cleans and publishes the certified Register of Voters for public verification. On polling day, voter accreditation, secret voting, and vote counting occur. Finally, results are officially declared and a Certificate of Return is issued to the winner.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the statutory trigger that begins the legal timetable for elections.
The publication of the official Notice of Election serves as the legal commencement of the electoral period.
Under Nigerian electoral law, INEC must issue formal public notice of an election well in advance of the polling date.
2
Determine the candidate sponsorship phase.
Political party primaries and submission of candidate nomination lists follow the notice.
Parties require the official notice and timetable guidelines to schedule primaries and submit candidate details.
3
Locate the voter list finalization phase.
Final publication and certification of the Register of Voters occurs after candidate nomination.
INEC must finalize, display, and publish the clean voter database at least 30 days before polling day.
4
Identify the polling day operations.
Accreditation, voting, and polling unit collation take place on election day.
Voters cast ballots using the published register, followed immediately by initial result collation.
5
Identify the post-election conclusion phase.
Official declaration of election results and issuance of the Certificate of Return concludes the election administration cycle.
Once final collation is completed and verified, the returning officer declares the winner and certifies the outcome.

Key Concept

Statutory sequence of electoral administration and management
Question 10286Question

Match each political economy concept on the left with its corresponding ideological feature or definition on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Laissez-Faire Principle
Public Ownership of Production
Price Mechanism
Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Matches

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Answer

Laissez-Faire Principle matches minimal government intervention; Public Ownership of Production matches state or collective control over major means of production; Price Mechanism matches automatic resource allocation driven by market forces; Dictatorship of the Proletariat matches transitional state where the working class exercises political authority.
Each concept accurately pairs with its foundational political-economic definition: Laissez-Faire reflects minimal government intervention in capitalism, Public Ownership describes collective state control in socialism, Price Mechanism reflects market-driven allocation, and Dictatorship of the Proletariat reflects working-class political supremacy in socialist transition.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the capitalist market principles
Laissez-faire corresponds to non-interference by the state in economic transactions, while the price mechanism represents market-driven supply and demand allocation.
Free-market capitalist systems rely on private enterprise and market forces rather than state direction.
2
Analyze the socialist state principles
Public ownership of production aligns with state-controlled assets, and the dictatorship of the proletariat aligns with Marxist political power of the working class.
Socialist ideology prioritizes collective welfare, public ownership, and working-class political dominance.

Key Concept

Distinct structural features and political theories of Capitalism versus Socialism
Question 10287Question

When a President in a presidential constitutional system refuses to sign a bill passed by both chambers of the legislature within the constitutionally stipulated thirty-day period, which of the following procedures allows the legislature to override the executive veto and enact the bill into law?

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Answer: Passing the bill again in both legislative chambers by a two-thirds majority vote

Answer

Passing the bill again in both legislative chambers by a two-thirds majority vote
Under constitutional presidential systems, the power of the purse and legislative sovereignty are safeguarded through the veto override mechanism. If the head of state refuses to assent to a bill within 30 days, the legislature can enact the bill into law by re-passing it with a two-thirds majority vote in both houses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional mechanism for resolving executive non-assent to passed legislation.
Recognize that executive non-assent within the stipulated timeframe constitutes an executive veto.
Constitutional checks and balances prevent executive obstruction of legislative law-making authority.
2
Determine the legal requirement for overriding an executive veto.
A two-thirds supermajority vote in both legislative chambers is required.
The constitution mandates a higher voting threshold than a simple majority to enact legislation over executive objection.

Key Concept

Veto Override and Legislative Checks on the Executive
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10288Question

Arrange the following key structural developments in the evolution of Nigerian federal governance in correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest:

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence from earliest to latest is: (1) Creation of the Mid-Western Region (August 1963), (2) Promulgation of Decree No. 34 (May 1966), (3) Creation of twelve states (May 1967), (4) Restructuring into nineteen states (February 1976), and (5) Establishment of thirty-six states (October 1996).
The correct sequence begins in August 1963 when the Mid-Western Region was created out of the Western Region under the First Republic. Next, in May 1966, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi issued Decree No. 34 to establish a unitary system. In May 1967, General Yakubu Gowon repealed the unitary structure and divided Nigeria into twelve states. In February 1976, General Murtala Muhammed created seven new states following the recommendations of the Irikefe Panel, expanding the structure to nineteen states. Finally, in October 1996, General Sani Abacha created six new states, establishing the thirty-six state structure in place today.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical date and regime associated with each federal structural event.
Mid-Western Region creation occurred in August 1963; Decree No. 34 in May 1966; 12-state creation in May 1967; 19-state creation in February 1976; 36-state creation in October 1996.
Pinpointing exact historical milestones allows accurate chronological placement of federal modifications.
2
Sequence the events sequentially from the earliest milestone to the most recent configuration.
The timeline moves sequentially from early First Republic regional expansion (1963) through successive military state-creation exercises ending in 1996.
Nigerian federalism evolved progressively from a regional setup into an increasingly fragmented multi-state federal structure driven primarily by military decrees.

Key Concept

Chronological evolution of state creation and federal restructuring in Nigeria
Question 10289Question

Following a general election and a change in political administration, a newly appointed Minister attempts to dismiss a senior director in the ministry solely because the official advised and implemented policies under the previous government. Which fundamental feature of the civil service protects the director from being replaced during political transitions?

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Answer: Permanence

Answer

Permanence protects career civil servants from being dismissed due to changes in political administration.
Permanence is the feature of the civil service that guarantees career civil servants security of tenure. Civil servants are permanent government employees who do not lose their jobs when political executives or ministers change following an election.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the scenario presented in the stem
The core issue involves job protection for career officials when a new minister or political party takes office.
The question asks for the specific civil service characteristic that safeguards career tenure across political changes.
2
Distinguish between the core characteristics of the civil service
Permanence refers to continuous tenure unaffected by political transitions. Neutrality relates to non-partisanship, and anonymity shields officials from public parliamentary scrutiny.
Security of tenure across incoming and outgoing political governments is the exact definition of permanence in public administration.

Key Concept

Civil Service Permanence and Tenure Security
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10290Question

Although the Richards Constitution of 1946 introduced regionalism by creating Northern, Western, and Eastern regions, why was the Nigerian colonial administration under this constitution still legally classified as unitary rather than federal?

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Answer: The regional assemblies functioned primarily as advisory bodies and lacked independent legislative and financial authority.

Answer

The regional assemblies functioned primarily as advisory bodies and lacked independent legislative and financial authority.
The Richards Constitution of 1946 established regionalism by dividing the country into three regions (North, West, East) and creating Regional Houses of Assembly. However, the system remained unitary because supreme legislative and financial powers remained concentrated in the Central Legislative Council in Lagos, while the regional assemblies operated merely as consultative and deliberative organs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural framework of the Richards Constitution of 1946 regarding regionalism.
Identified that while the constitution created three administrative regions (North, West, East), central authority remained undivided.
Understanding the distinction between administrative regional division and formal constitutional division of powers.
2
Evaluate the powers granted to the Regional Houses of Assembly in 1946.
Recognized that the regional assemblies acted as advisory bodies to the Central Legislative Council and could not pass final legislation or independent budgets.
A federal system requires constitutional legislative competence for sub-national units, which the 1946 constitution lacked.

Key Concept

The Richards Constitution of 1946 and Regionalism
Question 10291Question

In traditional Igbo political governance, distinct social organs maintained law, order, and civic duties across decentralized village groups. Match each pre-colonial Igbo socio-political institution on the left with its primary governing function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Age Grades (Ebiri / Uke)
Title Holders (Ndi Ozo)
Secret Societies (Mmanwu / Ekpe)

Matches

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Answer

Age Grades are responsible for executive tasks and public works; Title Holders provide moral leadership and policy counsel; Secret Societies execute judicial sanctions and ancestral enforcement.
Each Igbo institution held specialized constitutional roles within the segmentary lineage system: Age Grades (Ebiri/Uke) handled physical executive enforcement and public works; Title Holders (Ndi Ozo) contributed moral leadership and council decisions; Secret Cults/Masquerade Societies (Mmanwu/Ekpe) provided spiritual judicial sanctions and final enforcement.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary executive body responsible for physical labor, security, and routine enforcement in pre-colonial Igbo governance.
Age Grades (Ebiri/Uke) performed these active civic and security duties.
Peer cohorts of youth were organized specifically to handle physical administration and executive tasks.
2
Determine the role of honorable societal figures who achieved high social standing and title in Igbo society.
Title Holders (Ndi Ozo) served as respected leaders providing counsel, policymaking, and legislative influence.
Acquiring titles like Ozo required high moral character and wealth, granting political authority within the assembly of elders.
3
Examine the institution that invoked spiritual and ancestral authority for judicial enforcement.
Secret Societies (Mmanwu/Ekpe) exercised judicial sanctions and enforced decisions under ancestral masking.
Masked cults were believed to embody ancestral spirits, enabling them to impartially resolve severe disputes without personal reprisal.

Key Concept

Roles of Age Grades, Title Holders, and Cults in Pre-Colonial Igbo Society
Question 10292Question

Match each legal doctrine or judicial safeguard on the left with its correct functional role in protecting judicial independence and enforcing the rule of law on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Judicial Immunity Clause
Sub Judice Rule
Order of Mandamus
Security of Judicial Tenure

Matches

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Answer

Judicial Immunity Clause matches with protecting judges from personal civil liabilities for decisions rendered in their official capacity; Sub Judice Rule matches with restricting public discussion on active court cases; Order of Mandamus matches with compelling a public authority to perform a mandatory duty; Security of Judicial Tenure matches with ensuring judges cannot be arbitrarily removed from office prior to statutory retirement.
Each legal principle accurately aligns with its institutional safeguard: Judicial Immunity prevents personal civil liability for judges, Sub Judice preserves trial integrity against media bias, Mandamus enforces statutory duty execution on government officials, and Security of Tenure prevents political removal of judicial officers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Judicial Immunity Clause
Identified as a constitutional protection safeguarding judges from civil suits when performing judicial functions.
Judicial independence requires that judges deliver decisions without fear of personal litigation from dissatisfied litigants.
2
Analyze Sub Judice Rule
Identified as the legal restriction against public or media commentary on ongoing court trials.
Prevents external public or political influence on judges during pending cases.
3
Analyze Order of Mandamus
Identified as a judicial remedy/prerogative writ compelling performance of public duties.
Enforces the rule of law by holding executive bodies and administrative officials accountable to their legal responsibilities.
4
Analyze Security of Judicial Tenure
Identified as the constitutional protection preventing arbitrary removal of judges from office.
Safeguards judicial impartiality by requiring strict constitutional processes (e.g., judicial council recommendations) for removal.

Key Concept

Constitutional mechanisms and doctrines protecting judicial independence and upholding the rule of law.
Question 10293Question

Which literary terms correctly fill the blanks in the statement regarding specialized poetic subgenres?

Fill in the blanks below

A poem expressing the grief and lamentation of lovers forced to part at the arrival of dawn is termed an , while a classical pastoral poem composed as a formal dialogue between two shepherds is known as an .
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Answer

First blank: aubade; Second blank: eclogue
An aubade is a specialized genre of lyric poetry focusing on the sorrowful parting of lovers at dawn. An eclogue is a classical pastoral form, popularized by Virgil, structured as a dialogue between shepherds.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the poetic subgenre characterized by lovers parting at dawn.
An aubade (from the French/Spanish word for dawn, 'aube/alba') is a morning poem or song specifically dealing with the theme of lovers separating at daybreak.
Genre taxonomy classifies poems by thematic context and temporal setting.
2
Identify the pastoral poetic subgenre structured as a dialogue between shepherds.
An eclogue (or bucolic poem) is a short pastoral poem written in the form of a conversation between rural figures or shepherds.
Genre taxonomy classifies pastoral poetry by structural presentation and character interaction.

Key Concept

Classical and Renaissance Poetic Forms (Aubade and Eclogue)
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 10294Question

Which post-independence revenue allocation body in Nigeria first recommended a statutory percentage share of the Federation Account specifically for Local Government Councils as a distinct third tier of the federation?

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Answer: The Okigbo Presidential Commission (1980)

Answer

The Okigbo Presidential Commission (1980)
The Okigbo Presidential Commission on Revenue Allocation (1980) was set up after the adoption of the 1979 Constitution. It made history by recommending a statutory percentage share of the Federation Account directly for Local Government Councils, thereby consolidating their status as the third tier of government in Nigerian fiscal federalism.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine the evolution of local government funding in post-independence Nigeria.
Following the 1976 Local Government Reforms and the 1979 Constitution, local government councils were recognized as an autonomous third tier of government requiring guaranteed statutory funding.
Understanding the constitutional transition to a three-tier federal system is key to identifying when local councils were integrated into the national revenue formula.
2
Identify which commission formally integrated local governments into the Federation Account allocation formula.
The Okigbo Presidential Commission appointed in 1979 under the Second Republic explicitly recommended allocating a direct percentage of the Federation Account to Local Government Councils.
This recommendation legally established direct revenue sharing for local governments alongside federal and state governments.

Key Concept

Okigbo Commission and Three-Tier Fiscal Federalism
Question 10295Question

What is the correct chronological sequence of steps in the constitutional procedure for deposing an oppressive Alaafin in the pre-colonial Old Oyo political system?

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Answer

The correct sequence begins with the Alaafin committing executive tyranny, followed by the Oyomesi presenting symbolic parrot's eggs, then the Ogboni society performing judicial review, and concludes with the monarch committing ritual suicide.
In the constitutional framework of the Old Oyo Empire, power was decentralised to prevent absolutism. When an Alaafin displayed tyranny, the process began with his executive excesses. The Oyomesi council, headed by the Bashorun, declared rejection by presenting symbolic parrot's eggs. To prevent the Oyomesi from usurping power arbitrarily, the Ogboni society—a judicial cult of respected elders—reviewed the decision. Upon judicial validation, the constitutional mandate required the monarch to commit ritual suicide.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the trigger event that initiates constitutional checks.
The process begins when an Alaafin abuses executive authority and acts autocratically.
Constitutional safeguards in the Old Oyo Empire were designed specifically to react against royal tyranny.
2
Identify the legislative council's declaration of rejection.
The Oyomesi council, led by the Bashorun, presents the monarch with an empty calabash or parrot's eggs.
The symbolic gift served as a public rejection meaning 'the gods and the people reject you'.
3
Identify the judicial review mechanism designed to prevent council overreach.
The Ogboni society evaluates the validity of the Oyomesi's rejection.
The Ogboni society acted as a powerful judicial check on the Oyomesi to ensure kingmakers did not depose good rulers out of ambition.
4
Determine the final constitutional enforcement outcome.
The monarch commits ritual suicide.
By customary law, a rejected Alaafin whose deposition was validated by the Ogboni was obliged to commit suicide to preserve the sacredness of the monarchy.

Key Concept

Constitutional sequence of checks and balances in pre-colonial Yoruba governance
Question 10296Question

Trace the historical path of judicial appeal in the pre-colonial Hausa-Fulani administration by sequencing the following legal and political authorities from the initial local level of dispute settlement to the final court of supreme arbitration.

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Answer

The proper sequence of judicial escalation in the Hausa-Fulani system moves from informal reconciliation by the Village Head (Dagaci), to administrative review by the District Head (Hakimi), followed by formal Sharia litigation in the Alkali Court, and concludes with final arbitration at the Emir's Judicial Council.
The judicial hierarchy of the Hausa-Fulani emirate operated in a structured four-stage progression. Initial minor conflicts were handled at the village level by the Dagaci. Unresolved administrative matters escalated to the Hakimi at the district level. Formal legal disputes requiring Islamic legal expertise were adjudicated by the Alkali in accordance with Sharia law. Lastly, land disputes, capital offences, and final legal appeals were brought before the Emir's Judicial Council, which served as the highest court in the emirate.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the lowest administrative unit responsible for primary local conflict resolution.
The Village Head (Dagaci) handled initial community disputes at the village level.
Governance and dispute settlement in the emirate began at the local grass-roots level.
2
Determine the intermediate administrative appellate stage for district-wide matters.
Unresolved village issues were referred to the District Head (Hakimi).
The Hakimi held supervisory authority over several village heads within a district.
3
Identify the specialized judicial court established for Sharia law trials.
The Alkali Court presided over formal legal cases governed by Islamic jurisprudence.
The Alkali was a professional Islamic judge appointed to enforce Sharia criminal and civil codes.
4
Determine the supreme judicial authority in the emirate system.
The Emir's Judicial Council served as the court of ultimate appeal and capital jurisdiction.
As the supreme political and religious leader of the emirate, the Emir held final judicial authority.

Key Concept

Hierarchy of Judicial Appeals in the Pre-Colonial Hausa-Fulani Emirate
Question 10297Question

In a federal constitution, power is divided among different legislative lists. Which list contains matters on which both the central authority and the component state governments possess joint power to enact laws?

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Answer: The Concurrent Legislative List

Answer

The Concurrent Legislative List
In federal political systems, the constitution explicitly creates a Concurrent Legislative List to detail matters over which both the central government and state/regional governments hold legislative competence simultaneously.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core feature of power distribution in a federal system
Federal constitutions divide legislative authority into specific legislative lists.
To maintain clear jurisdiction between federal and subnational tiers of government.
2
Analyze the functional definition of shared power matters
Subjects open to legislation by both central and regional legislatures are placed on the Concurrent Legislative List.
Concurrent matters allow both tiers to legislate on areas of common concern such as education and health.

Key Concept

Division of legislative powers in a federal system
Question 10298Question

Which principal organ of the United Nations Organisation is primarily responsible for coordinating the economic, social, and cultural activities of its specialized agencies?

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Answer: The Economic and Social Council

Answer

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the principal organ mandated by the United Nations Charter to direct, supervise, and coordinate international economic, social, cultural, educational, and health activities across various specialized agencies.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the main mandate described in the stem.
The target mandate is the coordination of economic, social, cultural, and related activities among UN specialized agencies.
Different UN organs have specialized, distinct functional mandates established under the UN Charter.
2
Evaluate the principal UN organ matching this mandate.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) serves under the General Assembly to oversee and coordinate specialized agencies such as WHO, UNESCO, and ILO.
ECOSOC is explicitly empowered by Chapter X of the UN Charter to oversee socio-economic cooperation.

Key Concept

Functions of UN Principal Organs
Question 10299Question

Match each civil service control mechanism or bureaucratic problem on the left with its corresponding definition or function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Red tape
Writ of Mandamus
Ombudsman
Parliamentary Control

Matches

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Answer

Red tape matches excessive adherence to rules; Writ of Mandamus matches a judicial order compelling performance of a statutory duty; Ombudsman matches an independent body investigating administrative complaints; Parliamentary Control matches legislative oversight through budget approvals and committee probes.
Each mechanism aligns with its specific institutional role: Red tape represents procedural delay, Writ of Mandamus is a court mandate to perform a duty, the Ombudsman investigates maladministration, and Parliamentary Control operates through legislative financial and committee oversight.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze each civil service concept and control mechanism
Identified Red tape as a bureaucratic issue, Writ of Mandamus as a court order, Ombudsman as an investigative grievance body, and Parliamentary Control as legislative oversight.
Categorizing the institutional origin of each mechanism clarifies its administrative role.
2
Pair each concept with its correct legal or procedural definition
Successfully linked Red tape to procedural delays, Mandamus to judicial compulsion, Ombudsman to citizen grievance investigation, and Parliamentary control to legislative budget scrutiny.
Direct functional matching provides the correct pairings.

Key Concept

Control of Civil Service and Bureaucratic Problems
Question 10300Question

During the Military era under General Yakubu Gowon, the Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee (1968) proposed a radical departure from the prevailing fiscal federalism model. Which of the following key recommendations distinguished the Dina Committee's report, even though it was largely rejected by state military governors?

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Answer: The establishment of a Special Joint Account and a permanent planning commission to prioritize national minimum standards and balanced regional development

Answer

The Dina Committee of 1968 uniquely recommended establishing a Special Joint Account alongside a permanent planning commission to emphasize national minimum standards, balanced development, and reduced reliance on derivation.
The correct answer accurately captures the central proposal of the 1968 Dina Committee, which advocated for a Special Joint Account, a Permanent Revenue Planning Commission, and fiscal criteria centered on national minimum standards rather than regional derivation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the historical context of the Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee established in 1968.
The committee operated under military rule following the creation of 12 states in 1967.
Understanding the political backdrop helps identify the committee's central goal of fiscal centralization and national unity.
2
Identify the primary fiscal innovations proposed by the Dina Committee.
The committee recommended replacing regional financial dominance with centrally managed funds, introducing the Special Joint Account and focusing on national minimum standards.
This proposal sought to redistribute wealth to less developed states and foster national integration.
3
Evaluate why state military governors rejected the report.
State leaders viewed the recommendations as overly centralizing and an infringement on state financial autonomy.
This highlights why the recommendation remained influential theoretically despite lacking full executive implementation.

Key Concept

Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee (1968) and Fiscal Centralization in Nigeria
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